UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to ____________

Commission file number 001-40700

ABVC BioPharma, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Nevada |  | 26-0014658
State or jurisdiction of incorporation or organization |  | IRS Employer Identification Number

44370 Old Warm Springs Blvd.

Fremont, CA 94538

Tel: (510) 668-0881

(Address and telephone number of principal executive offices)

(Former name, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share |  | ABVC |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the issuer (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the past 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the last 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
| Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of October 30, 2025, there were 24,301,089 shares of common stock, par value per share $0.001, issued and outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | F-1
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | F-1
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | F-1
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Restated) | F-2
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Restated) | F-3
| Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 (Restated) | F-4
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | F-5
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 1
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 24
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 24
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 25
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 25
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 25
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 25
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 26
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 26
Item 5. | Other Information | 26
Item 6. | Exhibits | 27
Signatures | 31

i

CAUTIONARY NOTE ON FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) contains “forward-looking statements” which discuss matters that are not historical facts. Because they discuss future events or conditions, forward-looking statements may include words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “may,” “seek,” “plan,” “might,” “will,” “expect,” “predict,” “project,” “forecast,” “potential,” “continue” and negatives thereof or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, are based on various underlying assumptions and current expectations about the future and are not guarantees. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievement to be materially different from the results of operations or plans expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. We cannot predict all of the risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, such information should not be regarded as representations that the results or conditions described in such statements or that our objectives and plans will be achieved and we do not assume any responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any of these forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements represent our intentions, plans, expectations, assumptions and beliefs about future events and are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors. Many of those factors are outside of our control and could cause actual results to differ materially from the results expressed or implied by those forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences in results and outcomes include, without limitation, those specifically addressed under the headings “Risks Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our annual report on Form 10-K and its amendment filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC” OR “Commission”); in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Report, and information contained in other reports that we file with the SEC. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the events described in the forward-looking statements might not occur or might occur to a different extent or at a different time than we have described. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Report. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements concerning other matters addressed in this Report and attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this Report.

There are important factors that could cause actual results to vary materially from those described in this report as anticipated, estimated or expected, including, but not limited to: the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, including on the demand for our products; the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak and severity of such outbreak in regions where we operate; the pace of recovery following the COVID-19 outbreak; our ability to implement cost containment and business recovery strategies; the adverse effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business or the market price of our ordinary shares; competition in the industry in which we operate and the impact of such competition on pricing, revenues and margins, volatility in the securities market due to the general economic downturn; SEC regulations which affect trading in the securities of “penny stocks,” and other risks and uncertainties. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward- looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future. Depending on the market for our stock and other conditional tests, a specific safe harbor under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 may be available. Notwithstanding the above, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) expressly state that the safe harbor for forward-looking statements does not apply to companies that issue penny stock. Because we may from time to time be considered to be an issuer of penny stock, the safe harbor for forward-looking statements may not apply to us at certain times.

As used in this Report, the terms “we”, “us”, “our”, and “our Company” and “the Company” refer to ABVC BioPharma, Inc. and its subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated.

ii

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | September 30 |  |  | December 31 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 192,068 |  |  | $ | 248,382 |
Restricted cash |  |  | 661,843 |  |  |  | 615,433 |
Inventories |  |  | 11,460 |  |  |  | - |
Due from related parties |  |  | 2,694,743 |  |  |  | 1,155,051 |
Short-term investments |  |  | 65,175 |  |  |  | 64,736 |
Prepaid expense and other current assets |  |  | 447,280 |  |  |  | 96,213 |
Total Current Assets |  |  | 4,072,569 |  |  |  | 2,179,815 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 12,055,642 |  |  |  | 511,088 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 369,135 |  |  |  | 640,387 |
Long-term investments |  |  | 2,745,194 |  |  |  | 2,258,754 |
Prepayment for long-term investments |  |  | 1,124,842 |  |  |  | 1,124,842 |
Prepayment for asset acquisition |  |  | 691,900 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 117,017 |  |  |  | 133,121 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 21,176,299 |  |  | $ | 7,539,907 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Short-term loans |  | $ | 809,103 |  |  | $ | 840,252 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 3,991,414 |  |  |  | 3,509,422 |
Contract liabilities |  |  | 81,115 |  |  |  | 81,115 |
Taxes payables |  |  | 6,170 |  |  |  | - |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 199,335 |  |  |  | 403,581 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 1,201,592 |  |  |  | 773,045 |
Convertible notes payable – third parties, net |  |  | 68,791 |  |  |  | 950,046 |
Convertible notes payable – related party |  |  | 150,000 |  |  |  | - |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  | 6,507,520 |  |  |  | 6,557,461 |
Tenant security deposit |  |  | 12,000 |  |  |  | 21,680 |
Operating lease liability – non-current |  |  | 164,072 |  |  |  | 236,807 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 6,683,592 |  |  |  | 6,815,948 |
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 20,000,000 authorized, nil shares issued and outstanding |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 authorized, 24,190,340 and 13,868,484 shares issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 24,190 |  |  |  | 13,868 |
Stock to be issued |  |  | 636,500 |  |  |  | 31,040 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 93,114,989 |  |  |  | 78,595,065 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (73,295,417 | ) |  |  | (68,949,807 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 487,048 |  |  |  | 445,665 |
Treasury stock |  |  | (8,909,691 | ) |  |  | (8,909,691 | )
Total Stockholders’ equity |  |  | 12,057,619 |  |  |  | 1,226,140 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | 2,435,088 |  |  |  | (502,181 | )
Total Equity |  |  | 14,492,707 |  |  |  | 723,959 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 21,176,299 |  |  | $ | 7,539,907 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-1

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

|  | Three Months Ended September 30 |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Revenues |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 389,276 |  |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 507,623 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | - |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 763 |
Gross (loss) profit |  |  | 795,950 |  |  |  | 388,980 |  |  |  | 795,950 |  |  |  | 506,860 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 798,253 |  |  |  | 557,596 |  |  |  | 2,103,718 |  |  |  | 1,949,865 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 29,890 |  |  |  | 37,825 |  |  |  | 92,027 |  |  |  | 147,292 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,136,217 |  |  |  | 95,875 |  |  |  | 2,756,603 |  |  |  | 2,410,381 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 1,964,360 |  |  |  | 691,296 |  |  |  | 4,952,348 |  |  |  | 4,507,538 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (1,168,410 | ) |  |  | (302,316 | ) |  |  | (4,156,398 | ) |  |  | (4,000,678 | )
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 47,287 |  |  |  | 44,261 |  |  |  | 85,497 |  |  |  | 75,451 |
Interest expense |  |  | (30,959 | ) |  |  | (220,429 | ) |  |  | (383,339 | ) |  |  | (609,184 | )
Operating sublease income |  |  | 29,680 |  |  |  | 36,000 |  |  |  | 53,680 |  |  |  | 36,478 |
Gain (loss) on foreign exchange |  |  | (112,553 | ) |  |  | 30,429 |  |  |  | 13,683 |  |  |  | 26,284 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | (54,235 | ) |  |  | (67,885 | ) |  |  | (150,029 | ) |  |  | (146,942 | )
Other income (expenses) |  |  | 2,194 |  |  |  | (7,136 | ) |  |  | (3,486 | ) |  |  | 45,542 |
Total other income (expenses) |  |  | (118,586 | ) |  |  | (184,760 | ) |  |  | (383,994 | ) |  |  | (572,371 | )
Loss before provision income tax |  |  | (1,286,996 | ) |  |  | (487,076 | ) |  |  | (4,540,392 | ) |  |  | (4,573,049 | )
Provision for income tax expense |  |  | 527 |  |  |  | 355 |  |  |  | 24,154 |  |  |  | (110,539 | )
Net loss |  |  | (1,287,523 | ) |  |  | (487,431 | ) |  |  | (4,564,546 | ) |  |  | (4,462,510 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (41,010 | ) |  |  | (92,662 | ) |  |  | (218,936 | ) |  |  | (291,206 | )
Net loss attributed to ABVC and subsidiaries |  |  | (1,246,513 | ) |  |  | (394,769 | ) |  |  | (4,345,610 | ) |  |  | (4,171,304 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | 3,236 |  |  |  | 24,423 |  |  |  | 41,383 |  |  |  | (52,474 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (1,243,277 | ) |  | $ | (370,346 | ) |  | $ | (4,304,227 | ) |  | $ | (4,223,778 | )
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | (0.03 | ) |  | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | (0.37 | )
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  |  | 23,256,590 |  |  |  | 12,405,261 |  |  |  | 18,567,480 |  |  |  | 11,164,093 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-2

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (4,564,546 | ) |  | $ | (4,462,510 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation |  |  | 19,539 |  |  |  | 21,605 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,756,603 |  |  |  | 2,410,381 |
Other non-cash expenses |  |  | 343,242 |  |  |  | 575,470 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | 150,029 |  |  |  | 146,942 |
Amortization of right-of-use asset |  |  | 271,252 |  |  |  | 301,624 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Inventories |  |  | (11,460 | ) |  |  | - |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | (76,067 | ) |  |  | 278,733 |
Due from related parties |  |  | (169,796 | ) |  |  | (10,635 | )
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | (10,384 | ) |  |  | 41,949 |
Tenant security deposit |  |  | (4,865 | ) |  |  | 4,000 |
Taxes payables |  |  | 6,170 |  |  |  | (112,946 | )
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (276,981 | ) |  |  | (301,624 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (1,567,264 | ) |  |  | (1,107,011 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loan to affiliates |  |  | (2,079,352 | ) |  |  | (456,789 | )
Prepayment from related parties |  |  | 145,637 |  |  |  | - |
Transaction costs for land acquisition |  |  | (5,421 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (1,939,136 | ) |  |  | (456,789 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from private placements |  |  | 2,777,120 |  |  |  | 164,772 |
Proceeds from issuance of warrants |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394,071 |
Proceeds from exercise of warrants |  |  | 991,366 |  |  |  | 737,500 |
Proceeds from convertible notes payable |  |  | 9,010 |  |  |  | 282,095 |
Repayment of convertible notes payable |  |  | (277,284 | ) |  |  | (179,125 | )
Proceeds from convertible notes payable - related party |  |  | 150,000 |  |  |  | - |
Proceeds from short-term loans |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Repayment of short-term loans |  |  | (90,281 | ) |  |  | - |
Due to related parties, net |  |  | (71,453 | ) |  |  | 215,634 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 3,488,478 |  |  |  | 1,644,947 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | 8,018 |  |  |  | (28,054 | )
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (9,904 | ) |  |  | 53,093 |
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning |  |  | 863,815 |  |  |  | 716,780 |
Ending |  | $ | 853,911 |  |  | $ | 769,873 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense paid |  | $ | 22,078 |  |  | $ | 59,519 |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 2,013 |  |  | $ | 25,863 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of common stock for conversion (repayment) of debt |  | $ | 463,847 |  |  | $ | 604,222 |
Issuance of subsidiary’s commons stock to acquire the control of the land |  | $ | 7,670,000 |  |  | $ | - |
Conversion of convertible note due from related parties to equity investment |  | $ | 563,819 |  |  | $ | - |
Issuance of common stock in the land acquisition |  | $ | 3,357,975 |  |  | $ | - |
Assuming loan in the land acquisition |  | $ | 500,000 |  |  | $ | - |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-3

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Non |  |  | Stockholders’ |
|  | Number of shares |  |  | Amounts |  |  | Subscribed stock |  |  | Paid-in Capital |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Comprehensive Income |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | controlling Interest |  |  | Equity (Deficit) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 (Restated) |  |  | 7,940,298 |  |  | $ | 7,940 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 73,978,380 |  |  | $ | (64,046,929 | ) |  | $ | 516,387 |  |  |  | (26,553 | ) |  | $ | (8,901,668 | ) |  | $ | (300,637 | ) |  | $ | 1,253,473 |
Issuance of common shares for Lind CN |  |  | 1,305,303 |  |  |  | 1,306 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 602,916 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 604,222 |
Issuance of subsidiaries’ common shares for consulting service |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 225,690 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 157,810 |  |  |  | 383,500 |
Issuance of pre-funded warrant |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394,071 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394,071 |
Issuance of common shares for acquiring of Property |  |  | 703,496 |  |  |  | 703 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (703,496 | ) |  |  | (703 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock based compensation for employees |  |  | 1,302,726 |  |  |  | 1,303 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,934,452 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,935,755 |
Share based payment |  |  | 459,522 |  |  |  | 460 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 378,182 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 378,642 |
Issuance of common shares for exercise of warrants |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 736,500 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 737,500 |
Decrease in ownership of subsidiary due to share issuance |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,786 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,786 | ) |  |  | - |
Stock Subscription received |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31,040 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 133,732 |  |  |  | 164,772 |
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,171,304 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (291,206 | ) |  |  | (4,462,510 | )
Cumulative transaction adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (52,474 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (52,474 | )
Balance at September 30, 2024 (Restated) |  |  | 12,711,345 |  |  | $ | 12,712 |  |  | $ | 31,040 |  |  | $ | 78,254,977 |  |  | $ | (68,218,233 | ) |  | $ | 463,913 |  |  |  | (730,049 | ) |  | $ | (8,902,371 | ) |  | $ | (305,087 | ) |  | $ | 1,336,951 |
Balance at June 30, 2024 (Restated) |  |  | 12,051,823 |  |  | $ | 12,052 |  |  | $ | 31,040 |  |  | $ | 78,029,455 |  |  | $ | (67,823,464 | ) |  | $ | 439,490 |  |  |  | (730,049 | ) |  | $ | (8,902,371 | ) |  | $ | (246,157 | ) |  | $ | 1,540,045 |
Issuance of common shares for repayment of convertible notes |  |  | 400,000 |  |  |  | 400 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,140 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,540 |
Share based payment |  |  | 259,522 |  |  |  | 260 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 191,382 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 191,642 |
Stock Subscription received |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 33,732 |  |  |  | 33,732 |
Net loss for the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (394,769 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (92,662 | ) |  |  | (487,431 | )
Cumulative transaction adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,423 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24,423 |
Balance at September 30, 2024 (Restated) |  |  | 12,711,345 |  |  | $ | 12,712 |  |  | $ | 31,040 |  |  | $ | 78,254,977 |  |  | $ | (68,218,233 | ) |  | $ | 463,913 |  |  |  | (730,049 | ) |  | $ | (8,902,371 | ) |  | $ | (305,087 | ) |  | $ | 1,336,951 |

|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Non |  |  | Stockholders’ |
|  | Number of shares |  |  | Amounts |  |  | Subscribed stock |  |  | Paid-in Capital |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  | Comprehensive Income |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | controlling Interest |  |  | Equity (Deficit) |
Balance at December 31,2024 (Restated) |  |  | 13,868,484 |  |  | $ | 13,868 |  |  | $ | 31,040 |  |  | $ | 78,595,065 |  |  | $ | (68,949,807 | ) |  | $ | 445,665 |  |  |  | (730,641 | ) |  | $ | (8,909,691 | ) |  | $ | (502,181 | ) |  | $ | 723,959 |
Issuance of common shares for Lind CN Repayment |  |  | 1,336,239 |  |  |  | 1,336 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 462,511 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 463,847 |
Issuance of common shares for exercise of warrants |  |  | 1,745,418 |  |  |  | 1,746 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 989,620 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 991,366 |
Issuance of common shares in private offerings |  |  | 3,083,612 |  |  |  | 3,084 |  |  |  | (31,040 | ) |  |  | 2,805,076 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,777,120 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,121,451 |  |  |  | 2,121 |  |  |  | 636,500 |  |  |  | 2,392,982 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,031,603 |
Acquisition of control of acquired land |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,513,795 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,156,205 |  |  |  | 7,670,000 |
Acquisition of land in Taiwan |  |  | 2,035,136 |  |  |  | 2,035 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,355,940 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,357,975 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,345,610 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (218,936 | ) |  |  | (4,564,546 | )
Cumulative transaction adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41,383 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41,383 |
Balance at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 24,190,340 |  |  | $ | 24,190 |  |  | $ | 636,500 |  |  | $ | 93,114,989 |  |  | $ | (73,295,417 | ) |  | $ | 487,048 |  |  |  | (730,641 | ) |  | $ | (8,909,691 | ) |  | $ | 2,435,088 |  |  | $ | 14,492,707 |
Balance at June 30, 2025 |  |  | 19,533,416 |  |  | $ | 19,533 |  |  | $ | 1,090,308 |  |  | $ | 86,378,577 |  |  | $ | (72,048,904 | ) |  | $ | 483,812 |  |  |  | (730,641 | ) |  | $ | (8,909,691 | ) |  | $ | 2,476,098 |  |  | $ | 9,489,733 |
Issuance of common shares for Lind CN Repayment |  |  | 136,239 |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 199,864 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 200,000 |
Issuance of common shares for exercise of warrants |  |  | 716,251 |  |  |  | 717 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 578,982 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 579,699 |
Issuance of common shares in private offerings |  |  | 517,055 |  |  |  | 517 |  |  |  | (201,040 | ) |  |  | 938,893 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 738,370 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,252,243 |  |  |  | 1,252 |  |  |  | (252,768 | ) |  |  | 1,662,733 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,411,217 |
Acquisition of control of acquired land |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
|  |  | 2,035,136 |  |  |  | 2,035 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,355,940 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,357,975 |
Net loss |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1,246,513 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (41,010 | ) |  |  | (1,287,523 | )
Cumulative transaction adjustments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,236 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3,236 |
Balance at September 30, 2025 |  |  | 24,190,340 |  |  | $ | 24,190 |  |  | $ | 636,500 |  |  | $ | 93,114,989 |  |  | $ | (73,295,417 | ) |  | $ | 487,048 |  |  |  | (730,641 | ) |  | $ | (8,909,691 | ) |  | $ | 2,435,088 |  |  | $ | 14,492,707 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

F-4

ABVC BIOPHARMA, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

1. ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (the “Company”), formerly known as American BriVision (Holding) Corporation, a Nevada corporation, through the Company’s operating entity, American BriVision Corporation (“BriVision”), which was incorporated in July 2015 in the State of Delaware, engages in biotechnology to fulfill unmet medical needs and focuses on the development of new drugs and medical devices derived from plants. BriVision develops its pipeline by carefully tracking new medical discoveries or medical device technologies in research institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Pre-clinical, disease animal model and Phase I safety studies are examined closely by the Company to identify drugs that BriVision believes demonstrate efficacy and safety. Once a drug appears to be a good candidate for development and ultimately commercialization, BriVision licenses the drug or medical device from the original researchers and begins to introduce the drugs clinical plan to highly respected principal investigators in the United States, Australia and Taiwan to conduct a Phase II clinical trial. At present, clinical trials for the Company’s drugs and medical devices are being conducted at such world-famous institutions including Stanford University, University of California San Francisco (UCSF) and Cedar Sinai Medical Centre (CSMC).

The Company has four wholly-owned subsidiaries, BriVision, BioLite Holding Inc. (“BioLite Holding”), BioKey Inc. (“BioKey”), BioKey (Cayman), Inc (“BioKey Cayman”), and a majority-owned subsidiary, AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (“AiBtl”).

BioLite Holding was incorporated in the State of Nevada with wholly owned subsidiary BioLite BVI, Inc. (“BioLite BVI”) that was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. BioLite BVI holds 73% ownership of BioLite Inc. (“BioLite Taiwan”), a Taiwanese corporation that was founded in February 2006. BioLite Taiwan has been in the business of developing new drugs since it was incorporated.

Yun Zhi Yi Co. Ltd. (“Yun Zhi Yi”), a Taiwanese entity in which BioLite holds a 90% stake and Shuling Jiang, a director and beneficial owner of more than 10% of the ABVC’s outstanding common stock (“Shuling”, or “Ms. Jiang”), holds the remaining 10% stake. This entity is set up for holding the land that AiBtl is working to acquire in Puli, Taiwan for developing health related business in Taiwan.

Incorporated in California on November 20, 2000, BioKey has chosen to initially focus on developing generic drugs to ride the opportunity of the booming industry.

BioKey Cayman was incorporated in Cayman Islands in July 2023, which is 100% owned by ABVC. This subsidiary has no activities since inception. On May 10, 2025, ABVC transferred its 100% ownership in BioKey to BioKey Cayman. This reorganization did not have any other impact on the consolidated financial statements.

AiBtl BioPharma, Inc. was acquired by the Company with the transaction of the collaborative licensing agreements. On November 12, 2023, the Company and BioLite Taiwan each entered into a multi-year, global licensing agreement with AiBtl for the Company and BioLite Taiwan’s CNS drugs with the indications of MDD (Major Depressive Disorder) and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) (collectively, the “Licensed Products”). The potential license will cover the Licensed Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights. The parties are determined to collaborate on the global development of the Licensed Products. The parties are also working to strengthen new drug development and business collaboration, including technology, interoperability, and standards development. As per each of the respective agreements, each of ABVC and BioLite Taiwan received 23 million shares of AiBtl stock and as a result, the Company has a controlling interest over AiBtl. If certain milestones are met, the Company and BioLite Taiwan are each eligible to receive $3,500,000 and royalties equaling 5% of net sales, up to $100 million. The financial statements of AiBtl are included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. As a result of these transactions, the Company became a controlling parent of AiBtl, with 58.85% of group ownership over AiBtl.

F-5

2. LIQUIDITY, GOING CONCERN, AND RESTATEMENT

Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”) which contemplates continuation of the Company on a going concern basis. The going concern basis assumes that assets are realized, and liabilities are settled in the ordinary course of business at amounts disclosed in the financial statements. The Company’s ability to continue as a going concern depends upon its ability to market and sell its products to generate positive operating cash flow. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company reported net loss of $4,564,546. As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s working capital deficit was $2,434,951. In addition, the Company had net cash outflows of $1,567,264 from operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. These conditions give rise to substantial doubt as to whether the Company will be able to continue as a going concern.

To sustain its ability to support the Company’s operating activities, the Company may have to consider supplementing its available sources of funds through the following sources:

| ● | cash generated from operations;

| ● | other available sources of financing from banks and other financial institutions in the U.S. and in Taiwan; and

| ● | financial support from the Company’s related parties and shareholders.

Management’s plan is to continue to improve operations to generate positive cash flows and raise additional capital through private or public offerings, or financial support from related parties or shareholders. If the Company is not able to generate positive operating cash flows, and raise additional capital, there is the risk that the Company may not be able to meet its short-term obligations. All of these factors raise substantial doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern. The interim condensed consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2025, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 have been prepared on a going concern basis and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classifications of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from the inability of the Company to continue as a going concern.

Restatement Background and Explanation

The Company has restated its financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, to correct misstatements in those prior periods related to improperly applying accounting guidance on the share-based payments, incorrectly recognizing interest expenses upon the conversion of convertible debts, and misidentifying the existence of non-controlling interest of our subsidiary. These restatements also resulted in the restatements of the relevant accounts as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.

As disclosed in Note 5, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023 with Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. (the “Zhonghui”) to acquire 20% of the ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land. According to the agreement, the Company issued 370,000 shares of its common stock as the consideration, and used $20 dollars per share to recognize the right as construction in progress on the balance sheet.

At the time of preparing its 2024 financial statements, the Company reviewed the entire transaction, its relevant agreements and documentation, as well as the applicable accounting guidance. The Company applied FASB Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 845 Nonmonetary Transactions to determine the fair value of the asset acquired would be more evident than the fair value of the consideration in exchange, the Company’s restricted common stocks. The real estates acquired comes with a third-party valuation of $7,400,000 per the Company’s stake, which the value of the acquired assets is guaranteed by Zhonghui. Upon further review, the Company considered ASC 718 Compensation – Stock Compensation, should have been the appropriate guidance to apply given the Company’s common stocks are listed in Nasdaq with more observable fair value (Level 1). Furthermore, at the time of issuance of these financial statements, no real estate title was transferred to the Company. As a result, the Company adjusted the carrying value of the asset and reclassified the balance to “Prepayment for asset acquisition” account to reflect the value of 370,000 shares issued at $1.87, the closing price as of the contract date. The Company also corrected the share price used to recognize stock compensation expense from $20 to $1.87 for the 29,600 shares of common stock issued on the same day to several consultants. As a result, these adjustments reduced $6,708,100 for asset recognized and $536,648 for stock-compensation expense incurred in 2023.

In February 2023, the Company issued a convertible note to LIND Global Fund II, LP (Note 7). Due to misapplication of ASC 470-20 instead of ASC 815-40, the Company overstated interest expenses $1,179,669 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The overstatement is offsetting against additional paid-in capital due to the convertible note being converted to the Company’s own common stocks instead of being repaid or disposition.

In November 2023, the Company and one of its subsidiaries entered into a licensing agreement with AiBtl. The Company accounted for a 100% control of AiBtl as of December 31, 2023, but later discovered that AiBtl had outstanding founder shares that were not deposited to the stock transfer agent in a timely manner. Such shares reduced the Company’s controlling interest from 100% to 69.70% as of December 31, 2023. Accordingly, the Company adjusted the relevant accounts in our consolidated financial statements.

F-6

As discussed in Note 12, in July 2019 the Company issued 644,972 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to four consultants for their services. Such stock-based expenses were amortized over 5 years starting from the issuance date. Per the Company’s further review, the services, along with the agreements, were completed by December 31, 2022. Pursuant to ASC 718, the costs of services should be recognized along with the period when services are received. Therefore, the Company reversed share-based compensation expenses of $451,480 and $902,960 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2022 was corrected with the Stock Subscription Receivables for $1,354,440 as a result of such adjustments.

Please read the impacts of the 2023 restatement in our audited 2024 consolidated financial statements filed in our Form 10-K with the SEC on April 15, 2025.

Impact of the Restatement to the September 30, 2024 interim financial statements

The impact of the restatement on the balance sheets, statements of operations, and statements of cash flows as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 is presented below.

|  | September 30, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Prepaid expense and other current asset |  | $ | 91,291 |  |  | $ | 22,960 |  |  | $ | 114,251 |
Current Assets |  |  | 2,148,327 |  |  |  | 22,960 |  |  |  | 2,171,287 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 7,931,478 |  |  |  | (7,400,000 | ) |  |  | 531,478 |
Prepayment for asset acquisition |  |  | - |  |  |  | 691,900 |  |  |  | 691,900 |
Total Assets |  |  | 14,462,845 |  |  |  | (6,685,140 | ) |  |  | 7,777,705 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |
Short-term loan |  |  | 866,250 |  |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 896,250 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 3,632,927 |  |  |  | (42,626 | ) |  |  | 3,590,301 |
Due to related parties |  |  | 419,270 |  |  |  | (30,143 | ) |  |  | 389,127 |
Current Liabilities |  |  | 6,548,927 |  |  |  | (302,016 | ) |  |  | 6,246,911 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 6,483,523 |  |  |  | (42,769 | ) |  |  | 6,440,754 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 87,308,080 |  |  |  | (9,053,103 | ) |  |  | 78,254,977 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 8,358,466 |  |  |  | (6,716,428 | ) |  |  | 1,642,038 |
Noncontrolling interest |  |  | (379,144 | ) |  |  | 74,057 |  |  |  | (305,087 | )
Total Equity |  |  | 7,979,322 |  |  |  | (6,642,371 | ) |  |  | 1,336,951 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 14,462,845 |  |  | $ | (6,685,140 | ) |  | $ | 7,777,705 |

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 301,208 |  |  | $ | 256,388 |  |  | $ | 557,596 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | - |  |  |  | 95,875 |  |  |  | 95,875 |
Interest expenses |  |  | (219,533 | ) |  |  | (896 | ) |  |  | (220,429 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | 52,289 |  |  |  | (144,951 | ) |  |  | (92,662 | )
Net loss |  |  | (134,272 | ) |  |  | (353,159 | ) |  |  | (487,431 | )
Basic and diluted net loss per common share |  | $ | (0.02 | ) |  | $ | (0.02 | ) |  | $ | (0.03 | )

F-7

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  | $ | 1,772,916 |  |  | $ | 176,949 |  |  | $ | 1,949,865 |
Stock based compensation |  |  | 2,957,736 |  |  |  | (547,355 | ) |  |  | 2,410,381 |
Interest expenses |  |  | (1,164,248 | ) |  |  | 555,064 |  |  |  | (609,184 | )
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests |  |  | (255,798 | ) |  |  | (35,408 | ) |  |  | (291,206 | )
Net loss |  |  | (5,132,182 | ) |  |  | 960,878 |  |  |  | (4,171,304 | )
Basic and diluted net loss per common share |  |  | (0.46 | ) |  |  | 0.09 |  |  |  | (0.37 | )

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 |
Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Restated |
Net loss |  | $ | (5,387,980 | ) |  | $ | 925,470 |  |  | $ | (4,462,510 | )
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 2,957,736 |  |  |  | (547,355 | ) |  |  | 2,410,381 |
Other non-cash income and expenses |  |  | 1,134,029 |  |  |  | (558,559 | ) |  |  | 575,470 |
Prepaid expenses and other deposits |  |  | 14,177 |  |  |  | 264,556 |  |  |  | 278,733 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 128,189 |  |  |  | (86,240 | ) |  |  | 41,949 |
Due from related parties* |  |  | (467,424 | ) |  |  | 456,789 |  |  |  | (10,635 | )
Due to related parties |  |  | 246,138 |  |  |  | (246,138 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (1,315,534 | ) |  |  | 208,523 |  |  |  | (1,107,011 | )
Loan to related parties* |  |  | - |  |  |  | (456,789 | ) |  |  | (456,789 | )
Net cash used in investing activities* |  |  | - |  |  |  | (456,789 | ) |  |  | (456,789 | )
Due to related parties* |  |  | - |  |  |  | 215,634 |  |  |  | 215,634 |
Proceeds from short-term borrowings* |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 1,399,313 |  |  | $ | 245,634 |  |  | $ | 1,644,947 |
Issuance of common stock for conversion of debt |  | $ | 845,715 |  |  | $ | (241,493 | ) |  | $ | 604,222 |

* | Previously reported amount was reclassified to financing activities based on current year’s presentation.

F-8

3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (the “U.S. GAAP”). All significant intercompany transactions and account balances have been eliminated. These financial statements do not include all the information and footnotes required by the U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with the U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted consistent with Article 8 of Regulation S-X. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited financial statements and include all adjustments, in a normal recurring nature, as necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2025, and results of operations and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2025 has been derived from the audited financial statements at December 31, 2024, and interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year or for any future period. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and related notes included in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements.

This basis of accounting involves the application of accrual accounting and consequently, revenues and gains are recognized when earned, and expenses and losses are recognized when incurred. The Company’s unaudited financial statements are expressed in U.S. dollars.

Reclassifications:

Certain amounts on the prior year’s condensed consolidated balance sheets, condensed consolidated statements of operations and condensed cash flows were reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation, with no effect on ending stockholders’ equity.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with the U.S. GAAP that requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the amount of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ materially from those results.

Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements” defines fair value for certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are recorded at fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. It requires that an entity measures its financial instruments to base fair value on exit price, maximize the use of observable units and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to determine the exit price. It establishes a hierarchy which prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. This hierarchy increases the consistency and comparability of fair value measurements and related disclosures by maximizing the use of observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in circumstances. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels based on the reliability of the inputs as follows:

| ● | Level 1– Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date. Valuation of these instruments does not require a high degree of judgment as the valuations are based on quoted prices in active markets that are readily and regularly available.

| ● | Level 2– Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the measurement date, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

| ● | Level 3– Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and not corroborated by market data. The fair value for such assets and liabilities is generally determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques that incorporate the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability.

F-9

The carrying values of certain assets and liabilities of the Company, such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, due from related parties, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and due to related parties, approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. The carrying value of the Company’s short-term bank loans, convertible notes payable, and accrued interest approximates their fair value as the terms of the borrowing are consistent with current market rates and the duration to maturity is short.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company places its cash and temporary cash investments in high quality credit institutions, but these investments may be in excess of the limit of $91,500 (NTD 3.0 million) covered by Taiwan Central Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the limit of $250,000 covered by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s insurance limits. However, the Company does not anticipate any losses on excess deposits. The Company does not enter into financial instruments for hedging, trading or speculative purposes.

The Company performs ongoing credit evaluation of its customers and requires no collateral. Credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables are provided based on a review of the collectability of accounts receivable. The Company determines the amount of allowance for doubtful accounts by examining its historical collection experience and current trends in the credit quality of its customers as well as its internal credit policies. Actual credit losses may differ from our estimates.

Concentration of Clients

As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, management estimated all accounts receivable balances are uncollectible. Provision credit loss balances were $11,993 and $11,993 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company’s revenue was generated by two major customers, accounting for 75% and 25% of the Company’s total revenues.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company’s revenue was generated by two major customers, accounting for 58% and 39% of the Company’s total revenues.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents when purchased. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents amounted to $192,068 and $248,382, respectively. Some of the Company’s cash deposits are held in financial institutions located in Taiwan where there is currently regulation mandated on obligatory insurance of bank accounts. The Company believes this financial institution is of high credit quality.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash primarily consists of cash held in a reserve bank account in Taiwan. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company’s restricted cash amounted $661,843 (NTD 20.2 million) and $615,433 (NTD 20.2 million), respectively.

Accounts receivable and allowance for expected credit losses accounts

Accounts receivables are recorded and carried at the original invoiced amount less an allowance for any potential uncollectible amounts.

The Company makes estimates of expected credit and collectability trends for the allowance for credit losses and allowance for unbilled receivables based upon our assessment of various factors, including historical experience, the age of the accounts receivable balances, credit quality of customers, current economic conditions reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and other factors that may affect our ability to collect from customers. The provision is recorded against accounts receivable balances, with a corresponding charge recorded in the consolidated statements of income. Actual amounts received may differ from management’s estimate of credit worthiness and the economic environment. Delinquent account balances are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts after management has determined that the likelihood of collection is not probable.

Allowance for expected credit losses accounts were $616,512 and $616,414 as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Pursuant to ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company determines is within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration the Company is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services the Company transfers to the customers. At inception of the contract, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract, determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

F-10

The following are examples of when the Company recognizes revenue based on the types of payments the Company receives.

Collaborative Revenues — The Company recognizes collaborative revenues generated through collaborative research, development and/or commercialization agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment to the Company related to one or more of the following: non-refundable upfront license fees, development and commercial milestones, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, and royalties on net sales of licensed products. Each type of payments results in collaborative revenues except for revenues from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. To date, the Company has not received any royalty revenues. Revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or service to the collaboration partners.

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company applies judgment to determine whether the performance obligations are distinct and develop assumptions in determining the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation identified in the collaboration agreements. To determine the stand-alone selling price, the Company relies on assumptions which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for R&D personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.

The Company had multiple deliverables under the collaborative agreements, including deliverables relating to grants of technology licenses, regulatory and clinical development, and marketing activities. Estimation of the performance periods of the Company’s deliverables requires the use of management’s judgment. Significant factors considered in management’s evaluation of the estimated performance periods include, but are not limited to, the Company’s experience in conducting clinical development, regulatory and manufacturing activities. The Company reviews the estimated duration of its performance periods under its collaborative agreements on an annual basis, and makes any appropriate adjustments on a prospective basis. Future changes in estimates of the performance period under its collaborative agreements could impact the timing of future revenue recognition.

(i) Non-refundable upfront payments

If a license for the Company’s intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in an arrangement, the Company recognizes revenue from the related non-refundable upfront payments based on the relative standalone selling price prescribed to the license compared to the total selling price of the arrangement. The revenue is recognized when the license is transferred to the collaboration partners and the collaboration partners are able to use and benefit from the license. To date, the receipt of non-refundable upfront fees was solely compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by the Company before the collaborative agreements entered and it does not relate to any future obligations and commitments made between the Company and the collaboration partners in the collaborative agreements.

(ii) Milestone payments

The Company is eligible to receive milestone payments under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners based on achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercial events. Management evaluated the nature of the events triggering these contingent payments, and concluded that these events fall into two categories: (a) events which involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners, and (b) events which do not involve the performance of the Company’s obligations under the collaborative agreement with collaboration partners.

The former category of milestone payments consists of those triggered by development and regulatory activities in the territories specified in the collaborative agreements. Management concluded that each of these payments constitute substantive milestone payments. This conclusion was based primarily on the facts that (i) each triggering event represents a specific outcome that can be achieved only through successful performance by the Company of one or more of its deliverables, (ii) achievement of each triggering event was subject to inherent risk and uncertainty and would result in additional payments becoming due to the Company, (iii) each of the milestone payments is non-refundable, (iv) substantial effort is required to complete each milestone, (v) the amount of each milestone payment is reasonable in relation to the value created in achieving the milestone, (vi) a substantial amount of time is expected to pass between the upfront payment and the potential milestone payments, and (vii) the milestone payments relate solely to past performance. Based on the foregoing, the Company recognizes any revenue from these milestone payments in the period in which the underlying triggering event occurs.

(iii) Multiple Element Arrangements

The Company evaluates multiple element arrangements to determine (1) the deliverables included in the arrangement and (2) whether the individual deliverables represent separate units of accounting or whether they must be accounted for as a combined unit of accounting. This evaluation involves subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual deliverables and whether such deliverables are separate from other aspects of the contractual relationship. Deliverables are considered separate units of accounting provided that: (i) the delivered item(s) has value to the customer on a standalone basis and (ii) if the arrangement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially within its control. In assessing whether an item under a collaboration has standalone value, the Company considers factors such as the research, manufacturing, and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. The Company also considers whether its collaboration partners can use the other deliverable(s) for their intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining element(s), whether the value of the deliverable(s) is dependent on the undelivered item(s), and whether there are other vendors that can provide the undelivered element(s).

F-11

The Company recognizes arrangement consideration allocated to each unit of accounting when all of the revenue recognition criteria in ASC 606 are satisfied for that particular unit of accounting. In the event that a deliverable does not represent a separate unit of accounting, the Company recognizes revenue from the combined unit of accounting over the Company’s contractual or estimated performance period for the undelivered elements, which is typically the term of the Company’s research and development obligations. If there is no discernible pattern of performance or objectively measurable performance measures do not exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement on a straight-line basis over the period the Company is expected to complete its performance obligations. Conversely, if the pattern of performance in which the service is provided to the customer can be determined and objectively measurable performance measures exist, then the Company recognizes revenue under the arrangement using the proportional performance method. Revenue recognized is limited to the lesser of the cumulative amount of payments received or the cumulative amount of revenue earned, as determined using the straight-line method or proportional performance method, as applicable, as of the period ending date.

At the inception of an arrangement that includes milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone. This evaluation includes an assessment of whether: (1) the consideration is commensurate with either the Company’s performance to achieve the milestone or the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from its performance to achieve the milestone, (2) the consideration relates solely to past performance and (3) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone and the level of effort and investment required to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether a milestone satisfies all of the criteria required to conclude that a milestone is substantive. Milestones that are not considered substantive are recognized as earned if there are no remaining performance obligations or over the remaining period of performance, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

(iv) Royalties and Profit-Sharing Payments

Under the collaborative agreement with the collaboration partners, the Company is entitled to receive royalties on sales of products, which is at a certain percentage of the net sales. The Company recognizes revenue from these events based on the revenue recognition criteria set forth in ASC 606. Based on those criteria, the Company considers these payments to be contingent revenues, and recognizes them as revenue in the period in which the applicable contingency is resolved.

Revenues Derived from Research and Development Activities Services (Also known as the Contract Development & Manufacturing Organization Services (“CDMO”)) — Revenues related to research and development and regulatory activities are recognized when the related services or activities are performed, in accordance with the contract terms. The Company typically has only one performance obligation at the beginning of a contract, which is to perform research and development services. The Company may also provide its customers with an option to request that the Company provides additional goods or services in the future, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients, API, or IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions. The Company evaluates whether these options are material rights at the inception of the contract. If the Company determines an option is a material right, the Company will consider the option a separate performance obligation.

If the Company is entitled to reimbursement from its customers for specified research and development expenses, the Company accounts for the related services that it provides as separate performance obligations if it determines that these services represent a material right. The Company also determines whether the reimbursement of research and development expenses should be accounted for as revenues or an offset to research and development expenses in accordance with provisions of gross or net revenue presentation. The Company recognizes the corresponding revenues or records the corresponding offset to research and development expenses as it satisfies the related performance obligations.

The Company then determines the transaction price by reviewing the amount of consideration the Company is eligible to earn under the contracts, including any variable consideration. Under the outstanding contracts, consideration typically includes fixed consideration and variable consideration in the form of potential milestone payments. At the start of an agreement, the Company’s transaction price usually consists of the payments made to or by the Company based on the number of full-time equivalent researchers assigned to the project and the related research and development expenses incurred. The Company does not typically include any payments that the Company may receive in the future in its initial transaction price because the payments are not probable. The Company would reassess the total transaction price at each reporting period to determine if the Company should include additional payments in the transaction price.

The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees may be recorded as advances from customers upon receipt or when due, and may require deferral of revenue recognition for a future period until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the right of the Company to consideration is unconditional. The Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customers and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customers will be one year or less.

F-12

Stock-based Compensation

The Company measures expense associated with all employee stock-based compensation awards using a fair value method and recognizes such expense in the consolidated financial statements on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation”. Total director, officer, and employee stock-based compensation expenses were $450,000 and $0 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $712,500 and $2,122,756 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

The Company accounted for stock-based compensation to non-employees in accordance with ASC 718 “Compensation-Stock Compensation” and ASC 505-50 “Equity-Based Payments to Non-Employees” which requires that the cost of services received from non-employees is measured at fair value at the earlier of the performance commitment date or the date service is completed and recognized over the period the service is provided. Total non-employee stock-based compensation expenses were $686,217 and $95,875 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $2,044,103 and $287,625 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Commitments and Contingencies

The Company has adopted ASC 450 “Contingencies” subtopic 20, in determining its accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies. Accordingly, estimated losses from loss contingencies are accrued by a charge to income when information available before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued indicates that it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred on the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the contingency are expensed as incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred.

Foreign-currency Transactions

For the Company’s subsidiaries in Taiwan, the foreign-currency transactions are recorded in New Taiwan Dollars (“NTD”) at the rates of exchange in effect when the transactions occur. Gains or losses resulting from the application of different foreign exchange rates when cash in foreign currency is converted into NTD, or when foreign-currency receivables or payables are settled, are credited or charged to income in the year of conversion or settlement. On balance sheet dates, the balances of foreign currency assets and liabilities are restated at the prevailing exchange rates and the resulting differences are charged to current income except for those foreign currencies denominated investments in shares of stock where such differences are accounted for as translation adjustments under the Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity.

Segment Reporting

ASC 280 “Segment Reporting” requires public companies to report financial and descriptive information about their reportable operating segments. The Company identifies the operating segments based on how the chief operating decision maker internally evaluates separate financial information, business activities and management responsibility.

The Company currently has one reportable segment, and assets are reviewed on a consolidated basis. As such, segmental data is not provided.

F-13

The following tables present revenue and gross profit information for each of our only reportable segment:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30 |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  |  |  |  | 2024 |  |  |  |  |  | 2024 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | (Restated) |  |  | 2025 |  |  | (Restated) |
Revenues |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 389,276 |  |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 507,623 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | - |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 763 |
Segment Gross (loss) profit |  |  | 795,950 |  |  |  | 388,980 |  |  |  | 795,950 |  |  |  | 506,860 |
Depreciation Expense |  | $ | 5,821 |  |  | $ | 7,013 |  |  | $ | 19,539 |  |  | $ | 21,605 |

The following table provides a reconciliation of total segment gross profit to the Company’s loss before provision for income tax:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Nine Months Ended |
|  |  |  |  | September 30 |  |  |  |  |  | September 30 |
|  | September 30 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | September 30 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | (Restated) |  |  | 2025 |  |  | (Restated) |
Segment Gross (loss) profit |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 388,980 |  |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 506,860 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 798,253 |  |  |  | 557,596 |  |  |  | 2,103,718 |  |  |  | 1,949,865 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 29,890 |  |  |  | 37,825 |  |  |  | 92,027 |  |  |  | 147,292 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 1,136,217 |  |  |  | 95,875 |  |  |  | 2,756,603 |  |  |  | 2,410,381 |
Add (Less): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 47,287 |  |  |  | 44,261 |  |  |  | 85,497 |  |  |  | 75,451 |
Interest expense |  |  | (30,959 | ) |  |  | (220,429 | ) |  |  | (383,339 | ) |  |  | (609,184 | )
Operating sublease income |  |  | 29,680 |  |  |  | 36,000 |  |  |  | 53,680 |  |  |  | 36,478 |
Gain (loss) on foreign exchange changes |  |  | (112,553 | ) |  |  | 30,429 |  |  |  | 13,683 |  |  |  | 26,284 |
Loss on investment in equity securities |  |  | (54,235 | ) |  |  | (67,885 | ) |  |  | (150,029 | ) |  |  | (146,942 | )
Other income (expenses), net |  |  | 2,194 |  |  |  | (7,136 | ) |  |  | (3,486 | ) |  |  | 45,542 |
Loss before provision income tax |  | $ | (1,286,996 | ) |  | $ | (487,076 | ) |  | $ | (4,540,392 | ) |  | $ | (4,573,049 | )

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 74 (SAB 74), the Company evaluates the impact of newly issued accounting standards on its financial statements. The following standards have been issued but are not yet effective:

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The ASU requires disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses. This includes purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The ASU is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for the annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting period beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements once adopted.

The Company will continue to monitor other issued but not yet effective standards and will update its disclosures as more information becomes available.

F-14

4. COLLABORATIVE AGREEMENTS

Collaborative agreements with BHK, a related party

(i) | On February 24, 2015, BioLite Taiwan and BioHopeKing Corporation (the “BHK”) entered into a co-development agreement, (the “BHK Co-Development Agreement”), pursuant to which it is collaborative with BHK to develop and commercialize BLI-1401-2 (Botanical Drug) Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) Combination Therapy (BLI-1401-2 Products) in Asian countries excluding Japan for all related intellectual property rights, and has developed it for medicinal use in collaboration with outside researchers. The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan.

On July 27, 2016, BioLite Taiwan and BHK agreed to amend the payment terms of the milestone payment in an aggregate amount of $10 million based on the following schedule:

| ● | Upon signing of the BHK Co-Development Agreement: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | Upon the first Investigational New Drug (IND) submission and BioLite Taiwan will deliver all data to BHK according to FDA Reviewing requirement: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | At the completion of first phase II clinical trial: $1 million, or 10% of total payment

| ● | At the initiation of phase III of clinical trial research: $3 million, or 30% of total payment

| ● | Upon the New Drug Application (NDA) submission: $4 million, or 40% of total payment

In December 2015, BHK paid a non-refundable upfront cash payment of $1 million, or 10% of $10.0 million, upon the signing of BHK Co-Development Agreement. The Company concluded that the deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this cash receipt as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK in 2015. The receipt is for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before this collaborative agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in this collaborative agreement. In August 2016, the Company received the second milestone payment of NTD 31,649,000, approximately equivalent to $1 million, and recognized collaboration revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. As of the date of this report, the Company has not completed the first phase II clinical trial.

In addition to the milestone payments, BioLite Taiwan is entitled to receive royalty on 12% of BHK’s net sales related to BLI-1401-2 Products. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has not earned the royalty under the BHK Co-Development Agreement.

(ii) | On December 9, 2015, BioLite Taiwan entered into another two collaborative agreements (the “BHK Collaborative Agreements”), pursuant to which it is collaborative with BHK to co-develop and commercialize BLI-1005 for “Targeting Major Depressive Disorder” (BLI-1005 Products) and BLI-1006 for “Targeting Inflammatory Bowel Disease” (BLI-1006 Products) in Asia excluding Japan for all related intellectual property rights, and has developed it for medicinal use in collaboration with outside researchers. The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan.

In 2015, the Company recognized the cash receipt in a total of NTD 50 million, approximately equivalent to $1.6 million, as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK. The Company concluded that the deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this payment as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, data and development data were delivered to BHK. The cash receipt is for the compensation of past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before this BHK Collaborative Agreements was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in this BHK Collaborative Agreements.

In addition to the total of NTD 50 million, approximately equivalent to $1.6 million, BioLite Taiwan is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has not earned royalty under the BHK Collaborative Agreements.

F-15

Co-Development agreement with Rgene Corporation, a related party

On May 26, 2017, the Company through its subsidiary, BriVision, entered into a co-development agreement (the “Co-Dev Agreement”) with Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”), a related party controlled by the controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation (See Note 10). Pursuant to Co-Dev Agreement, the Company and Rgene agreed to co-develop and commercialize ABV-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy, ABV-1511 Pancreatic Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy. Under the terms of the Co-Dev Agreement, Rgene is required to pay the Company $3.0 million in cash or stock of Rgene with equivalent value by August 15, 2017. The payment is for the compensation of the Company’s past research efforts and contributions before the Co-Dev Agreement was signed, and it does not relate to any future commitments made by the Company and Rgene in this Co-Dev Agreement. In addition to $3.0 million, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit earned by Rgene, if any, and any development costs shall be equally shared by both the Company and Rgene.

On June 1, 2017, the Company has delivered all research, technical, data and development data to Rgene. Since both Rgene and the Company are related parties and under control by a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and a director and officer of the Company, the Company has recorded the full amount of $3.0 million in connection with the Co-Dev Agreement as additional paid-in capital during the year ended December 31, 2017. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company received $450,000 in cash. On December 24, 2018, the Company received the remaining balance of $2,550,000 in the form of newly issued shares of Rgene’s Common Stock, at the price of NTD 50 per share (approximately equivalent to $1.60 per share), for an aggregate number of 1,530,000 shares, which accounted for equity method long-term investment as of December 31, 2018. On December 31, 2018, the Company determined to fully write off this investment based on the Company’s assessment of the severity and duration of the impairment, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of the operating performance of the investee, adverse changes in market conditions and the regulatory or economic environment, changes in operating structure of Rgene, additional funding requirements, and Rgene’s ability to remain in business. All projects that have been initiated will be managed and supported by the Company and Rgene.

The Company and Rgene signed an amendment to the Co-Dev Agreement on November 10, 2020, pursuant to which both parties agreed to delete AB-1507 HER2/neu Positive Breast Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1527 Ovary Cancer Combination Therapy and add ABV-1519 EGFR Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Combination Therapy and ABV-1526 Large Intestine / Colon / Rectal Cancer Combination Therapy to the products to be co-developed and commercialized. Other provisions of the Co-Dev Agreement remain in full force and effect.

On June 10, 2022, the Company expanded its co-development partnership with Rgene. On that date, BioKey, ABVC has entered into a Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene to guide three Rgene drug products, RGC-1501 for the treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), RGC-1502 for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and RGC 1503 for the treatment of colorectal cancer patients, through completion of Phase II clinical studies under the U.S. FDA IND regulatory requirements. Under the terms of the new Services Agreement, BioKey is eligible to receive payments totaling $3.0 million over a 3-year period with each payment amount to be determined by certain regulatory milestones obtained during the agreement period. The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months’ written notice. Either party may terminate the Service Agreement for cause by providing 30 days written notice.

Through a series of transactions over the past 5 years, the Company and Rgene have co-developed the three drug products covered by the Service Agreement, which has resulted in the Company owning 26.65% of Rgene.

As part of the Rgene Studies, the Company agreed to loan $1.0 million and made $0.5 million to Rgene, for which Rgene has provided the Company with a 5% interest rate convertible loan (the “Note”). If the Note is fully converted, the Company will own an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross-default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the Note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. Upon an event of default, the outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest shall be immediately due and payable. The Note was fully converted to Rgene’s common stocks in 2024. See Note 6 for details.

The Service Agreement shall remain in effect until the expiration date of the last patent and automatically renew for 5 more years unless terminated earlier by either party with six months’ written notice. Either party may terminate the Service Agreement for cause by providing 30 days’ written notice.

F-16

Rgene has further agreed, effective July 1, 2022, to provide the Company with a seat on Rgene’s Board of Directors until the loan is repaid in full. The Company has nominated Dr. Jiang, its Chief Strategy Officer and Director to occupy that seat; Dr. Jiang is also one of the Company’s director and officer.

The Rgene Studies is a related party transaction.

Collaborative agreement with BioFirst Corporation, a related party

On July 24, 2017, the Company through its subsidiary, BriVision, entered into a collaborative agreement (the “BioFirst Collaborative Agreement”) with BioFirst Corporation (“BioFirst”), pursuant to which BioFirst granted the Company the global licensing right for medical use of the product (the “Product”): BFC-1401 Vitreous Substitute for Vitrectomy. BioFirst is a related party to the Company because a controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene Corporation and the Company is one of the directors and common stock shareholders of BioFirst (See Note 10).

Pursuant to the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement, the Company will co-develop and commercialize the Product with BioFirst and pay BioFirst in a total amount of $3.0 million in cash or stock of the Company before September 30, 2018. The amount of $3.0 million is in connection with the compensation for BioFirst’s past research efforts and contributions made by BioFirst before the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement was signed and it does not relate to any future commitments in this BioFirst Collaborative Agreement. In addition, the Company is entitled to receive 50% of the future net licensing income or net sales profit, if any, and any development cost shall be equally shared by both the Company and BioFirst.

On September 25, 2017, BioFirst delivered all research, technical, data and development data to the Company. The Company determined to fully expense the entire amount of $3.0 million since currently the related licensing rights do not have alternative future uses. According to ASC 730-10-25-1, absent alternative future uses the acquisition of product rights to be used in research and development activities must be charged to research and development expenses immediately. Hence, the entire amount of $3.0 million is fully expensed as research and development expense during the year ended December 31, 2017.

On June 30, 2019, BriVision entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with BioFirst. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 42,857 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst in consideration for $3.0 million owed by the Company to BioFirst (the “Total Payment”) in connection with BioFirst Collaborative Agreement.

On August 5, 2019, BriVision entered into a second Stock Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement 2”) with BioFirst. Pursuant to Purchase Agreement 2, the Company issued 41,470 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to BioFirst in consideration for $2,902,911 owed by the Company to BioFirst in connection with a loan provided to BriVision from BioFirst.

On November 4, 2020, the Company executed an amendment to the BioFirst Collaborative Agreement to add ABV-2001 Intraocular Irrigation Solution and ABV-2002 Corneal Storage Solution to the agreement. ABV-2002 is utilized during a corneal transplant procedure to replace a damaged or diseased cornea while ABV-2001 has broader utilization during a variety of ocular procedures.

Initially the Company will focus on ABV-2002, a solution utilized to store a donor cornea prior to either penetrating keratoplasty (full thickness cornea transplant) or endothelial keratoplasty (back layer cornea transplant). ABV-2002 is a solution comprised of a specific poly amino acid that protects ocular tissue from damage caused by external osmolarity exposure during pre-surgery storage. The specific polymer in ABV-2002 can adjust osmolarity to maintain a range of 330 to 390 mOsM thereby permitting hydration within the corneal stroma during the storage period. Stromal hydration results in (a) maintaining acceptable corneal transparency and (b) prevents donor cornea swelling. ABV-2002 also contains an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell walls that provide antioxidant antibacterial properties and neuroprotection.

Early testing by BioFirst indicates that ABV-2002 may be more effective for protecting the cornea and retina during long-term storage than other storage media available today and can be manufactured at lower cost. Further ABV-2002 product development was put on hold due to the lack of funding.

F-17

In addition, BioFirst was incorporated on November 7, 2006, focusing on the R&D, manufacturing, and sales of innovative patented pharmaceutical products. The technology of BioFirst comes from the global exclusive licensing from domestic R & D institutions. Currently, the main research and development product is the vitreous substitute (Vitargus®) Licensed by the National Health Research Institutes. Vitargus is the world’s first bio-degradable vitreous substitute and offers a number of advantages over current vitreous substitutes by minimizing medical complications and reducing the need for additional surgeries.

BioFirst has started the construction of a GMP factory in Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park, Taiwan, with the aim at building a production base to supply the global market, and promote the construction of bio-degradable vitreous substitute manufacturing centers in Taiwan. Completion of this factory would allow ABVC to manufacture Vitargus with world-class technology in a GMP certified pharmaceutical factory. BioFirst is targeting to complete the construction in 2025.

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has not earned any net licensing income or net sales profit earned by BioFirst under these collaborative agreements.

Collaborative agreement with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a related party

On March 25, 2024, the Company and BioFirst each entered into a twenty-year, global definitive licensing agreement (the “FEYE Licensing Agreement”) with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“FEYE”) for the products in the Company and BioFirst’s Ophthalmology pipeline, including Vitargus (the “Vitargus Products”). The license covers Vitargus Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights; FEYE also has the rights to sublicense or partner with a third party to develop the Licensed Products. As per each of the respective FEYE Licensing Agreements, each of the Company and BioFirst shall receive a total licensing fee of $33.5 million, composed of an upfront payment of $30 million, which can instead be paid with 5 million shares of FEYE stock at $6 per share within 30 days after the execution of the FEYE Licensing Agreement, and a $3.5 million cash milestone payment, due 30 days upon completion of next round fundraising. Additionally, each of the Company and BioFirst are eligible to receive royalties of 5% of net sales. As of September 30, 2025, the Company received 5 million FEYE shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of FEYE stock is uncertain.

On June 18, 2024, the Company and BioFirst, each entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Licensing Agreement with FEYE, pursuant to which the Company and BioFirst have agreed to allow FEYE to pay the second milestone payment in the amount of $3.5 million per Licensing Agreement, incrementally (such as $100,000), at any given time, rather than in one lump sum. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $200,000 and $200,000, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $180,000 and $296,000, respectively.

Collaborative agreement with OncoX BiopPharma, Inc., a related party

On April 16, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc., a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“Oncox”), pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (the “Lung Cancer Products”), within North America for 20 years (the “April 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) 30 days after entering into the agreement and $625,000, 30 days following the completion of Oncox’s next round of fundraising, of which there is no guarantee; ABVC is also entitled to 5% royalties based on the net sales, as defined in the April 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Lung Cancer Product in North America, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $595,950 and $595,950, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received in cash and recognized revenue of $200,000 and $200,000, respectively. pursuant to the agreement. At the time of transferring the license, the Company also received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain.

F-18

On May 8, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX, pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Pancreatic (the Pancreatic Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) within 30 days of entering into the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; ABVC is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, as defined in the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Pancreatic Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms. At the time of transferring the license, the Company also received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain. There was no cash receipt from this agreement in the nine months periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

On May 14, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Tripple Negative Breast Cancer (the TNBC Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In each agreement for consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) within 30 days of entering into the May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, from the first commercial sale of the TNBC Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. At the time of transferring the license, the Company and BioLite also each received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain. There was no cash receipt from this agreement in the nine months periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

On May 23, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (the “MS Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6.25 million (or 1.25 million Oncox shares valued at $5 per share) 30 days after entering the May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of net sales, from the first commercial sale of the MS Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. Oncox may use its revenue to fund the licensing fees. At the time of transferring the license, the Company and BioLite also each received 1.25 million OncoX shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of Oncox stock is uncertain. There was no cash receipt from this agreement in the nine months periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Above mentioned price of OncoX’s shares was determined through private negotiations between the parties; no third-party valuation was completed.

F-19

5. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, AND PREPAMENT FOR ASSET ACQUISITION

Property and Equipment

The Company has two pieces of land, offices and labs located in Taiwan, and a GMP manufacturing facility in Fremont, CA. Property and equipment as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized as follows:

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Land |  | $ | 11,897,923 |  |  | $ | 338,966 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements |  |  | 2,227,803 |  |  |  | 2,219,244 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 1,139,014 |  |  |  | 1,131,169 |
Office equipment |  |  | 175,315 |  |  |  | 163,448 |
|  |  | 15,440,055 |  |  |  | 3,852,827 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (3,384,413 | ) |  |  | (3,341,739 | )
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 12,055,642 |  |  | $ | 511,088 |

Depreciation expenses were $5,821 and $7,013 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $19,539 and $21,605 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the land with book value amounted to approximately $4,222,502 and $338,966 (except for the recently acquired land in Puli, Taiwan, amounted to $7,675,421), respectively, were pledged for obtaining bank loans (see Notes 9 Bank loans).

Prepayment for asset acquisition

Prepayment for asset acquisition consists of the properties in Chengdu, China. The Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023, with Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. (the “Zhonghui”). Pursuant thereto, the Company will acquire 20% of the ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land, with a view to jointly developing the property into a healthcare center for senior living, long-term care, and medical care in the areas of ABVC’s special interests, such as Ophthalmology, Oncology, and Central Nervous Systems. The plan is to establish a base for the China market and global development of these interests.

The valuation of such property is $37 million; based on the Company’s 20% ownership, the Company would acquire the value of $7,400,000. In exchange, the Company issued to Zhonghui an aggregate of 370,000 shares (the “Shares”) of common stock, at a per share price of $20.0. The Shares are subject to a lock-up period of one year following the closing date of the transaction. In addition, the parties agreed that, after one year following the closing of the transaction, if the market value of the Shares or the value of the property increases or decreases, the parties will negotiate in good faith to make reasonable adjustments. The Company’s ownership rights to the property and the associated land parcel, or a suitable replacement property, are safeguarded under the terms of the cooperation agreement, which is legally binding and enforceable.

As discussed in Note 2, the Company incorrectly applied ASC 845 instead of ASC 718, resulting in an adjustment of the reported value to from $7,400,000 to $691,900, and reclassification from Construction-in-Progress to Prepayment for Asset Acquisition.

The construction-in-progress property is planned to finish before the end of 2025.

Acquisition of land in Puli Township, Taiwan

In March 2024, AiBtl issued 1,534,000 AiBtl’s common stocks to acquire farmland in Taiwan, which land will be used for developing health related businesses. However, upon the closing of the transaction, both parties are aware of such Taiwan’s legal restrictions prohibiting foreign entities directly owning farmland. In August 2024, the Company incorporated a controlling subsidiary, Yunzhiyi, to be holding the title of the land upon government’s approval. On March 31, 2025, the Company and the landowners executed the Nominee Holding Agreement, Land Lease Agreement, and Consulting Agreement, under the witness of and confirmed by a legal counsel in Taiwan, in which the landowners unconditionally grant the full legal rights to the land to the Company before the completion of the title transfer. Based on the execution of the agreement, the Company recognized $7,670,000 ($5 per share of AiBtl’s common stock) of land on its balance sheet.

To further secure the ownership of land, the board of AiBtl authorized Ms. Jiang in June 2025 to temporarily hold the land title until the administrative procedures are finalized. The title was transferred to Ms. Jiang later that month, and the Company recorded $5,421 in acquisition costs associated with the transaction. As of the reporting date, government review of the transfer of land title to Yun Zhi Yi is pending completion.

F-20

Acquisition of land in Taoyuan City, Taiwan

On July 15, 2025, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling, pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns, with estimated fair value of $3,857,975, located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company, and owns over 10% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock. In consideration for the Land, the Company was to pay Shuling (i) 2,035,136 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”) at a price of $1.65 per share as approved in the June 3, 2025 annual shareholder meeting and (ii) five-year warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $2.50 per share. Under the Agreement, Shuling was to also transfer outstanding liability owed on the Land (approximately $500,000) to the Company. The transaction is closed on the same date and the warrants and restricted shares are issued on July 15, 2025 and July 16, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized $3,857,975 as the cost of the land and $500,000 liability (included in Due to Related Parties – See Note 10) on its balance sheet.

In connection with the Land transaction, on July 15, 2025, the Company entered into a one-year consulting agreement with Shuling, pursuant to which Shuling shall provide advisory and development support services related to the Land. Such services include but not limited to site supervision and care, liaison with local authorities regarding land zoning and permits, acting as the Company’s agent to the Land, and other Land development related matters. The Company shall issue 1,000,000 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to a 5-year vesting schedule of 200,000 shares per year. On July 16, 2025, the Company issued 200,000 shares at $1.65 per share to Shuling as prepayment for the first-year service. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized $55,000 consulting expense, with $275,000 prepaid expense balance on the balance sheet as of September 30, 2025.

6. LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS

(1) | The ownership percentages of each investee are listed as follows:

|  | Ownership percentage |  |  |
|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |  |  | Accounting
Name of investees |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | treatments
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd.* |  |  | 0.17 | % |  |  | 0.17 | % |  | Cost Method
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  |  | 0.67 | % |  |  | 0.67 | % |  | Cost Method
BioHopeKing Corporation |  |  | 5.90 | % |  |  | 5.90 | % |  | Cost Method
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (see Note 10) |  |  | 19.78 | % |  |  | 19.78 | % |  | Cost Method
BioFirst Corporation |  |  | 18.68 | % |  |  | 18.68 | % |  | Equity Method
OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (see Note 10) |  |  | 24.97 | % |  |  | 24.97 | % |  | Equity Method
Rgene Corporation |  |  | 37.00 | % |  |  | 26.65 | % |  | Equity Method
BioLite Japan K.K. |  |  | 49.00 | % |  |  | 49.00 | % |  | Equity Method

* | This company was acquired by Canal Biotech Corporation Inc. Our stock is in the process of replacement with the stock of the acquired company and the ownership percentage is subject to change.

(2) | The extent the investee relies on the company for its business is summarized as follows:

Name of investees |  | The extent the investee relies on the Company for its business
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. |  | No specific business relationship
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  | No specific business relationship
BioHopeKing Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize drugs (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
BioLite Japan K.K. |  | The Company’s joint venture noncontrolling subsidiary perform research and development activities and explore business opportunities in Japan
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize ophthalmic medical devices (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
BioFirst Corporation |  | Loaned from the investee and provides research and development support service
OncoX BioPharma, Inc. |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize single-herb botanical drug for treatment of certain diseases (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)
Rgene Corporation |  | Collaborating with the Company to develop and commercialize drugs (referring to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements)

F-21

(3) | Long-term investment mainly consists of the following:

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Non-marketable Cost Method Investments, net |  |  |  |  |  |
Braingenesis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. |  | $ | 7,235 |  |  | $ | 6,727 |
Genepharm Biotech Corporation |  |  | 22,089 |  |  |  | 20,540 |
ForSeeCon Eye Corporation(d) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
BioHopeKing Corporation |  |  | 821,071 |  |  |  | 762,983 |
Subtotal |  |  | 850,395 |  |  |  | 790,250 |
Equity Method Investments, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
BioFirst Corporation(a) |  |  | 1,340,289 |  |  |  | 1,468,504 |
Rgene Corporation(b) |  |  | 554,510 |  |  |  | - |
BioLite Japan K.K. (BioLite JP)(c) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
OncoX BioPharma, Inc.(e) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 2,745,194 |  |  | $ | 2,258,754 |

(a) | BioFirst Corporation (“BioFirst”):

The Company holds an equity interest in BioFirst Corporation, accounting for its equity interest using the equity method to accounts for its equity investment as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company owns 18.68% and 18.68% common stock shares of BioFirst, respectively. The Company made a prepayment for equity investment in BioFirst to purchase additional shares to be issued by BioFirst in the aggregate amount of $2,688,578, recorded as prepayment for long-term investments as of December 31, 2022. On July 19, 2023, the Company successfully completed the registration process for this investment. The initial prepayment was $1,895,556, which is a portion of the prepayment as of December 31, 2022, and was converted into 994,450 shares of BioFirst stock. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of prepayment for long-term investments in Biofirst is both $1,124,842.

(b) | Rgene Corporation (“Rgene”)

As described in Note 4, the Company acquired 26.65% of Rgene’s outstanding common shares since 2018 through multiple collaborative agreements, and has been accounting this equity investment with equity method as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. Further, as disclosed in Note 10 Related Party Transactions, the Company entered a convertible loan agreement with Rgene in 2022 and has been working with Rgene to obtain approval for the Company to exercise the conversion from Department of Investment Review in Taiwan, a government agency reviews foreign investors conducting investment in Taiwan. In May 2024, the conversion request for the conversion was approved but the Company was not informed by Rgene until April 2025. The Company determined that the impact to the financial statements is immaterial and assumed the conversion was incurred on January 1, 2025. After the conversion, the Company owns 37% of outstanding shares of Rgene.

(4) | Disposition of long-term investment

During the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, there is no disposition of long-term investment.

F-22

(5) | Loss on investment in equity securities

The components of loss on investment in equity securities for each period were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30 |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Share of equity method investee losses |  | $ | (54,235 | ) |  | $ | (67,885 | ) |  | $ | (150,029 | ) |  | $ | (146,942 | )

(c) | BioLite Japan K.K. (BioLite JP)

In October 2021, the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“BioLite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement. BioLite JP is a private limited company incorporated on December 18, 2018. The business of the joint venture is the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund running and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried on by BioLite JP and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or businesses. At the date of the Agreement, BioLite JP has 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture; BioLite Japan’s other shareholder also paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed. This prepayment is booked in prepayment for investment. As of December 31, 2024, the Company evaluated the investee’s business and financial conditions and determined to fully impair such prepayment.

(d) | ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (FEYE)

FEYE is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on the field of diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders, with its main product of Vitargus. The Company granted FEYE certain licensed products in exchange for FEYE ownership. See Note 4 for details of such transactions.

(e) | OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (OncoX)

OncoX is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on oncology trials and drug development across Asia-Pacific. The Company granted OncoX certain licensed products in exchange for OncoX’s ownership. See Note 4 for details of such transactions.

7. CONVERTIBLE NOTES PAYABLE

Lind Notes Payable

On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167, for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price of $10.5 per share, subject to adjustment. The Company also issued Lind a common stock purchase warrant (the “Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 529,167 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $10.5 per share for a period of 5 years, subject to adjustment that immediately upon such issuance or sale, the Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such issuance or sale shall be reduced (and in no event increased) to an Exercise Price equal to the consideration per share paid for such Additional Shares of Common Stock. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $1,225,543, which was recorded to debt discount.

F-23

Beginning with the date that is six months from the issuance date of the Lind Note and on each one (1) month anniversary thereafter, the Company shall pay Lind an amount equal to $308,651, until the outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note has been paid in full prior to or on the Maturity Date or, if earlier, upon acceleration, conversion or redemption of the Lind Note in accordance with the terms thereof (the “Monthly Payments”). At the Company’s discretion, the Monthly Payments shall be made in (i) cash, (ii) shares of the Company’s common stock, or (iii) a combination of cash and Shares; if made in shares, the number of shares shall be determined by dividing (x) the principal amount being paid in shares by (y) 90% of the average of the 5 lowest daily VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to the applicable payment date. The Lind Notes sets forth certain conditions that must be satisfied before the Company may make any Monthly Payments in shares of common stock. If the Company makes a Monthly Payment in cash, the Company must also pay Lind a cash premium of 5% of such Monthly Payment.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note (the “Mandatory Default Amount”), in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other Transaction Documents. The Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement on September 12, 2023, pursuant to which the Mandatory Default Amount was reduced to 115% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note; pursuant to the letter agreement, Lind also agreed to waive any default associated with the Company’s market capitalization being below $12.5 million for 10 consecutive days through February 23, 2024, but retained its right to convert its Note. In addition, if the Company is unable to increase its market capitalization and is unable to obtain a further waiver or amendment to the Lind Note, then the Company could experience an event of default under the Lind Note, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. The Company cannot make any assurances regarding the likelihood, certainty, or exact timing of the Company’s ability to increase its market capitalization, as such metric is not within the immediate control of the Company and depends on a variety of factors outside the Company’s control.

The Lind Warrant may be exercised via cashless exercise.

The warrant exercise price was reset to $3.5 in accordance with the issuance of common stock in relation to securities purchase agreement in July 2023. On May 22, 2024, the exercise price of these warrants was reset to $0.75 along with the immediate exercise of existing warrants and issuance of the New Warrants. As of September 30, 2025, these Lind Warrants associated with the first Lind Note were fully exercised.

On November 17, 2023, the Company entered another securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note (the “2nd Lind Note”) in the principal amount of $1,200,000, for a purchase price of $1,000,000, that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to conversion. The 2nd Lind Note shall be due and payable on May 19, 2025, and bears no interest. The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, outstanding principal amount prior to maturity, and Lind shall have the right to convert up to one third of the principal amount when the Company prepays. Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other transaction documents. Lind also received a 5-year common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share for a period of 5 years. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $480,795, which was recorded to debt discount. An amendment was filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024 to disclose that due to Nasdaq requirements, the parties entered into an amendment to the Note, pursuant to which the conversion price shall have a floor price of $1.00. Additionally, the amendment requires the Company to make a cash payment to Lind if in connection with a conversion, the conversion price is deemed to be the floor price. During the year ended December 31, 2024, Lind converted $800,000 of 2nd Lind Note principal amounts into the Company’s common stocks. Refer to the common stock issuance details in Note 12, Equity. On March 3 and April 1, 2025, Lind converted the remaining $400,000 principal balance ($200,000 for each conversion) into the Company’s common stocks. The 2nd Lind Note is fully converted as of September 30, 2025.

F-24

On January 17, 2024, the Company entered another securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note (the “3rd Lind Note”) in the principal amount of $1,000,000, for a purchase price of $833,333, that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to conversion. The 3rd Lind Note shall be due and payable on July 17, 2025 and bear no interest. The Company may prepay all, but not less than all, outstanding principal amount prior to maturity, and Lind shall have the right to convert up to one third of the principal amount when the Company prepays. Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other transaction documents Lind also received a 5-year, common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model. The fair value of the warrants was determined to be $394,071, which was recorded to debt discount. An amendment was filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024 to disclose that due to Nasdaq requirements, the parties entered into an amendment to the Note, pursuant to which the conversion price shall have a floor price of $1.00. Additionally, the amendment requires the Company to make a cash payment to Lind if in connection with a conversion, the conversion price is deemed to be the floor price. No conversion or repayment to 3rd Lind Note occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024.

On March 3, 2025, April 1, 2025, May 14, 2025, June 5, 2025, and July 9, 2025, Lind converted $1,000,000 ($200,000 in each conversion) principal balance on 3rd Lind Note into 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks. The 3rd Lind Note balance was fully converted as of September 30, 2025.

In connection with above three Lind Note offerings, the Company and its subsidiaries: BioKey, BioLite, Biolite BVI, and American BriVision, jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the offering with certain collateral, as set forth in the related transaction documents.

On May 22, 2024, November 19, 2024, January 9, 2025, and July 1, 2025, Lind exercised 1,000,000, 500,000, 1,029,167, and 500,000 of the existing warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $0.75, $0.42, $0.40, and $1.0 per share, respectively. Refer to the details in Note 12, Equity.

Total interest expenses in connection with the above three Lind Notes were $13,578 and $209,022 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $340,240 and $525,969 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Other Convertible Notes Payable

On November 1, 2024 and November 5, 2024, the Company’s subsidiary, AiBtl, issued two convertible notes payable, each with a principal amount of $30,000 to two separate individuals, for total consideration of $60,000. Each note has a 1-year term and an implied annual discount rate of 6.89%. These convertible notes bear a 0% interest rate and are convertible by the holders into the AiBtl’s common stock at $5 per share at any time before maturity. AiBtl reserves the right to repurchase the note in full at any time before maturity.

On April 5, 2025, AiBtl issued a convertible note payable with a principal amount of $9,010 to an individual investor, for total consideration of $9,010. The note has a 1-year term and an implied annual discount rate of 6.89%. with a 0% stated interest rate and is convertible by the holders into AiBtl’s common stock at $5 per share at any time before maturity. AiBtl reserves the right to repurchase the note in full at any time before maturity.

F-25

The convertible notes payable is accounted for in accordance with ASC 470-20, Debt with Conversion and Other Options. The Company evaluated the conversion feature and determined that it qualifies for equity classification as it meets the “fixed-for-fixed” criteria. The proceeds from the issuance were allocated to the present value of the liability component in aggregate for $56,132, and to debt discount for $3,868. The debt discount is recorded in additional paid-in capital in the statement of change in equity.

The debt discount is being amortized over the 1-year term using the effective interest method. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized $1,018 and $3,002, respectively, in interest expense related to the amortization of the debt discount.

Convertible Notes Payable – Related Party

On July 8, 2025, AiBtl issued a convertible note payable with a principal amount of $150,000 to an employee of the Company, a related party, for total consideration of $150,000. The note has a 1-year term with a 0% interest rate and is convertible by the holders into AiBtl’s common stock at $10 per share at any time before maturity. AiBtl reserves the right to repurchase the note in full at any time before maturity.

The carrying amounts of the liability component are summarized as follows:

September 30, 2025 |  | Issuance Entity |  | Issuance Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal Amount at Issuance |  |  | Stated Interest Rate |  |  | Effective Interest Rate |  |  | Conversion Price |  |  | Common Stock to be converted |  | Principal Amount at Balance Sheet Date |  |  | Unamortized Discount |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | November 1, 2024 |  | November 1, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | 29,891 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | November 1, 2024 |  | November 1, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 29,890 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | April 6, 2025 |  | April 5, 2026 |  |  | 9,010 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 9,010 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9,010 |  |  |  | 9,010 |
Convertible notes – third parties |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 69,010 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 69,010 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | 68,791 |  |  | $ | 69,010 |
Convertible note – related party |  | AiBtl |  | July 8, 2025 |  | July 7, 2026 |  | $ | 150,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 | % |  | $ | 10.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  | $ | 150,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | 150,000 |  |  | $ | 150,000 |

December 31, 2024 |  | Issuance Entity |  | Issuance Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Principal Amount at Issuance |  |  | Stated Interest Rate |  |  | Effective Interest Rate |  |  | Conversion Price |  |  | Common Stock to be converted |  | Principal Amount at Balance Sheet Date |  |  | Unamortized Discount |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
2nd LIND Note |  | ABVC |  | November 17, 2023 |  | May 19, 2025 |  | $ | 1,200,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 86.94 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  | $ | 400,000 |  |  | $ | 118,048 |  |  | $ | 281,952 |  |  | $ | 480,000 |
3rd LIND Note |  | ABVC |  | January 17, 2024 |  | July 17, 2025 |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 87.40 | % |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | ABVC |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 388,685 |  |  |  | 611,315 |  |  |  | 1,200,000 |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | November 1, 2024 |  | November 1, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 1,610 |  |  |  | 28,390 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Other Note |  | AiBtl |  | November 5, 2024 |  | November 5, 2025 |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 6.89 | % |  | $ | 5.00 |  |  | AiBtl |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 1,611 |  |  |  | 28,389 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,260,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,460,000 |  |  | $ | 509,954 |  |  | $ | 950,046 |  |  | $ | 1,740,000 |

F-26

8. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Accrued research and development expense |  | $ | 1,773,583 |  |  | $ | 1,799,583 |
Accrued directors and officers (owners) compensation |  |  | 995,097 |  |  |  | 1,025,867 |
Cash portion of the Lind Note repayments |  |  | 492,376 |  |  |  | 127,759 |
Accrued compensation and employee benefits |  |  | 154,780 |  |  |  | 126,106 |
Others |  |  | 575,578 |  |  |  | 430,107 |
Total |  | $ | 3,991,414 |  |  | $ | 3,509,422 |

9. SHORT-TERM LOANS

(1) | Short-term loans consist of the following:

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cathay United Bank |  | $ | 123,103 |  |  | $ | 200,252 |
CTBC Bank |  |  | 656,000 |  |  |  | 610,000 |
Other individual |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Total |  | $ | 809,103 |  |  | $ | 840,252 |

Cathay United Bank

On June 28, 2016, BioLite Taiwan and Cathay United Bank entered into a one-year bank loan agreement (the “Cathay United Loan Agreement”) in a credit limit amount of NTD 7.5 million, equivalent to $228,750. The term started June 28, 2016 with maturity date on June 28, 2017. The loan balance bears interest at a floating rate of prime rate plus 1.31%. The prime rate is based on the term deposit saving interest rate of Cathay United Bank. The Company renews the agreement with the bank every year, and the next renewal date is September 6, 2026. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the effective interest rates per annum was 2.99% and 2.99%, respectively. The loan is collateralized by the building and improvement of BioLite Taiwan, and is also personal guaranteed by the Company’s chairman. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company made payments of the loan in total of NTD 937,500 ($30,094) and NTD 2,812,500 ($90,281), respectively.

Interest expenses were $1,141 and $1,755 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $3,903 and $5,275 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

CTBC Bank

On June 12, 2017 and July 19, 2017, BioLite Taiwan and CTBC Bank entered into two short-term saving secured bank loan agreements (the “CTBC Loan Agreements”) in a credit limit amount of NTD 10 million, equivalent to $327,500, and NTD 10 million, equivalent to $327,500, respectively. Both two loans with the same maturity date at January 19, 2018. In February 2018, BioLite Taiwan combined two loans and extended the loan contract with CTBC for one year. The Company renews the agreement with the bank every 6 months, and the next renewal date is January 10, 2026. The loan balances bear interest at a fixed rate of 2.5% per annum, and is secured by the money deposited in a savings account with the CTBC Bank. This loan was also personal guaranteed by the Company’s chairman and BioFirst. During the year ended December 31, 2020, BioLite Taiwan opened a TCD account with CTBC bank to guarantee the loan going forward.

Interest expenses were $4,218 and $3,747 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $11,961 and $11,668 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

F-27

Other individual – Third party

On March 21, 2024, the Company issued an unsecured promissory note to a third party for the proceeds of $30,000. The note bears an interest rate of 12% per annum and matures on March 21, 2025, or upon the occurrence of an event of default. The promissory note was extended another year and matures on March 21, 2026, with the same terms.

Interest expenses were $907 and $908 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $2,693 and $1,904 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

10. RELATED PARTIES TRANSACTIONS

The related parties of the company with whom transactions are reported in these financial statements are as follows:

Name of entity or Individual |  | Relationship with the Company and its subsidiaries
BioFirst Corporation (the “BioFirst”) |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene
BioFirst (Australia) Pty Ltd. (the “BioFirst (Australia)”) |  | 100% owned by BioFirst; Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene
Rgene Corporation (the “Rgene”) |  | Shareholder of the Company; Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of YuanGene; the Chairman of Rgene is Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang
GenePharm Inc. (the “GenePharm”) |  | Dr. George Lee, Board Director of Biokey, is the Chairman of GenePharm.
The Jiangs |  | Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang, the controlling beneficiary shareholder of the Company and Rgene, the Chairman and CEO of the BioLite Holding Inc. and BioLite Inc. and the President and a member of board of directors of BioFirst Ms. Shuling Jiang, is the Chairman of Keypoint; and a member of board of directors of the Company and BioLite Inc, and a member of board of directors of BioFirst; a director and beneficial owner of more than 10% of the ABVC’s outstanding common stock Mr. Eugene Jiang is Mr. and Ms. Jiang’s son. Mr. Eugene Jiang is the chairman, and majority shareholder of the Company and a member of board of directors of BioLite Inc. Mr. Eugene Jiang is a member of board of directors of BioFirst. Mr. Chang-Jen Jiang is Mr. Tsung-Shann Jiang’s sibling and the director of the Company, and a member of board of directors of BioFirst. Ms. Mei-Ling Jiang is Ms. Shuling Jiang’s sibling.
BioLite Japan |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of ABVC
BioHopeKing Corporation (“BHK”) |  | Entity controlled by controlling beneficiary shareholder of ABVC
AiBtl (Holding) BioPharma, Inc. (“AiBtl Holding”) |  | Founding shareholder of AiBtl BioPharma Inc.
Jaimes Vargas Russman |  | CEO of AiBtl BioPharma Inc.
Lion Arts Promotion, Inc. (“Lion Arts”) |  | Entity controlled by the Jiangs.

Revenues – related parties

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company received $200,000 and $595,950 pursuant to the licensing agreement and related amendment with FEYE and OncoX, respectively, and recognized a total of $795,950 revenue in the periods ended September 30, 2025. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received $180,000 and $296,000, respectively, pursuant to the licensing agreement and related amendment with FEYE, and recognized $180,000 and $296,000 of revenue in the periods ended September 30, 2024. Please refer to Note 4, Collaborative Agreements for details.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30 |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
OncoX |  | $ | 595,950 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 595,950 |  |  | $ | 200,000 |
FEYE |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 180,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 296,000 |
Total |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 380,000 |  |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 496,000 |

F-28

Consulting fees – related parties

In March 2024, BioLite engaged Lion Arts to provide operation, business development, human resources, and capital finance consulting services in Taiwan. The agreement is for 12 months initially expired February 2025, and was renewed for another 12 months expiring in February 2026. The service fee is NTD 5,520,000 (approximately $173,328) for each of the contracts expiring 2025 and 2026.

In May 2025, BioLite entered another consulting agreement with Lion Arts for international business development for service fee of NTD 2,000,000 (approximately $62,800). This agreement is for 12 months expiring April 2026, and is optional for renewal upon mutual agreement.

The Company incurred consulting fees for both agreements of $60,348 and $43,100 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $189,176 and $100,567 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Due from related parties

Amounts due from related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

Due from related party- Current

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Rgene (1) |  | $ | 2,421 |  |  | $ | 565,711 |
BioFirst (2) |  |  | 2,691,776 |  |  |  | 589,340 |
OncoX (3) |  |  | 546 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 2,694,743 |  |  | $ | 1,155,051 |

F-29

Due from related parties- non-current, net

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
BioFirst (Australia) (4) |  | $ | 839,983 |  |  | $ | 839,983 |
BioHopeKing Corporation (5) |  |  | 118,633 |  |  |  | 120,210 |
Total |  |  | 958,616 |  |  |  | 1,014,193 |
Less: allowance for expected credit losses accounts |  |  | (958,616 | ) |  |  | (1,014,193 | )
Net |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

(1) | On June 16, 2022, the Company entered into a one-year convertible loan agreement with Rgene, with a principal amount of $1,000,000 and made $500,000 to Rgene which bears interest at 5% per annum for the use of working capital that, if fully converted, would result in ABVC owning an additional 6.4% of Rgene. The Company may convert the Note at any time into shares of Rgene’s common stock at either (i) a fixed conversion price equal to $1.00 per share or (ii) 20% discount of the stock price of the then most recent offering, whichever is lower; the conversion price is subject to adjustment as set forth in the Note. The Note includes standard events of default, as well as a cross-default provision pursuant to which a breach of the Service Agreement will trigger an event of default under the convertible note if not cured after 5 business days of written notice regarding the breach is provided. The loan was converted to Rgene’s common stock in May 2024 but the Company was not informed until April 2025. Please see detail discussion in Note 7. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balance were $0 and $500,000; and accrued interest was $0 and $63,819, respectively. Both principal and accrued interest were converted to Rgene’s common stocks. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has other receivables amounted to $2,421 and $1,892, respectively, from Rgene due to daily operations.

(2) | On December 31, 2023, BioLite Taiwan entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,072,360 (approximately $337,707), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into another loan agreement with BioFirst, with a principal amount of NTD 11,406,000 (approximately $347,883), which bears interest at 12% per annum for the use of working capital. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company loaned BioFirst NTD 64,777,314($2,079,352) and received repayment of NTD 4,536,970 ($145,637). All loans carry 12% interest. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balance were NTD 77,778,704 ($2,551,141) and NTD 17,571,076 (approximately $535,918), respectively; accrued interests were $136,853 and $53,422, respectively. The balance of $1,073 is due with daily operations. The funds were used to support ongoing research, facility construction, and regulatory work required for the Vitargus GMP pilot plant at the Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park.

(3) | As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company has other receivables amounted to $546 and $0, respectively, from OncoX due to daily operations.
(4) | On July 1, 2020, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $361,487 to properly record R&D cost and tax refund allocation based on co-development contract executed on July 24, 2017. The loan was originally set to be mature on September 30, 2021 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum, but on September 7, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $67,873 to meet its new project needs. On July 27, 2021, the Company repaid a loan 249,975 to BioFirst (Australia). On December 1, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with BioFirst (Australia) for $250,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. The loan will be matured on November 30, 2022 with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. In 2022, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $507,000 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $88,091 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. During the second quarter of 2023, the Company entered into several loan agreements with BioFirst (Australia) for a total amount of $25,500 to increase the cost for upcoming projects. All the loans period was twelve months with an interest rate of 6.5% per annum. For accounting purpose, the due from and due to related party balances was being net off. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding loan balances and allocated research fees were both $681,185, and accrued interest balances were both $158,798. The business conditions of BioFirst (Australia) deteriorated and, as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of $839,983 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company stopped accruing interest income recognizing such losses.

F-30

(5) | On February 24, 2015, BioLite Taiwan and BioHopeKing Corporation (the “BHK”) entered into a co-development agreement, (the “BHK Co-Development Agreement”, see Note 4). The development costs shall be shared 50/50 between BHK and the Company. Under the term of the agreement, BioLite issued relevant development cost to BHK. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, due from BHK were both NTD 3,941,299 (approximately $118,633 and $120,210, respectively). The business conditions of BHK deteriorated and as a result, the Company recognized expected credit losses of NTD 3,941,299 as of December 31, 2024. No recovery was made during nine months ended September 30, 2025.

The Company’s due from related parties are subject to certain risks that our collaborative parties, including OncoX and FEYE, would face. Such risks exist in future market conditions, macro economy, legal and regulatory, results of clinical trials and product developments, and among others. As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s comprehensive review of these balances of due from related parties indicates that there are no expected losses except those being recognized above. This conclusion is based on business relationships with our related parties and the absence of any significant indicators of potential default.

Due to related parties

Amount due to related parties consisted of the following as of the periods indicated:

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
AiBtl Holding (1) |  | $ | 348,194 |  |  | $ | 348,219 |
The Jiangs (2) |  |  | 579,846 |  |  |  | 274,170 |
Shareholders (3) |  |  | 152,848 |  |  |  | 142,130 |
Lion Art Promotions Inc (4) |  |  | 120,704 |  |  |  | - |
Directors (5) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,526 |
Total |  | $ | 1,201,592 |  |  | $ | 773,045 |

(1) | On April 11, 2024, May 10, 2024, August 15, 2024, and December 24, 2024, AiBtl received short-term loans from its founding shareholder, AiBtl Holding, for the principal amounts of $40,000, $60,000, $33,732, and $214,487, respectively, for the purpose of daily operations. These loans do not bear interest and are payable on demand.
(2) | Since 2019, the Jiangs advanced funds to the Company for working capital purposes. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance due to the Jiangs amounted to $79,846 and $274,170, respectively. These loans bear no interest and are due on demand. The Company assumed a $500,000 bank loan from Shuling in the Taoyuan land transaction (see Note 5). Due to Taiwanese regulations restricting the loan transfers to foreign entities, the Company issued Shuling a 1-year unsecured promissory note for $500,000 at 3.79% annual interest, with interest is payable monthly. The note matures on July 15, 2026, with an option to renew by mutual agreement. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company paid $4,736 in interest on this note.

(3) | Since 2018, the Company’s shareholders have advanced funds to the Company for working capital purposes. The advances bear an interest rate around 12% per annum. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal and accrued interest was $152,848 and $142,130, respectively. Interest expenses in connection with these loans were $5,106 and $11,836 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were $15,318 and $21,973 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

(4) | Accrued consulting services fee as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.
(5) | As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, due to Directors were $0 and $8,526, respectively, were related to the daily operating expenses since inception in 2023 paid by the Directors of AiBtl on behalf of the entity.

F-31

11. INCOME TAXES

Income tax (benefit) expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $527 and $24,154, respectively, and were $355 and $(110,539) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Deferred tax assets (liability) as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 consist approximately of:

|  | September 30, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Loss on impairment of assets |  | $ | 713,223 |  |  | $ | 713,223 |
Net operating loss carryforwards |  |  | 5,995,850 |  |  |  | 5,677,413 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | 119,848 |  |  |  | 178,014 |
Operating lease assets |  |  | (121,051 | ) |  |  | (178,014 | )
Deferred tax assets, gross |  |  | 6,907,870 |  |  |  | 6,390,636 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | (6,907,870 | ) |  |  | (6,390,636 | )
Deferred tax assets, net |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

12. EQUITY

Lind Offerings and Repayments

On February 23, 2023, in connection with the issuance of the Lind Note (referring to Note 7), the Company issued Lind a 5-year term of common stock purchase warrant to purchase up to 529,167 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $10.5 per share (post-split), subject to adjustment. The warrant exercise price was reset to $3.5 in accordance with the issuance of common stock in relation to securities purchase agreement in July 2023. On May 22, 2024, the exercise price of these warrants was further reset to $0.75 along with the immediate exercise of existing warrants and issuance of the New Warrants.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2024, the Company accepted the conversion of Lind Note with the Company’s common stock for 905,305 shares, for the carrying amount of $811,175. The first Lind Note was fully repaid in April 2024.

On November 17, 2023, in connection with the issuance of the 2nd Lind Note (referring to Note 7), Lind also received a 5-year term of common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes model and the fair value was determined to be $480,795, which was recorded as a debt discount.

On January 17, 2024, in connection with the issuance of the 3rd Lind Note (referring to Note 7), Lind also received 5-year term of common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share.

On May 22, 2024, the Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement, pursuant to which Lind will exercise, for cash, 1,000,000 of its Pre-Existing Warrants (all of the warrants issued to Lind on February 23, 2023, November 17, 2023 and January 17, 2024 are hereinafter referred to as the “Pre-Existing Warrants”), to purchase shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $0.75 per share. Such 1,000,000 Pre-Existing Warrants exercised include 529,167 warrants issued in February 2023 and 470,833 warrants issued in November 2023. Concurrently, the exercise price of all Pre-Existing Warrants has been reduced to $0.75 per share according to this agreement. Lind also received new warrants to purchase 1,000,000 shares of common stock, exercisable at any time on or after the date of its issuance and until the five-year anniversary thereof, for $1.00 per share (the “New Warrants”). The fair value of the New Warrants was determined to be $925,210 using the Black-Scholes model. The New Warrants may be exercised via cashless exercise or resale pursuant to the registration statement that was declared effective. As of December 31, 2024, Lind has exercised 1,000,000 shares of Pre-Existing Warrants and received 1,000,000 shares of New Warrants according to this agreement. All warrants issued to Lind may be exercised via cashless exercise.

F-32

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued Lind in total of 800,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as the repayment of $800,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor price, resulting in effective conversion price between $0.7907 to $0.4932. The Company made an additional $327,017 cash repayments, with $127,759 unpaid cash booked in Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities as of December 31, 2024. On March 3, 2025 and April 1, 2025, Lind converted the remaining $400,000 ($200,000 in each conversion) principal balance on 2nd Lind Note into 400,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks. All principal balance of 2nd Lind Note was fully converted as of April 1, 2025.

On March 3, 2025, April 1, 2025, May 14, 2025, June 5, 2025, and July 9, 2025, Lind converted $1,000,000 ($200,000 in each conversion) principal balance on 3rd Lind Note into 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks. As of September 30, 2025, all outstanding balance of 3rd Lind Note was fully converted.

On January 5, 2025, the Company and Lind entered into a third letter agreement, pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise for cash, 1,029,167 of the Existing Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.40 per share. On July 1, 2025, Lind exercised 500,000 warrants at an exercise price of $1.00 per share and left 500,000 warrants as of the date of this report. See Note 13 for more information.

In July 2025, the Company received $83,567 in cash for 216,251 common stock warrant exercise from the placement agents of LIND notes. These warrants were issued in 2023 and 2024 along with the Lind Note financing.

Private Offerings

In 2024, the Company received $31,040 from an investor to subscribe 41,387 shares of the Company’s common stock. These stocks were issued to the investor as of September 30, 2025.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company conducted several private offerings of its common stock to several individual investors and issued 3,083,612 unregistered shares at $0.60 to $1.95 per share, raising a total of $2,777,120. Among these offerings, prior unissued stocks were all issued as of September 30, 2025.

Stock-Based Compensation and Payments

The Company previously reported that during the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company entered into service agreements with Euro-Asia Investment & Finance Corp Ltd. (a related party), Ever Adventure inv. (Formosa) Consultant Co., Ltd., New Eastern Asia (a related party), and Kimho Consultants Co., Ltd. (a related party) for the maintenance of the listing in the U.S. stock exchange market, investor relations, and business development. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company issued 644,972 shares of the Company’s common stock for the consulting service from July 2019 to July 2024 for the service fee of $4,514,800 in aggregate, and recorded as stock subscription receivable. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, stock subscription receivable recognized as stock-based compensation in equity was $225,740 and $451,480, respectively.

After further review and investigation, the above services were completely provided by December 31, 2022. Pursuant to ASC 718, the costs of services should be recognized along with the period when services are received. Therefore, the Company reversed share-based compensation expenses of $225,740 and $451,480 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

On August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui. Pursuant thereto, the Company expect to receive 20% of the ownership of a property and the parcel of the land owned by Zhonghui in Leshan, Sichuan, China. During the third quarter of 2023, the Company issued to Zhonghui, an aggregate of 370,000 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock, at a per share price of $1.87, for $691,900. The Company also issued 29,600 common stocks to consultants for providing consulting services on the above transaction. Please refer Note 2 for the restatement of prior period reported amounts.

F-33

On January 27, 2024, the Company granted 1,302,726 restricted shares to its employees and directors under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan as compensation for their previous services, with an issuance date of February 2, 2024. These shares are subject to a three-year restriction period.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company compensated an employee with 150,000 and 400,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks amounting to $395,000 and $725,000, respectively, for her additional services. As of September 30, 2025, there are 150,000 shares totaling $395,000 that have not been issued. 50,000 shares were issued on October 10, 2025.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company compensated various business consultants with 1,005,021 and 1,523,492 shares of common stock amounting to $1,307,479 and $1,761,699, respectively, for their financial and business advisory services. As of September 30, 2025, 150,000 shares totaling $241,500 remain unissued. 50,000 shares were issued on October 10, 2025.

The Company has entered several agreements with its landlord in California, which both parties agreed that the Company issues its common stocks in lieu of cash for certain months of rent. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company issued 37,499 and 297,959 shares of common stock, for the rent amounts of $100,449 and $282,404, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2024, the Company issued 259,522 shares of common stock for the rent amounts of $191,642. Since the share payment agreement was first entered in July 2024, there was no share payment for the rent in the first six months of 2024.

Shuling Land Acquisition

On February 6, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”), pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company, and owns approximately 15.4% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of February 6, 2024. In consideration for the Land, the Company was to pay Shuling (i) 703,496 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”) at a price of $3.50 per share and (ii) five-year warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $2.00 per share. Under the Agreement, Shuling was to also transfer outstanding liability owed on the Land (approximately $500,000) to the Company. On May 16, 2024, the Company’s board of directors determined that it was in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders to terminate the Agreement and not proceed with the transfer of land ownership. The shares were returned and booked as treasury stock, and the warrants were not issued.

On June 3, 2025, the Company’s annual general shareholder meeting approved the proposal that the issuance of 2,035,136 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $1.65 per share and five-year warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $2.50 per share, to purchase the above Land from Shuling. On July 15, 2025, the Company closed the purchase of Land from Shuling and issued 2,035,136 shares of restricted common stocks and 1,000,000 shares of warrants and to Shuling on July 16, 2025 and July 15, 2025, respectively. Please refer to Note 5 for more details.

Noncontrolling Interests

On March 14, 2024, AiBtl issued 1,610,700 AiBtl’s common stocks to a land acquisition transaction in Taiwan, including the 1-year business consulting fee of $383,500 incurred beginning in November 2023, and the cost of land $7,670,000. Due to certain administrative processes and restrictions, AiBtl has not acquired ownership of the land.

Yun Zhi Yi, a Taiwan corporation, was incorporated in August 2024, with 90% owned by BioLite Taiwan and 10% owned by Shuling Jiang, the Company’s director. This entity is set up for holding the land that AiBtl acquired in Taiwan for developing health related business in Taiwan. Due to certain administrative processes and restrictions, the title transfer has not completed. However, AiBtl entered a series of agreements with the sellers in March 2025, to obtain the complete rights and obligations of the land while in the process of transferring the title. These agreements are effective until the title transfer is completed. AiBtl recognized such asset on its balance sheet on March 31, 2025. Refer to Note 5 for details.

F-34

13. STOCK OPTIONS AND WARRANTS

Stock Options

The Company has not granted any options during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024. The Company’s most recent option grant was in 2022 that 76,190 shares (post-split) of common stock were granted to employees and certain consultants. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted in 2022 was $27.9 (post-split). There are 386,021 options available for grant under the 2016 Equity Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2024. Compensation costs associated with the Company’s stock options are recognized, based on the grant-date fair values of these options over vesting period. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no unvested options.

Options issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025, and their activities during the period then ended are as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Weighted- |  |  | Weighted- |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Average |  |  | Average |  |  |  |
|  | Number of |  |  | Exercise |  |  | Contractual |  |  |  |
|  | Underlying Shares (post-split) |  |  | Price Per Share (post-split) |  |  | Life Remaining in Years |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2025 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  | $ | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.74 |  |  |  | - |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Forfeited |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding as of September 30, 2025 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  |  | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | $ | - |
Exercisable as of September 30, 2025 |  |  | 258,710 |  |  |  | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | $ | - |
Vested and expected to vest |  |  | 258,710 |  |  | $ | 27.9 |  |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | $ | - |

Stock Warrants

Warrants issued and outstanding in connection with Shuling land transaction (See Note 5) as of September 30, 2025, and their activities during the nine-month period ended are as follows:

|  | Number of Underlying Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  |  | Weighted- Average Contractual Life Remaining in Years |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2025 |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |
Issued |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 2.50 |  |  |  | 5.00 |  |  |  | - |
Exercised |  |  | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding as of September 30, 2025 |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  | $ | 2.50 |  |  |  | 4.79 |  |  | $ | 540,000 |

F-35

Warrants issued and outstanding in connection with Lind convertible notes (See Note 12) as of September 30, 2025, and their activities during the nine-month period ended are as follows:

|  | Number of Underlying Shares |  |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  |  | Weighted- Average Contractual Life Remaining in Years |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding as of January 1, 2025 |  |  | 2,029,167 |  |  | $ | 0.40 | * |  |  | 4.20 |  |  | $ | 195,542 |
Issued |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Exercised |  |  | (1,529,167 | ) |  | $ | 0.60 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Outstanding as of September 30, 2025 |  |  | 500,000 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  |  | 3.64 |  |  | $ | 1,020,000 |

* | On January 5, 2025, the Company and Lind entered into a third letter agreement (the “December Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise for cash, 1,029,167 of the Existing Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.40 per share. The weighted average exercise price per share as of December 31, 2024 was adjusted to the reduction accordingly.

14. LOSS PER SHARE

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the year. Diluted loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30 |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to ABVC’s common stockholders |  | $ | (1,246,513 | ) |  | $ | (394,769 | ) |  | $ | (4,345,610 | ) |  | $ | (4,171,304 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average shares outstanding – Basic & Diluted |  |  | 23,256,590 |  |  |  | 12,405,261 |  |  |  | 18,567,480 |  |  |  | 11,164,093 |
Loss per share -Basic & Diluted |  | $ | (0.05 | ) |  | $ | (0.03 | ) |  | $ | (0.23 | ) |  | $ | (0.37 | )

Diluted loss per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue Common Stock were exercised and converted into Common Stock. Since the Company suffered net loss for both years, any diluted shares would have anti-diluted effect.

F-36

15. LEASE

The Company adopted FASB Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) using the modified retrospective approach, electing the practical expedient that allows the Company not to restate its comparative periods prior to the adoption of the standard on January 1, 2019.

The Company applied the following practical expedients in the transition to the new standard and allowed under ASC 842:

| ● | Reassessment of expired or existing contracts: The Company elected not to reassess, on the application date, whether any expired or existing contracts contained leases, the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, and the accounting for initial direct costs for any existing leases.

| ● | Use of hindsight: The Company elected to use hindsight in determining the lease term (that is, when considering options to extend or terminate the lease and to purchase the underlying assets) and in assessing impairment of right-to-use assets.

| ● | Reassessment of existing or expired land easements: The Company elected not to evaluate existing or expired land easements that were not previously accounted for as leases under ASC 840, as allowed under the transition practical expedient. Going forward, new or modified land easements will be evaluated under ASU No. 2016-02.

| ● | Separation of lease and non-lease components: Lease agreements that contain both lease and non-lease components are generally accounted for separately.

| ● | Short-term lease recognition exemption: The Company also elected the short-term lease recognition exemption and will not recognize ROU assets or lease liabilities for leases with a term of less than 12 months.

The new leasing standard requires recognition of leases on the consolidated balance sheets as right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use underlying assets for the lease terms and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the leases. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value and future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. The Company’s future minimum based payments used to determine the Company’s lease liabilities mainly include minimum based rent payments. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its estimated incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

The Company recognized lease liabilities, with corresponding ROU assets, based on the present value of unpaid lease payments for existing operating leases longer than twelve months. The ROU assets were adjusted per ASC 842 transition guidance for existing lease-related balances of accrued and prepaid rent, unamortized lease incentives provided by lessors, and restructuring liabilities. Operating lease cost is recognized as a single lease cost on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is recorded in Selling, general and administrative expenses. Variable lease payments for common area maintenance, property taxes and other operating expenses are recognized as expense in the period when the changes in facts and circumstances on which the variable lease payments are based occur.

The Company has no finance leases. The Company’s leases primarily include various office and laboratory spaces, copy machine, and vehicles under various operating lease arrangements. The Company’s operating leases have remaining lease terms of up to approximately five years.

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | $ | 369,135 |  |  | $ | 640,387 |
LIABILITIES |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities (current) |  |  | 199,335 |  |  |  | 403,581 |
Operating lease liabilities (non-current) |  |  | 164,072 |  |  |  | 236,807 |

F-37

Supplemental Information

The following provides details of the Company’s lease expenses:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30 |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Operating lease expenses |  | $ | 120,166 |  |  | $ | 100,685 |  |  | $ | 356,662 |  |  | $ | 199,187 |

Other information related to leases is presented below:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 73,855 |  |  | $ | 199,187 |

|  | September 30, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 2.64 years |  |  |  | 2.48 years |
Weighted Average Discount Rate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  | 2.57 | % |  |  | 1.19 | %

The minimum future annual payments under non-cancellable leases during the next five years and thereafter, at rates now in force, are as follows:

|  | Operating leases |
2025 (Excluding current period) |  | $ | 102,474 |
2026 |  |  | 118,597 |
2027 |  |  | 55,613 |
2028 |  |  | 50,888 |
2029 |  |  | 50,888 |
Thereafter |  |  | - |
Total future minimum lease payments, undiscounted |  |  | 378,460 |
Less: Imputed interest |  |  | (9,325 | )
Present value of future minimum lease payments |  | $ | 369,135 |

16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be subject to legal proceedings regarding contractual and employment relationships and a variety of other matters. The Company records contingent liabilities resulting from such claims, when a loss is assessed to be probable, and the amount of the loss is reasonably estimable. In the opinion of management, there were no pending or threatened claims and litigation as of September 30, 2025 and up through the date of the consolidated financial statements was available to the issued.

17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On October 7, 2025, the Company issued 10,749 shares to settle October rent balance of $33,480.

On October 10, 2025, the Company issued 50,000 shares to a consultant and 50,000 shares to an employee for services were rendered, but the shares have not yet been issued. See Note 12 Stock-Based Compensation and Payments subsection for details.

On October 30, 2025, the Company received additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $507,833 on the same terms and conditions as the offerings in September 2025. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company will issue an aggregate of 260,427 shares of the Company’s common stock by the end of 2025.

Except for disclosed above, the Company has assessed all events from September 30, 2025, up through the date that these consolidated financial statements are available to be issued, and concluded that no subsequent events have occurred that would require recognition or disclosure in the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Information

FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION

The following information should be read in conjunction with ABVC BioPharma, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“we”, “us”, “our”, or the “Company”) condensed unaudited financial statements and the notes thereto contained elsewhere in this report. Information in this Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q that does not consist of historical facts, are “forward-looking statements.” Statements accompanied or qualified by, or containing words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “outlook,” “forecast,” “anticipates,” “presume,” and “assume” constitute forward-looking statements, and as such, are not a guarantee of future performance.

Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, certain of which are beyond our control. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated as a result of the factors described in the “Risk Factors” and detailed in our other Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings. Risks and uncertainties can include, among others, international, national and local general economic and market conditions: demographic changes; the ability of the Company to sustain, manage or forecast its growth; the ability of the Company to successfully make and integrate acquisitions; raw material costs and availability; new product development and introduction; existing government regulations and changes in, or the failure to comply with, government regulations; adverse publicity; competition; the loss of significant customers or suppliers; fluctuations and difficulty in forecasting operating results; changes in business strategy or development plans; business disruptions; the ability to attract and retain qualified personnel; the ability to obtain sufficient financing to continue and expand business operations; the ability to develop technology and products; changes in technology and the development of technology and intellectual property by competitors; the ability to protect technology and develop intellectual property; and other factors referenced in this and previous filings. Consequently, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as predictive of future results.

Because of these risks and uncertainties, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this report or incorporated by reference might not transpire. Factors that cause actual results or conditions to differ from those anticipated by these and other forward-looking statements include those more fully described elsewhere in this report and in the “Risk Factors” section of our annual report on form 10-K.

The Company disclaims any obligation to update the forward-looking statements in this report.

Overview

ABVC BioPharma Inc., which was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on February 6, 2002, is a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on development of new drugs and medical devices, all of which are derived from plants. The Company has four wholly-owned subsidiaries, BriVision, BioLite Holding Inc. (“BioLite Holding”), BioKey Inc. (“BioKey”), BioKey (Cayman), Inc (“BioKey Cayman”), and a majority-owned subsidiary, AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (“AiBtl”).

BioLite Holding was incorporated in the State of Nevada with wholly owned subsidiary BioLite BVI, Inc. (“BioLite BVI”) that was incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. BioLite BVI holds 73% ownership of BioLite Inc. (“BioLite Taiwan”), a Taiwanese corporation that was founded in February 2006. BioLite Taiwan has been in the business of developing new drugs since it was incorporated.

Yun Zhi Yi Co., Ltd. (“Yun Zhi Yi”), a Taiwanese corporation, was incorporated in August 2024, with 90% owned by BioLite Taiwan and 10% owned by Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”, or “Ms. Jiang”), a director and beneficial owner of more than 10% of the ABVC’s outstanding common stock. This entity is set up for holding land located in Puli, Tawain that AiBtl is in the process of acquiring, which land will be used for developing health related business. Due to Taiwan’s legal restrictions prohibiting foreign entities from directly owning farmland, the parties agreed to structure the arrangement through nominee holdings. To further secure the ownership of land, the board of AiBtl authorized Ms. Jiang in June 2025 to temporarily hold the land title until the administrative procedures are finalized. The title was transferred to Ms. Jiang later that month, and the Company recorded $5,421 in acquisition costs associated with the transaction. As of the date hereof, the transfer of the land’s title to Yun Zhi Yi is currently under government review, pending completion of the title transfer registration.

1

Incorporated in California on November 20, 2000, BioKey has chosen to initially focus on developing generic drugs to ride the opportunity of the booming industry.

BioKey Cayman was incorporated in Cayman Islands in July 2023, which is 100% owned by ABVC. This subsidiary has no activities since inception. On May 10, 2025, ABVC transferred its 100% ownership in BioKey to BioKey Cayman. This reorganization did not have other impact to the consolidated financial statements.

Medicines derived from plants have a long history of relieving or preventing many diseases and, typically, have exhibited fewer side effects than drugs developed from animals or chemical ingredients. Perhaps the most famous example is aspirin, which evolved from a compound found in the bark and leaves of the willow tree and was later marketed by Bayer starting in 1899. Aspirin has very few serious side effects and has proven to be one of the most successful drugs in medical history. Some 50 years later, scientists identified anticancer compounds in the rosy periwinkle, which Eli Lilly subsequently produced for the treatment of leukemia and Hodgkins disease. Other well-known examples of successful botanical drugs include the cancer-fighting Taxol, isolated from the Pacific yew tree.

The Company develops its pipeline by carefully tracking new medical discoveries or medical device technologies in research institutions in the Asia-Pacific region. Pre-clinical, disease animal model and Phase I safety studies are examined closely by the Company’s scientists and other specialists known to the Company to identify drugs that it believes demonstrate efficacy and safety based on the Company’s internal qualifications. Once a drug is shown to be a good candidate for further development and ultimately commercialization, BriVision licenses the drug or medical device from the original researchers and begins to introduce the drugs clinical plan to highly respected principal investigators in the United States, Australia and Taiwan. In almost all cases, we have found that research institutions in each of those countries are eager to work with the Company to move forward with Phase II clinical trials.

Institutions that have or are now conducting phase II clinical trials in partnership with ABVC include:

| ● | Drug: ABV-1504, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Phase II completed. NCE drug Principal Investigators: Charles DeBattista M.D. and Alan F. Schatzberg, MD, Stanford University Medical Center, Cheng-Ta Li, MD, Ph.D - Taipei Veterans General Hospital

| ● | Drug: ABV-1505, Adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Phase II Part 1 completed. Principal Investigators: Keith McBurnett, Ph.D. and Linda Pfiffner, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine. Phase II, Part 2 clinical study sites include UCSF and 5 locations in Taiwan. The Principal Investigators are Keith McBurnett, Ph.D. and Linda Pfiffner, Ph.D., University of California San Francisco (UCSF), School of Medicine; Susan Shur-Fen Gau, M.D., National Taiwan University Hospital; Xinzhang Ni, M.D. Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Wenjun Xhou, M.D.; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Ton-Ping Su, M.D., Cheng Hsin General Hospital; Cheng-Ta Li, M.D., Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Phase II, Part 2 began in the 1st quarter of 2022 at the 5 Taiwan sites. The UCSF site joined the study in the 2nd quarter of 2023. The subjects enrolled in the study has reached the number for interim analysis in December 2023, and the interim analysis of the study is in progress.

| ● | Drug: ABV-1601, Major Depression in Cancer Patients, Phase I/II, NCE drug Principal Investigator: Scott Irwin, MD, Ph.D. - Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC). The Phase I clinical study will be initiated around the end of 2025.

| ● | Medical Device: ABV-1701, Vitargus® in vitrectomy surgery, Phase II Study has been initiated in Australia and Thailand, Principal Investigator: Duangnate Rojanaporn, M.D., Ramathibodi Hospital; Thuss Sanguansak, M.D., Srinagarind Hospital of the two Thailand Sites and Professor/Dr. Matthew Simunovic, Sydney Eye Hospital; Dr. Elvis Ojaimi, East Melbourne Eye Group & East Melbourne Retina. The Phase II study started in the 2nd quarter of 2023, and the company is working on improvements to the Vitargus Product through the new batch of investigational product.

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The following trials are expected to begin in the fourth quarter of 2025:

| ● | Drug: ABV-1519, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer treatment, Phase I/II Study in Taiwan, Principal Investigator: Dr. Yung-Hung Luo, M.D., Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TVGH)

| ● | Drug: ABV-1703, Advanced Inoperable or Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer, Phase II, Principal Investigator: Andrew E. Hendifar, MD - Cedars Sinai Medical Center (CSMC)

Upon successful completion of a Phase II trial, ABVC will seek a partner, typically a large pharmaceutical company, to complete a Phase III study and commercialize the drug or medical device upon approval by the US FDA, Taiwan TFDA and other country regulatory authorities.

Another part of the Company’s business is conducted by BioKey, a wholly-owned subsidiary, that is engaged in a wide range of services, including, API characterization, pre-formulation studies, formulation development, analytical method development, stability studies, IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions, and manufacturing clinical trial materials (phase I through phase III) and commercial manufacturing.

The Vitargus® Phase II study was put on hold due to Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) observed in patients with retinal detachment treated with either Vitargus or SF6 comparator after vitrectomy surgeries at the Thailand sites. By comparing the Thailand study with the First-in-Human (FIH) study completed in Australia in 2018, the SAEs derived from the patients in the Thailand study may be due to the modified in-situ hydrogel procedure which allows a longer surgical time window for the study. The Company is investigating the root causes of the events and is working towards developing a safe device in-situ procedure before reinstating the study.

On March 5, 2025, Leeds Chow notified the Company of his resignation as CFO. While the Company is looking for a full-time Chief Financial Officer to fill the vacancy created by Leeds Chow’s resignation, the Company’s CEO, Uttam Patil will serve as the interim Chief Financial Officer of the Company.

On February 6, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”), pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company, and owns approximately 15.4% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of February 6, 2024. In consideration for the Land, the Company was to pay Shuling (i) 703,496 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”) at a price of $3.50 per share and (ii) five-year warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $2.00 per share. Under the Agreement, Shuling was to also transfer outstanding liability owed on the Land (approximately $500,000) to the Company. On May 16, 2024, the Company’s board of directors determined that it was in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders to terminate the Agreement and not proceed with the transfer of land ownership. The shares were returned and the warrants were not issued.

On July 15, 2025, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”), pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns, with estimated fair value of $3,857,975, located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company, and owns approximately 10.31% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of June 3, 2025. In consideration for the Land, the Company was to pay Shuling (i) 2,035,136 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”) at a price of $1.65 per share as approved in the June 3, 2025 annual shareholder meeting and (ii) five-year warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $2.50 per share. Under the Agreement, Shuling was to also transfer outstanding liability owed on the Land (approximately $500,000) to the Company. The transaction is closed on the same date and the 2,035,136 restricted shares and the 1,000,000 warrants are issued on July 16, 2025 and July 15, 2025, respectively.

In connection with the Land transaction, on July 15, 2025, the Company entered into a one-year consulting agreement with Shuling, pursuant to which Shuling shall provide advisory and development support services related to the Land. Such services include but not limited to site supervision and care, liaison with local authorities regarding land zoning and permits, acting as the Company’s agent to the Land, and other Land development related matters. The Company shall issue 1,000,000 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to a 5-year vesting schedule of 200,000 shares per year. On July 16, 2025, the Company issued 200,000 shares of restricted stock as a prepayment for Shuling’s first year service.

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On March 25, 2024, the Company, and one of its co-development partners, BioFirst Corporation, a company registered in Taiwan (“BioFirst”), each entered into a twenty-year, global definitive licensing agreement (the “Licensing Agreement”) with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“FEYE”) for the products in the Company and BioFirst’s Ophthalmology pipeline, including Vitargus (the “Licensed Products”). The license covers the Licensed Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights; FEYE also has the rights to sublicense or partner with a third party to develop the Licensed Products. As per each of the respective FEYE Licensing Agreements, each of the Company and BioFirst shall receive a total licensing fee of $33,500,000, composed of an upfront payment of $30,000,000, which can instead be paid with 5 million shares of FEYE stock at $6 per share within 30 days after the execution of the FEYE Licensing Agreement, and a $3,500,000 cash milestone payment, due 30 days upon completion of next round fundraising. Additionally, each of the Company and BioFirst are eligible to receive royalties of 5% of net Sales. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has received 5,000,000 FEYE shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of FEYE stock is uncertain.

On June 18, 2024, the Company and BioFirst, each entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Licensing Agreement with FEYE, pursuant to which the Company and BioFirst have agreed to allow FEYE to pay the second milestone payment in the amount of $3,500,000 per Licensing Agreement, incrementally (such as $100,000), at any given time, rather than in one lump sum. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company received $200,000 and $296,000, respectively, as partial milestone payments and recognized as licensing revenue according to ASC 606.

On April 16, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc., a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“Oncox”), pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (the “Licensed Products”), within North America for 20 years (the “Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share; price was determined through private negotiations between the parties; no third-party valuation was completed.) 30 days after entering into the Oncox Agreement and $625,000 30 days following the completion of Oncox’s next round of fundraising, of which there is no guarantee; ABVC is also entitled to 5% royalties based on the Net Sales, as defined in the Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Licensed Product in North America, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company received $595,950 and $200,000 as partial milestone payments and recognized as licensing revenue according to ASC 606.

On May 8, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc., a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“Oncox”), pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Pancreatic Cancer (the “Licensed Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share; price was determined through private negotiations between the parties; no third-party valuation was completed. ) within 30 days of entering into the May 2024 Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; ABVC is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, as defined in the May 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Licensed Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms.

On May 14, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Tripple Negative Breast Cancer (the TNBC Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In each agreement for consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share; price was determined through private negotiations between the parties; no third-party valuation was completed.) within 30 days of entering into the May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, from the first commercial sale of the TNBC Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments.

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On May 23, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (the “Licensed Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “Oncox Agreements”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share; price was determined through private negotiations between the parties; no third-party valuation was completed.) 30 days after entering the May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, from the first commercial sale of the Licensed Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. Oncox may use its revenue to fund the licensing fees.

Common Stock Reverse Split

On July 25, 2023, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment to its Articles of Incorporation authorizing a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of the issued and outstanding shares of its common stock (the “2023 Split”). The Company’s stockholders previously approved the Reverse Stock Split at the Company’s Special Shareholder Meeting held on July 7, 2023. The Reverse Stock Split was effected to reduce the number of issued and outstanding shares and to increase the per share trading value of the Company’s common stock, although that outcome is not guaranteed. In turn, the Company believes that the Reverse Stock Split will enable the Company to restore compliance with certain continued listing standards of NASDAQ Capital Market.

On July 14, 2023, the Company filed a certificate of amendment to the Company’s articles of incorporation (the “Amendment”) to implement the 2023 Split with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada. The 2023 Split took effect on July 25, 2023.

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock

As of September 30, 2025, no Series A Convertible Preferred Stock has been issued by the Company.

NASDAQ Listing

On May 24, 2023, we received a deficiency letter from the Nasdaq Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that it is not currently in compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement, or the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) requires listed companies to maintain stockholders’ equity of at least $2,500,000, and the Company’s stockholders’ equity was $1,734,507 as of March 31, 2023. In accordance with Nasdaq rules, the Company had 45 calendar days, or until July 10, 2023, to submit a plan to regain compliance. After submitting a plan to regain compliance, on July 10, 2023, Nasdaq granted the Company an extension until August 30, 20203, to comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1). On July 31, 2023, the Company issued 300,000 shares of Common Stock and 200,000 pre-funded warrants, at an exercise price of $0.01 per share, in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to this transaction, the stockholders’ equity was increased by $1.75M. On August 1, 2023, $500,000 of Notes were converted at $3.50 per share and the holder received 142,857 shares of Common Stock. As a result of this conversion, the stockholders’ equity was increased by $0.5 million. Additionally, on August 14, 2023, the Company entered into a cooperation agreement with Zhonghui United Technology (Chengdu) Group Co., Ltd., pursuant to which the Company acquired a 20% ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land owned by Zhonghui in exchange for an aggregate of 370,000 shares of Common Stock. Accordingly, stockholders’ equity increased by $7.4M. On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind, pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167 (the “Lind Offering”), for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of Common Stock at an initial conversion price of $1.05 per share, subject to adjustment. On August 24, 2023, the Company started repaying Lind the monthly installments due under the Lind Notes; $308,000 was repaid via the issuance of 176,678 shares of Common Stock (the “Monthly Shares”) at the Redemption Share Price (as defined in the Lind Note) of $1.698 per share. Pursuant to the terms of the Lind Note, Lind increased the amount of the next monthly payment to one million dollars, such that as of September and together with the Monthly Shares, the Company repaid Lind a total of $1 million by September 2023. As a result, the stockholders’ equity increased by an additional $1 million. As a result of the four transactions referenced above, the Company’ estimated that its stockholders’ equity would increase by approximately $10.65 million. On September 6, 2023, Nasdaq issued a letter that the Company is in compliance with Rule 5550(b)(1), but noted that if at the time of the Company’s next periodic report the Company does not evidence compliance, it may be subject to delisting.

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On July 10, 2024, we received a notification letter from the Nasdaq notifying the Company that the minimum bid price per share for its common shares has been below $1.00 for a period of 30 consecutive business days and the Company therefore no longer meets the minimum bid price requirements set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The notification received has no immediate effect on the listing of the Company’s common stock on Nasdaq. Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, the Company has until January 6, 2025, to regain compliance. On January 9, 2025, the Company received a notification from Nasdaq granting the Company an additional 180 days, until July 7, 2025, to meet the minimum bid price requirement of $1.00 per share, as outlined in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2) (the “Rule”). To satisfy the Rule, the Company’s common stock must achieve a closing bid price of at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive trading days within this extension period; if successful, Nasdaq will confirm compliance with the Rule and close this matter. If compliance is not achieved by the new deadline, Nasdaq may initiate delisting procedures, which the Company would have the right to appeal.

On April 24, 2025, we received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing us that, as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because our stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, we did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and we no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Rule 5550”).

We have 45 calendar days to submit a plan to the Staff to regain compliance. If our plan is accepted, we may be granted an extension of up to 180 calendar days from the date of the letter, or until October 21, 2025, to evidence compliance.

In determining whether to accept our plan, the Staff will consider such things as the likelihood that the plan will result in compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing criteria, our past compliance history, the reasons for our current non-compliance, other corporate events that may occur within our review period, our overall financial condition, and our public disclosures. If the Staff does not accept our plan, we will have the opportunity to appeal that decision to a Hearings Panel.

The Nasdaq notification has no immediate effect on the listing of our Common Stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market. We intend to actively monitor our stockholders’ equity and will consider options available to us to achieve compliance with Rule 5550. There can be no assurance that we will be able to regain compliance with the Listing Rule or will otherwise be in compliance with the other listing standards for the Nasdaq Capital Market.

If our Common Stock ultimately were to be delisted for any reason, it could negatively impact us by (i) reducing the liquidity and market price of our Common Stock; (ii) reducing the number of investors willing to hold or acquire our Common Stock; (ii) limiting our ability to use a registration statement to offer and sell freely tradable securities, thereby preventing us from accessing the public capital markets; and (iv) impairing our ability to provide equity incentives to our employees.

On April 30, 2025, the Company reported that it received a letter from the listing qualifications staff (the “Staff”) of Nasdaq informing it that, as reported in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, because its stockholders’ equity was $723,959, as of April 23, 2025, the Company did not meet the alternatives of market value of listed securities or net income from continuing operations, and it no longer comply with Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) (the “Listing Rule”).

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On May 5, 2025, the Company received a notification letter (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq notifying the Company that the Staff has determined that based on the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, which evidenced stockholders’ equity of $7,956,295, the Company complies with the Listing Rule and the matter is closed.

Joint Venture Agreement

On October 6, 2021 (the “Completion Date”), ABVC BioPharma, Inc. (the “Company”), Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“Biolite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement (the “Agreement”). Biolite JP is a private limited company (a Japanese Kabushiki Kaisha) incorporated on December 18, 2018 and at the date of the Agreement had 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Immediately prior to the execution of the Agreement, Lucidaim owned 1,501 ordinary shares and the Company owned 1,548 ordinary shares. The Shareholders entered into the joint venture to formally reduce to writing their intention to invest in and operate Biolite JP as a joint venture. The business of the joint venture shall be the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund raising and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried by Biolite JP and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or business, as the Agreement may with mutual consent be amended from time to time. The closing of the transaction was conditioned upon the approval and receipt of all necessary government approvals, which have all been received.

Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, the Company shall transfer 54 of its Ordinary Shares to Lucidaim for no consideration, such that following the transfer, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). Also pursuant to the Agreement, there shall be 3 directors of Biolite JP, consisting of 1 director appointed by the Company and 2 appointed by Lucidiam. The Company shall appoint Eugene Jiang, the Company’s current Chairman and Chief Business Officer and Lucidaim shall appoint Michihito Onishi; the current director of Biolite JP, Toru Seo (who is also a director of BioLite Japan’s other shareholder), is considered the second Lucidaim director. The Agreement further provides that the Company and Biolite JP shall assign the research collaboration and license agreement between them to Biolite JP or prepare the same (the “License Agreement”). The aforementioned transactions occurred on the Completion Date.

As per the Agreement, the Shareholders shall supervise and manage the business and operations of Biolite JP. The directors shall not be entitled to any renumeration for their services as a director and each Shareholder can remove and replace the director he/she/it appointed. If a Shareholder sells or disposes of all of its Ordinary Shares, the Shareholder-appointed director must tender his/her resignation. The Agreement also sets forth certain corporate actions that must be pre-approved by all Shareholders (the “Reserved Matters”). If the Shareholders are unable to make a decision on any Reserved Matter, then either Shareholder can submit a deadlock notice to the other shareholder, 5 days after which they must refer the matter to each Shareholder’s chairman and use good faith to resolve the dispute. If such dispute is not resolved within 10 days thereafter, then either Shareholder can offer to buy all of the other Shareholder’s Ordinary Shares for cash at a specified price; if there is not affirmative acceptance of the sale, the sale shall proceed as set forth in the sale offer.

Each of the Shareholders maintains a pre-emptive right to purchase such number of additional Ordinary Shares as would allow such Shareholder to maintain its ownership percentage in Biolite JP if Biolite JP issues any new Ordinary Shares. However, the Agreement provides that the Company shall lose its pre-emptive rights under certain conditions. The Shareholders also maintain a right of first refusal if the other Shareholder receives an offer to buy such shareholder’s Ordinary Shares.

The Agreement also requires Biolite JP to obtain a bank facility in the amount of JPY 30,460,000 (approximately $272,000), for its initial working capital purposes. Pursuant to the Agreement, each Shareholder agrees to guarantee such bank facility if the bank requires a guarantee. Accordingly, the Company may be liable for the bank facility in an amount up to JPY 14,925,400 (approximately $134,000), which represents 49% of the maximum bank facility. The Agreement further provides that Biolite JP shall issue annual dividends at the rate of at least 1.5% of Biolite JP’s profits, if it has sufficient cash to do so.

Pursuant to the Agreement, the Company and Biolite JP agree to use their best efforts to execute the License Agreement by the end of December 2021. The Company agreed that any negotiation on behalf of Biolite JP regarding the terms of the License Agreement shall be handled by the directors appointed by Lucidaim. If the Company and such Lucidaim directors do not reach agreement on the terms, Biolite JP may at its sole discretion determine not to execute the License Agreement without any liability to the Company. The company is negotiating on the licensing terms and expects to conclude soon.

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The Agreement contains non-solicitation and non-compete clauses for a period of 2 years after a Shareholder or its subsidiaries ceases to be a Shareholder, with such restrictive covenants limited to business within the ophthalmologic filed or central neurological field. Any rights to intellectual property that arise from Biolite JP’s activities, shall belong to Biolite JP.

The Agreement contains standard indemnification terms, except that no indemnifying party shall have any liability for an individual liability unless it exceeds JPY 500,000 (approximately $4,500) and until the aggregate amount of all liabilities exceeds JPY 2,000,000 (approximately $18,000) and then only to the extent such liability exceeds such limit.

The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture and BioLite Japan’s other shareholder paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed.

The Agreement shall continue for 10 years, unless earlier terminated and shall continue until terminated by: (i) either party by giving the other party at least 6 months written notice, until the end of the 10 years, after which the parties can terminate at any time or (ii) or by written agreement of all Shareholders, in which case it shall terminate automatically on the date upon which all Ordinary Shares are owned by one Shareholder. The Agreement also allows a Shareholder to terminate the agreement upon certain defaults committed by another Shareholder, as set forth in the Agreement.

This was a related party transaction and was conducted at arm’s length. In addition to the Company’s board of directors providing approval for the Company to enter into the Agreement, the Company’s audit committee approved the Company’s entry into the Agreement. The Board believes that this joint venture will enhance the Company’s ability to provide therapeutic solutions to significant unmet medical needs and to develop innovative botanical drugs to treat central nervous system (“CNS”) and oncology/ hematology diseases. The Company’s Board of Directors believes that the joint venture has the potential to provide the Company with access to additional early-stage product candidates that it would not otherwise have access to and to introduce the Company to early-stage opportunities, and therefore the Board believes the joint venture is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders.

Recent Research Results

Vitargus® Clinical Development:

The Phase II clinical study of Vitargus® commenced in the second quarter of 2023. Study sites include Ramathibodi Hospital (Principal Investigator: Dr. Duangnate Rojanaporn) and Srinagarind Hospital (Principal Investigator: Dr. Thuss Sanguansak) in Thailand, and Sydney Eye Hospital (Principal Investigator: Professor Dr. Matthew Simunovic) and East Melbourne Eye Group/East Melbourne Retina (Principal Investigator: Dr. Elvis Ojaimi) in Australia. The Company is currently producing a new investigational batch to support product improvements.

ABV-2002 Corneal Storage Solution:

The Company is developing ABV-2002, a corneal storage solution intended for use prior to penetrating keratoplasty or endothelial keratoplasty. ABV-2002 is formulated with a poly amino acid polymer that adjusts osmolarity to maintain hydration and prevent corneal swelling. It also contains a phenolic phytochemical providing antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Preliminary internal testing by BioFirst indicated potential advantages over existing storage media. Further clinical development has been temporarily suspended due to funding constraints.

BioFirst Corporation Operations:

BioFirst Corporation, incorporated in 2006, focuses on research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization of patented pharmaceutical products, primarily through global exclusive licensing agreements with domestic R&D institutions. BioFirst’s principal product under development is Vitargus®, licensed from the National Health Research Institutes. BioFirst is currently constructing a GMP-compliant manufacturing facility in Hsinchu Biomedical Science Park, Taiwan, with targeted completion in 2025. This facility is intended to support global supply of Vitargus®.

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ABV-1505 ADHD Clinical Study:

On July 12, 2022, the Company announced enrollment progress in the Phase II Part II clinical study of ABV-1505, a treatment candidate for adult Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). As of the date of this report, 69 subjects have been enrolled, including 50 subjects who have completed the 56-day treatment. The study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving research centers in Taiwan and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). UCSF’s Institutional Review Board approved participation, and the site initiation visit was completed in March 2023. On March 27, 2025, the Company has submitted the Clinical Study Report (CSR) for this study to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Company is currently evaluating further steps based on internal review and strategic alignment.

Public Offering & Financings

2025 Financings

During the first quarter of 2025, the Company continued to strategically manage its outstanding convertible debt obligations with Lind Global Fund II, LP. In connection with the Senior Convertible Promissory Note issued in November 2023 (2nd Lind Note), the Company has successfully completed all conversions through equity issuances, thereby extinguishing the remaining principal balance. As of the date of this filing, only the corresponding cash components for four prior conversions remain to be settled, which the Company intends to address through the exercise of outstanding warrants-demonstrating a proactive and non-dilutive repayment approach. Additionally, for the Senior Convertible Promissory Note issued in January 2024 (3rd Lind Note), the Company has repaid the entire outstanding balance by the equity conversions of $1,000,000 in total. The remaining cash obligations for these conversions are also expected to be fulfilled in a similar warrant-based strategy, although no definitive agreement has been entered as of the date hereof and there is no guarantee that a definitive agreement will be entered. These steps reflect the Company’s commitment to meeting its obligations while preserving long-term shareholder value and capitalizing on structured equity mechanisms to support operational continuity and financial health.

On January 5, 2025, the Company and Lind entered into a third letter agreement (the “December Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise for cash, 1,029,167 of the Existing Warrants (the number of warrants so exercised is herein referred to as the “Outstanding Exercised Warrants”) to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.40 per share. Other than the Outstanding Exercised Warrants, the exercise price of the remaining warrants held by Lind remained unchanged. Pursuant to the December Letter Agreement, the Company also agreed not to sell or issue any additional shares of common stock for a period of 15 days following the closing, with some noted exceptions.

On March 3, 2025 and April 1, 2025, May 14, 2025, June 5, 2025, and July 9, 2025, Lind converted $1,000,000 ($200,000 in each conversion) principal balance on 3rd Lind Note into 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stocks, resulting in fully settlement of the 3rd Lind Note as of September 30, 2025.

On July 1, 2025, Lind exercised 500,000 warrants and left 500,000 warrants, with $1.0 per share of exercise price as of the date of this report.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company conducted several private offerings of its common stock to several individual investors, and issued 3,083,612 unregistered shares at $0.60 to $1.95 per share, raising a total of $2,777,120. Among these offerings, prior unissued stocks were all issued as of September 30, 2025.

On October 30, 2025, the Company received additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $507,833 on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company will issue an aggregate of 260,427 shares of the Company’s common stock by the end of 2025.

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2024 Financings

On November 4, 2024, the Company and Lind entered into another letter agreement (the “November Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind agreed to exercise, for cash, 500,000 of the Existing Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock, with a current exercise price of $0.75 per share, at a reduced exercise price of $0.42 per share.

On October 18, 2024, the Company issued Lind 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as a repayment of $200,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor. Based on the conversion price of $0.4229, the Company made an additional $147,892 cash repayment in addition to the issuance of 200,000 shares.

On September 11, 2024, the Company issued Lind 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as a repayment of $200,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor. Based on the conversion price of $0.6575, the Company made an additional $90,722 cash repayment in addition to the issuance of 200,000 shares.

On July 12, 2024, the Company issued Lind 200,000 shares of the Company’s common stock as a repayment of $200,000 principal of 2nd Lind Note. According to the amended agreement pursuant to Nasdaq requirements, the conversion price is subject to $1.00 floor price if the conversion price was below such floor. Based on the conversion price of $0.7907, the Company made an additional $88,403 cash repayment in addition to the issuance of 200,000 shares.

On May 22, 2024, the Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”), pursuant to which Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”) exercised, for cash, 1,000,000 of its Pre-Existing Warrants (all of the warrants issued to Lind on February 23, 2023, November 17, 2023 and January 17, 2024 are hereinafter referred to as the “Pre-Existing Warrants”) to purchase shares of Common Stock at a reduced exercise price of $0.75 per share. Lind also received a new warrant to purchase 1,000,000 shares Common Stock, exercisable at any time on or after the date of its issuance and until the five-year anniversary thereof, for $1.00 per share (the “New Lind Warrant”).

On January 17, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $1,000,000, for a purchase price of $833,333 (the “3rd Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 (the “Fixed Price”) and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note) during the 20 trading days prior to conversion (“Variable Price”), subject to adjustment (the “Note Shares”). Notwithstanding the foregoing, provided that no Event of Default (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note) shall have occurred, conversions under the 3rd Lind Note shall be at the Fixed Price for the first 180 days following the closing date. Lind will also receive a 5-year, common stock purchase warrant (the “3rd Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2.00 per share, subject to adjustment (each, a “Warrant Share,” together with the 3rd Lind Note, Note Shares and 3rd Lind Warrant, the “Securities”). The parties later agreed to a floor price of $1.00 for the Variable Price and that the Company would compensate Lind in cash if the Variable Price was less than such floor price at the time of conversion.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 3rd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the 3rd Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the 3rd Lind Note or the other Transaction Documents (as defined below).

The 3rd Lind Warrant may be exercised via cashless exercise in the event a registration statement covering the Warrant Shares is not available for the resale of such Warrant Shares or upon exercise of the 3rd Lind Warrant in connection with a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the 3rd Lind Warrant).

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Pursuant to the terms of the securities purchase agreement, if at any time prior to a date that is 18 months following the closing of the offering, the Company proposes to offer or sell any additional securities in a subsequent financing, the Company shall first offer Lind the opportunity to purchase up to 10% of such new securities.

In connection with the Offering, the Company and its subsidiaries: (i) Biokey, Inc., a California corporation (“BioKey”), (ii) Biolite Holding, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“BioLite”), (iii) Biolite BVI, Inc., a British Virgin Islands corporation (“BioLite BVI”) and (iv) American BriVision Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“American BriVision” and, collectively with the Company, BioKey, BioLite, and BioLite BVI, the “Guarantors”), jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the offering (the “Guaranty”) with certain collateral, as set forth in the related Transaction Documents (as hereinafter defined). The sale of the 3rd Lind Note and the terms of the offering, including the Guaranty are set forth in the securities purchase agreement, the 3rd Lind Note, the 3rd Lind Warrant, the Second Amendment to Guaranty, the Second Amendment to Security Agreement, and the Second Amendment to Guarantor Security Agreement (collectively, the “Transaction Documents”).

Allele Capital Partners, LLC (“Allele”) together with its executing broker dealer, Wilmington Capital Securities, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Wilmington”), served as the exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) of the offering. the Company has agreed to pay certain expenses of the placement agent in connection with the offering and issued them a warrant to purchase up to 25,000 shares of common stock, on the same terms as set forth in the 3rd Lind Warrant.

The securities purchase agreement also contains customary representation and warranties of the Company and the Investors, indemnification obligations of the Company, termination provisions, and other obligations and rights of the parties.

The foregoing description of the Transaction Documents is qualified by reference to the full text of the forms of the Transaction Documents, which are filed as Exhibits hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

Financing in 2023

On November 17, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “2nd Lind Securities Purchase Agreement”) with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $1,200,000 (the “2nd Lind Offering”), for a purchase price of $1,000,000 (the “2nd Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price, which shall be the lesser of (i) $3.50 (the “Fixed Price”) and (ii) 90% of the average of the three lowest VWAPs (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note) during the 20 trading days prior to conversion, subject to adjustment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, provided that no Event of Default (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note) shall have occurred, conversions under the 2nd Lind Note shall be at the Fixed Price for the first 180 days following the closing date. Lind will also receive a 5-year, common stock purchase warrant (the “2nd Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $2 per share, subject to adjustment. The parties later agreed to a floor price of $1.00 for the Variable Price and that the Company would compensate Lind in cash if the variable price was less than such floor price at the time of conversion.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the 2nd Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the 2nd Lind Note, in addition to any other remedies under the 2nd Lind Note or the other Transaction Documents (as defined below).

Pursuant to the terms of the 2nd Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, if at any time prior to a date that is 18 months following the closing of the 2nd Lind Offering, the Company proposes to offer or sell any additional securities in a subsequent financing, the Company shall first offer Lind the opportunity to purchase up to 10% of such new securities.

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In connection with the 2nd Lind Offering, the Company and its subsidiaries: (i) BioKey, Inc., a California corporation (“BioKey”), (ii) Biolite Holding, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“BioLite”), (iii) Biolite BVI, Inc., a British Virgin Islands corporation (“BioLite BVI”) and (iv) American BriVision Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“American BriVision” and, collectively with the Company, BioKey, BioLite, and BioLite BVI, the “Guarantors”), jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the 2nd Lind Offering (the “Guaranty”) with certain collateral, as set forth in the related Transaction Documents (as hereinafter defined).

The sale of the Note and the terms of the 2nd Lind Offering, including the Guaranty are set forth in the 2nd Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, the 2nd Lind Note, the 2nd Lind Warrant, the First Amendment to Guaranty, the First Amendment to Security Agreement, and the First Amendment to Guarantor Security Agreement (collectively, the “Transaction Documents”).

Allele Capital Partners, LLC (“Allele”) together with its executing broker dealer, Wilmington Capital Securities, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Wilmington”), served as the exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) of the 2nd Lind Offering. We have agreed to pay certain expenses of the placement agent in connection with the 2nd Lind Offering.

An amendment was filed on February 29, 2024 to disclose that due to Nasdaq requirements, the parties entered into an amendment to the Note, pursuant to which the conversion price shall have a floor price of $1.00 (the “Amendment”). Additionally, the Amendment requires the Company to make a cash payment to Lind if in connection with a conversion, the conversion price is deemed to be the floor price.

The Securities Purchase Agreement also contains customary representation and warranties of the Company and the Investors, indemnification obligations of the Company, termination provisions, and other obligations and rights of the parties.

The foregoing description of the Transaction Documents is qualified by reference to the full text of the forms of the Transaction Documents, which are filed as Exhibits hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

As of June 30, 2024, this February 2023 Lind Note was fully repaid. On February 23, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Lind Securities Purchase Agreement”) with Lind Global Fund II, LP (“Lind”), pursuant to which the Company issued Lind a secured, convertible note in the principal amount of $3,704,167 (the “Lind Offering”), for a purchase price of $3,175,000 (the “Lind Note”), that is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at an initial conversion price of $10.5 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Note Shares”). The Company also issued Lind a common stock purchase warrant (the “Lind Warrant”) to purchase up to 529,1,67 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock at an initial exercise price of $10.5 per share, subject to adjustment (each, a “Warrant Share,” together with the Note, Note Shares and Warrants, the “Lind Securities”).

The Lind Note does not carry any interest. Beginning with the date that is six months from the issuance date of the Lind Note and on each one (1) month anniversary thereafter, the Company shall pay Lind an amount equal to $308,651, until the outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note has been paid in full prior to or on the Maturity Date or, if earlier, upon acceleration, conversion or redemption of the Lind Note in accordance with the terms thereof (the “Monthly Payments”). At the Company’s discretion, the Monthly Payments shall be made in (i) cash, (ii) shares of the Company’s common stock, or (iii) a combination of cash and Shares; if made in shares, the number of shares shall be determined by dividing (x) the principal amount being paid in shares by (y) 90% of the average of the 5 lowest daily VWAPs during the 20 trading days prior to the applicable payment date. The Lind Notes sets forth certain conditions that must be satisfied before the Company may make any Monthly Payments in shares of common stock. If the Company makes a Monthly Payment in cash, the Company must also pay Lind a cash premium of 5% of such Monthly Payment.

Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default (as defined in the Lind Note), the Company must pay Lind an amount equal to 120% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note (the “Mandatory Default Amount”), in addition to any other remedies under the Note or the other Transaction Documents. The Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement on September 12, 2023, pursuant to which the Mandatory Default Amount was reduced to 115% of the then outstanding principal amount of the Lind Note; pursuant to the letter agreement, Lind also agreed to waive any default associated with the Company’s market capitalization being below $12.5 million for 10 consecutive days through February 23, 2024, but retained its right to convert its Note. In addition, if the Company is unable to increase its market capitalization and is unable to obtain a further waiver or amendment to the Lind Note, then the Company could experience an event of default under the Lind Note, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. The Company cannot make any assurances regarding the likelihood, certainty, or exact timing of the Company’s ability to increase its market capitalization, as such metric is not within the immediate control of the Company and depends on a variety of factors outside the Company’s control.

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The Lind Warrant may be exercised via cashless exercise.

Pursuant to the terms of the Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, if at any time prior to a date that is 18 months following the closing of the Lind Offering, the Company proposes to offer or sell any additional securities in a subsequent financing, the Company shall first offer Lind the opportunity to purchase up to 10% of such new securities.

In connection with the Lind Offering, the Company and its subsidiaries: (i) BioKey, Inc., a California corporation (“BioKey”), (ii) Biolite Holding, Inc., a Nevada corporation (“BioLite”), (iii) Biolite BVI, Inc., a British Virgin Islands corporation (“BioLite BVI”) and (iv) American BriVision Corporation, a Delaware corporation (“American BriVision” and, collectively with the Company, BioKey, BioLite, and BioLite BVI, the “Guarantors”), jointly and severally guaranteed all of the obligations of the Company in connection with the Lind Offering (the “Guaranty”) with certain collateral, as set forth in the related Transaction Documents (as hereinafter defined).

The sale of the Lind Note and the terms of the Lind Offering, including the Guaranty are set forth in the Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, the Note, the Warrant, a Security Agreement, Guarantor Security, Guaranty, a Trademark Security Agreement with Rgene Corporation, a Trademark Security Agreement with BioFirst, a Patent Security Agreement, a Copyright Security Agreement and a Stock Pledge Agreement (collectively, the “Transaction Documents”).

Allele Capital Partners, LLC (“Allele”) together with its executing broker dealer, Wilmington Capital Securities, LLC (together with its affiliates, “Wilmington”), served as the exclusive placement agent (the “Placement Agent”) of the Lind Offering. As a result of the Lind Offering, the Company will pay the Placement Agent (i) a cash fee of 6% of the gross proceeds from the sale of the Securities, and (ii) common stock purchase warrants to purchase 6% of the number of shares of common stock issuable under the Lind Note. We also agreed to pay certain expenses of the placement agent in connection with the Lind Offering.

Pursuant to the Lind Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to register all of the Lind Securities and the shares of common stock underlying the warrant issued to the placement agent.

The Securities Purchase Agreement also contains customary representation and warranties of the Company and the Investors, indemnification obligations of the Company, termination provisions, and other obligations and rights of the parties.

On September 12, 2023, the Company and Lind entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”) pursuant to which Lind agreed to waive any default, any Event of Default, and any Mandatory Default Amount (each as defined in the Note) associated with the Company’s market capitalization being below $12.5 million for 10 consecutive days through February 23, 2024. Notwithstanding the waiver, Lind retains its right to exercise conversion rights under 2.2(a), 2.2(c)(2)(x) and 3.1 of the Note, which could result in a substantial amount of common stock issued at a significant discount to the trading price of the Company’s common stock. In addition, if the Company is unable to increase its market capitalization and is unable to obtain a further waiver or amendment to the Note, then the Company could experience an event of default under the Note, which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. The Company cannot make any assurances regarding the likelihood, certainty, or exact timing of the Company’s ability to increase its market capitalization, as such metric is not within the immediate control of the Company and depends on a variety of factors outside the Company’s control.

The foregoing description of the Transaction Documents is qualified by reference to the full text of the forms of the Transaction Documents, which are filed as Exhibits hereto and incorporated herein by reference.

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On August 1, 2023, Lind converted $500,000 convertible notes into 142,857 shares of Common Stock, at a conversion price of $3.50 per share, as an installment repayment to the Lind Note.

On July 27, 2023, the Company entered into that certain securities purchase agreement. relating to the offer and sale of 300,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share and 200,000 pre-funded warrants, at an exercise price of $0.001 per share, in a registered direct offering. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell the Shares and/or Pre-funded Warrants at a per share purchase price of $3.50, for gross proceeds of $1,750,000, before deducting any estimated offering expenses. On August 1, 2023, the pre-funded warrants were exercised.

The transaction contemplated by the SPA was closed on July 31, 2023, as all the closing conditions have been satisfied.

The Company paid to the placement agents an aggregate cash fee equal to 6% of the aggregate sales price of the securities sold and warrants to purchase up to 30,000 shares of Common Stock, on the same terms as the Pre-Funded Warrants.

Strategy

Key elements of our business strategy include:

| ● | Advancing to the pivotal trial phase of ABV-1701 Vitargus® for the treatments of Retinal Detachment or Vitreous Hemorrhage, which we expect to generate revenues in the future.

| ● | Focusing on licensing ABV-1504 for the treatment of major depressive disorder, MDD, after the successful completion of its Phase II clinical trials.

| ● | Completing Phase II, Part 2 clinical trial for ABV-1505 for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD.

| ● | Out licensing drug candidates and medical device candidates to major pharmaceutical companies for phase III and pivotal clinical trials, as applicable, and further marketing if approved by the FDA.

We plan to augment our core research and development capability and assets by conducting Phase I and II clinical trials for investigational new drugs and medical devices in the fields of CNS, Hematology/Oncology and Ophthalmology.

Our management team has extensive experiences across a wide range of new drug and medical device development, and we have in-licensed new drug and medical device candidates from large research institutes and universities in both the U.S. and Taiwan. Through an assertive product development approach, we expect that we will build a substantial portfolio of Oncology/ Hematology, CNS and Ophthalmology products. We primarily focus on Phase I and II research of new drug candidates and out license the post-Phase-II products to pharmaceutical companies; we do not expect to devote substantial efforts and resources to building the disease-specific distribution channels.

Business Objectives

The Company is operating its core business based on collaborative activities that can generate current and future revenues through research, development and/or commercialization joint venture agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment to the Company related to one or more of the following:

| ● | nonrefundable upfront license fees,

| ● | development and commercial milestones,

| ● | partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs and

| ● | royalties on net sales of licensed products.

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Each type of payments results in revenue except for revenue from royalties on net sales of licensed products, which are classified as royalty revenues. To date, we have not received any royalty revenues. Revenue is recognized upon satisfaction of a performance obligation by transferring control of a good or service to the joint venture partner.

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company applies judgment to determine whether the performance obligations are distinct and develop assumptions in determining the stand-alone selling price for each distinct performance obligation identified in the collaboration agreements. To determine the stand-alone selling price, the Company relies on assumptions which may include forecasted revenues, development timelines, reimbursement rates for R&D personnel costs, discount rates and probabilities of technical and regulatory success.

The Company had multiple deliverables under the collaborative agreements, including deliverables relating to grants of technology licenses, regulatory and clinical development, and marketing activities. Estimation of the performance periods of the Company’s deliverables requires the use of management’s judgment. Significant factors considered in management’s evaluation of the estimated performance periods include, but are not limited to, the Company’s experience in conducting clinical development, regulatory and manufacturing activities. The Company reviews the estimated duration of its performance periods under its collaborative agreements on an annual basis, and makes any appropriate adjustments on a prospective basis. Future changes in estimates of the performance period under its collaborative agreements could impact the timing of future revenue recognition.

Collaborative agreement with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a related party

On March 25, 2024, the Company and BioFirst each entered into a twenty-year, global definitive licensing agreement (the “FEYE Licensing Agreement”) with ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, a company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“FEYE”) for the products in the Company and BioFirst’s Ophthalmology pipeline, including Vitargus (the “Vitargus Products”). The license covers Vitargus Products’ clinical trial, registration, manufacturing, supply, and distribution rights; FEYE also has the rights to sublicense or partner with a third party to develop the Licensed Products. As per each of the respective FEYE Licensing Agreements, each of the Company and BioFirst shall receive a total licensing fee of $33,500,000, composed of an upfront payment of $30,000,000, which can instead be paid with 5 million shares of FEYE stock at $6 per share within 30 days after the execution of the FEYE Licensing Agreement, and a $3,500,000 cash milestone payment, due 30 days upon completion of next round fundraising. Additionally, each of the Company and BioFirst are eligible to receive royalties of 5% of net Sales. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has received 5,000,000 FEYE shares but did not recognize such licensing revenue since the fair value of FEYE stock is uncertain.

On June 18, 2024, the Company and BioFirst, each entered into an amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Licensing Agreement with FEYE, pursuant to which the Company and BioFirst have agreed to allow FEYE to pay the second milestone payment in the amount of $3,500,000 per Licensing Agreement, incrementally (such as $100,000), at any given time, rather than in one lump sum. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company received $200,000 and $296,000, respectively, as partial milestone payments and recognized as licensing revenue according to ASC 606.

Collaborative agreement with OncoX BiopPharma, Inc., a related party

On April 16, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX BioPharma, Inc., a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands (“Oncox”), pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (the “Lung Cancer Products”), within North America for 20 years (the “April 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share1) 30 days after entering into the agreement and $625,000, 30 days following the completion of Oncox’s next round of fundraising, of which there is no guarantee; ABVC is also entitled to 5% royalties based on the Net Sales, as defined in the April 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Lung Cancer Product in North America, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company received $595,950 and $200,000 as partial milestone payments and recognized as licensing revenue according to ASC 606.

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On May 8, 2024, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with OncoX, pursuant to which the Company will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Pancreatic (the Pancreatic Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay ABVC a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share2) within 30 days of entering into the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; ABVC is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, as defined in the May 8, 2024 Oncox Agreement, from the first commercial sale of the Pancreatic Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments. Oncox entered into another agreement with ABVC’s affiliate, Rgene Corporation, on the same terms.

On May 14, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Tripple Negative Breast Cancer (the TNBC Product), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In each agreement for consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share3) within 30 days of entering into the May 14, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, from the first commercial sale of the TNBC Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. The Company will permit Oncox to pay the license fee in installments or in a lump sum and will allow Oncox to use its revenue to fund such payments.

On May 23, 2024, the Company and its subsidiary, BioLite Inc (collectively, the “licensor”), each entered into a licensing agreement with OncoX, on the same terms, pursuant to which the licensors will grant Oncox an exclusive right to develop and commercialize ABVC’s BLEX 404 single-herb botanical drug extract from the dry fruit body of Maitake Mushroom (Grifola Frondosa) for treatment of Myelodysplastic Syndrome (the “MS Products”), within a certain territory, specified as 50% of the Worldwide Markets for 20 years (the “May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements”). In consideration thereof, Oncox shall pay each licensor a total of $6,250,000 (or 1,250,000 Oncox shares valued at $5 per share4) 30 days after entering the May 23, 2024 Oncox Agreements, with an additional milestone payment of $625,000 in cash after OncoX’s next round of fundraising, of which there can be no guarantee. Oncox may remit cash payments of at least $100,000 towards the licensing fees and deductible from the second milestone payment; each licensor is also entitled to royalties of 5% of Net Sales, from the first commercial sale of the MS Product in the noted territory, which remains uncertain. Oncox may use its revenue to fund the licensing fees.

Collaborative agreements with BHK, a related party

(i) | In February and December of 2015, BioLite, Inc. entered into a total of three joint venture agreements with BioHopeKing to jointly develop ABV-1501 for Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), ABV-1504 for MDD and ABV-1505 for ADHD. The agreements granted marketing rights to BioHopeKing for certain Asian countries in return for a series of milestone payments totaling $10 million in cash and equity of BioHopeKing or equity securities owned by BioHopeKing.

The milestone payments are determined by a schedule of BioLite development achievements as shown below:

Milestone |  | Payment |
Execution of BHK Co-Development Agreement |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Investigational New Drug (IND) Submission |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Phase II Clinical Trial Complete |  | $ | 1,000,000 |
Initiation of Phase III Clinical Trial |  | $ | 3,000,000 |
New Drug Application (NDA) Submission |  | $ | 4,000,000 |
Total |  | $ | 10,000,000 |

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(ii) | In December of 2015, BHK paid the initial cash payment of $1 million upon the execution of the BHK Agreement. The Company concluded that certain deliverables are considered separate units of accounting as the delivered items have value to the customer on a standalone basis and recognized this cash payment as collaboration revenue when all research, technical, and development data was delivered to BHK in 2015. The payment included compensation for past research efforts and contributions made by BioLite Taiwan before the BHK agreement was signed and does not relate to any future commitments made by BioLite Taiwan and BHK in the BHK Agreement.

(iii) | In August 2016, the Company received the second milestone payment of $1 million, and recognized collaboration revenue for the year ended December 31, 2016. The Company completed the phase II clinical trial for ABV-1504 MDD on October 31, 2019, but has not yet completed the phase II clinical trial for ABV-1505 ADHD.

(iv) | In addition to the milestone payments, BioLite Inc. is entitled to receive a royalty equal to 12% of BHK’s net sales related to ABV-1501, ABV-1504 and ABV-1505 Products. As of September 30, 2025, the Company has not earned royalties under the BHK Co-Development Agreement.

(v) | The BHK Co-Development Agreement will remain in effect for fifteen years from the date of first commercial sale of the Product in in Asia excluding Japan.

Co-Development agreement with BioLite Japan K.K.

On October 6, 2021 (the “Completion Date”), the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“BioLite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement (the “Agreement”). BioLite JP is a private limited company (a Japanese Kabushiki Kaisha) incorporated on December 18, 2018 and at the date of the Agreement has 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Immediately prior to the execution of the Agreement, Lucidaim owned 1,501 ordinary shares and the Company owned the 1,548 ordinary shares. The Shareholders entered into the joint venture to formally reduce to writing their desire to invest in and operate BioLite JP as a joint venture. The business of the joint venture shall be the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund running and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried on by BioLite JP and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or businesses as may from time to time be agreed by an amendment to the Agreement. The closing of the transaction is conditioned upon the approval and receipt of all necessary government approvals, which have been received.

Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, the Company shall transfer 54 of its Ordinary Shares to Lucidaim for no consideration, such that following the transfer, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). Also pursuant to the Agreement, there shall be 3 directors of BioLite JP, consisting of 1 director appointed by the Company and 2 appointed by Lucidiam. The Company shall appoint Eugene Jiang, the Company’s current Chairman and Chief Business Officer and Lucidaim shall appoint Michihito Onishi; the current director of BioLite JP, Toru Seo (who is also a director of BioLite Japan’s other shareholder), is considered the second Lucidaim director. The Agreement further provides that the Company and BioLite JP shall assign the research collaboration and license agreement between them to BioLite JP or prepare the same (the “License Agreement”). The aforementioned transactions occurred on the Completion Date.

As per the Agreement, the Shareholders shall supervise and manage the business and operations of BioLite JP. The directors shall not be entitled to any renumeration for their services as a director and each Shareholder can remove and replace the director he/she/it appointed. If a Shareholder sells or disposes of all of its Ordinary Shares, the director such Shareholder appointed must tender his/her resignation. The Agreement also sets forth certain corporate actions that must be pre-approved by all Shareholders (the “Reserved Matters”). If the Shareholders are unable to make a decision on any Reserved Matter, then either Shareholder can submit a deadlock notice to the other shareholder, 5 days after which they must refer the matter to each Shareholder’s chairman and use good faith to resolve the dispute. If such dispute is not resolved within 10 days thereafter, then either Shareholder can offer to buy all of the other Shareholder’s Ordinary Shares for cash at a specified price; if there is not affirmative acceptance of the sale, the sale shall proceed as set forth in the sale offer.

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Each of the Shareholders maintains a pre-emptive right to purchase such number of additional Ordinary Shares as would allow such Shareholder to maintain its ownership percentage in BioLite JP if BioLite JP issues any new Ordinary Shares. However, the Agreement provides that the Company shall lose its pre-emptive rights under certain conditions. The Shareholders also maintain a right of first refusal if the other Shareholder receives an offer to buy such shareholder’s Ordinary Shares.

The Agreement also requires BioLite JP to obtain a bank facility in the amount of JPY 30,460,000 (approximately $272,000), for its initial working capital purposes. Pursuant to the Agreement, each Shareholder agrees to guarantee such bank facility if the bank requires a guarantee. Accordingly, the Company may be liable for the bank facility in an amount up to JPY 14,925,400 (approximately $134,000), which represents 49% of the maximum bank facility. The Agreement further provides that BioLite JP shall issue annual dividends at the rate of at least 1.5% of Biolite’s profits, if it has sufficient cash to do so.

Pursuant to the agreement between the Company and BioLite JP, both parties agreed to use their best efforts to execute a License Agreement by the end of December 2021. Under the terms of the agreement, negotiations on behalf of BioLite JP are conducted by directors appointed by Lucidaim. If the Company and such directors do not reach agreement on the terms, BioLite JP may, at its sole discretion, elect not to execute the License Agreement without any liability to the Company. The company is negotiating on the licensing terms and expects to conclude soon.

The Agreement contains non-solicitation and non-compete clauses for a period of 2 years after a Shareholder or its subsidiaries ceases to be a Shareholder, with such restrictive covenants limited to business within the ophthalmologic filed or central neurological field. Any rights to intellectual property that arise from Biolite’s activities, shall belong to BioLite JP.

The Agreement contains standard indemnification terms, except that no indemnifying party shall have any liability for an individual liability unless it exceeds JPY 500,000 (approximately $4,500) and until the aggregate amount of all liabilities exceeds JPY 2,000,000 (approximately $18,000) and then only to the extent such liability exceed such limit.

The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture; BioLite Japan’s other shareholder also paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed.

The Agreement shall continue for 10 years, unless earlier terminated. The Agreement also allows a Shareholder to terminate the agreement upon certain defaults committed by another Shareholder, as set forth in the Agreement.

This was a related party transaction. In 2024, the Company recognized fully $150,000 loss in equity method investment based on continuing operating losses of BioLite JP.

In April 2024, the Japan Patent Office granted a new patent protection for the Company’s Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) candidate, ABV-1504. The patent is valid through 2040 and will help BioLite Japan market and commercialize the product.

BioKey Revenues

In addition to collaborative agreements, ABVC earns revenue through its wholly-owned BioKey subsidiary which provides a wide range of Contract Development & Manufacturing Organization (“CDMO”) services including API characterization, pre-formulation studies, formulation development, analytical method development, stability studies, IND/NDA/ANDA/510K submissions, and manufacturing clinical trial materials (from Phase I through Phase III) and commercial manufacturing of pharmaceutical products.

In addition, BioKey provides a variety of regulatory services tailored to the needs of its customers, which include proofreading and regulatory review of submission documents related to formulation development, clinical trials, marketed products, generics, nutraceuticals and OTC products and training presentations. In addition to supporting ABVC’s new drug development, BioKey submits INDs, NDAs, ANDAs, and DMFs to the FDA, on ABVC’s behalf in compliance with new electronic submission guidelines of the FDA.

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Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” and on March 10, 2020, declared it to be a pandemic. Actions taken around the world to help mitigate the spread of the coronavirus include restrictions on travel, and quarantines in certain areas, and forced closures for certain types of public places and businesses. The coronavirus and actions taken to mitigate it have had and are expected to continue to have an adverse impact on the economies and financial markets of many countries, including the geographical area in which the Company operates. While the closures and limitations on movement, domestically and internationally, are expected to be temporary, if the outbreak continues on its current trajectory the duration of the supply chain disruption could reduce the availability, or result in delays, of materials or supplies to and from the Company, which in turn could materially interrupt the Company’s business operations. Given the speed and frequency of the continuously evolving developments with respect to this pandemic, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the magnitude of the impact to its consolidated results of operations. We have taken every precaution possible to ensure the safety of our employees.

The COVID-19 pandemic, including variants, has adversely affected, and is expected to continue to adversely affect, elements of our CDMO business sector. The COVID-19 pandemic government imposed restrictions constrained researcher access to labs globally. These constraints limited scientific discovery capacity and we observed that demand in those labs fell well below historic levels. As constraints on social distancing were gradually lifted around the world recently, labs have been able to increase research activity. While we believe that underlying demand is still not yet at pre-COVID-19 levels since lab operations remain below their normal capacity, we are hopeful that the vaccination programs that are underway combined with policy changes planned for the summer will further increase research activity and support a return to pre-COVID-19 demand levels worldwide.

The global pandemic of COVID-19 continues to evolve rapidly, and we will continue to monitor the situation closely, including its potential effect on our plans and timelines.

Additionally, it is reasonably possible that estimates made in the financial statements have been, or will be, materially and adversely impacted in the near term as a result of these conditions, including losses on inventory; impairment losses related to goodwill and other long-lived assets and current obligations.

Restatement of Consolidated Financial Statements

The Company restated its financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the “2023 Restatement”), to correct misstatements in those prior periods related to improperly applying accounting guidance on the share-based payments, incorrectly recognizing interest expenses upon the conversion of convertible debts, and misidentifying the existence of non-controlling interest of our subsidiary.

The Company entered into a cooperation agreement on August 14, 2023, with Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. (the “Zhonghui”) to acquire 20% of the ownership of certain property and a parcel of the land. According to the agreement, the Company issued 370,000 shares of its common stock as the consideration, and used $20 dollar per share to recognize the right as construction in progress on the balance sheet.

At the time of preparing its financial statements for fiscal 2024, the Company reviewed the entire transaction, its relevant agreements and documentation, as well as the applicable accounting guidance. The Company applied FASB Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 845 Nonmonetary Transactions to determine the fair value of the asset acquired would be more evident than the fair value of the consideration in exchange, the Company’s restricted common stocks. The real estates acquired comes with a third-party valuation of $7,400,000 per the Company’s stake, which the value of the acquired assets is guaranteed by Zhonghui. Upon further review, the Company considered ASC 718 Compensation - Stock Compensation, should have been the appropriate guidance to apply given the Company’s common stocks are listed in Nasdaq with more observable fair value (Level 1). Furthermore, at the time of issuance of these financial statements, no real estate title was transferred to the Company. As a result, the Company adjusted the carrying value of the asset and reclassified the balance to “Prepayment for asset acquisition” account to reflect the value of 370,000 shares issued at $1.87, the closing price as of the contract date. The Company also corrected the share price used to recognize stock compensation expense from $20 to $1.87 for the 29,600 shares of common stock issued on the same day to several consultants. As a result, these adjustments reduced $6,708,100 for asset recognized and $536,648 for stock-compensation expense incurred in 2023.

In February 2023, the Company issued a convertible note to LIND Global Fund II, LP. Due to misapplication of ASC 470-20 instead of ASC 815-40, the Company overstated interest expenses $1,179,667 for the year ended December 31, 2023. The overstatement is offsetting against additional paid-in capital due to the convertible note being converted to the Company’s own common stocks instead of being repaid or disposition.

In November 2023, the Company and one of its subsidiaries entered into a licensing agreement with AiBtl. The Company accounted for a 100% control of AiBtl as of December 31, 2023, but later discovered that AiBtl had outstanding founder shares that were not deposited to the stock transfer agent in the timely manner. Such shares reduced the Company’s controlling interest from 100% to 69.70%. Accordingly, the Company adjusted the relevant accounts in our consolidated financial statements.

As discussed in Note 12 to the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, in July 2019 the Company issued 644,972 shares (post-split) of the Company’s common stock to four consultants for their services. Such stock-based expenses were amortized over 5 years starting from the issuance date. Per the Company’s further review, the services, along with the agreements, were completed by December 31, 2022. Pursuant to ASC 718, the costs of services should be recognized along with the period when services are received. Therefore, the Company reversed share-based compensation expenses of $451,480 and $902,960 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2022, was corrected with the Stock Subscription Receivables for $1,354,440 as a result of such adjustments.

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For further details about the impact of the restatement, please see the Notes to the Company’s financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in its Annual Report on Form 10-K that was filed with the SEC on April 15, 2025. After discussing the issue with Simon & Edward, LLP (“S&E”), the Company’s management determined that the Company is not required to file an amendment to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Summary of Critical Accounting Policies

The Company has identified critical accounting policies that, as a result of judgments, uncertainties, uniqueness and complexities of the underlying accounting standards and operation involved could result in material changes to our financial position or results of operations under different conditions or using different assumptions.

The Company uses the same accounting policies in preparing quarterly and annual financial statements. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on April 15, 2025 (“2024 Form 10-K.”)

Estimates and Assumptions

In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we use estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts and disclosures. Our estimates are often based on complex judgments, probabilities and assumptions that we believe to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. We are also subject to other risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ from estimated amounts.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40). The ASU requires disclosure of specified information about certain costs and expenses. This includes purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and intangible asset amortization. The ASU is effective on a prospective or retrospective basis for the annual reporting period beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting period beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. This ASU will likely result in the required additional disclosures being included in our consolidated financial statements once adopted.

Recent Business Developments

1. Land and Infrastructure Investment

During the quarter, the Company advanced its infrastructure development strategy through the acquisition and planning of land assets in Taiwan, including the Shuling property in Taoyuan. This investment supports the establishment of future research, development, and manufacturing facilities intended to enhance long-term operational capabilities and reduce reliance on third-party contractors.

2. Intergroup/Related Party Funding and Strategic Support

The Company provided short-term operational funding support to BioFirst to maintain progress toward regulatory and manufacturing milestones. These advances are intended to safeguard the value of the Company’s existing investment and facilitate future cash inflows once BioFirst’s GMP pilot plant becomes operational and clinical materials for Vitargus® are produced for pivotal trials.

3. Strengthened Capital Structure

The Company completed the full repayment of its outstanding convertible notes (the Lind Notes) with Lind Partners, significantly reducing debt obligations and potential dilution therefrom. The deleveraging has strengthened the Company’s financial flexibility and improved its balance sheet position for future partnerships and capital market activities.

4. Integration and Collaboration Progress within the ABVC group

ABVC continued to align its subsidiary, AiBtl BioPharma, and equity investments, OncoX BioPharma, and ForSeeCon Eye Corporation, with the Company’s business strategies and operational framework. While intercompany transactions are eliminated in the consolidated financial statements, these collaborations have and will continue to improve resource utilization, accelerate product development, and support early-stage licensing and service revenues across the group.

5. Outlook and Cash Flow Planning

Management is focused on converting its strategic investments into sustainable revenue through licensing, milestone payments, and the expansion of its CDMO service platform to CRDMO platform as a one-shot solution for pharmaceutical solutions. The Company anticipates that ongoing affiliate integration and project execution will contribute positively to cash flows over the next 12 months.

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Results of Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024.

The following table presents, for the three months indicated, our unaudited consolidated statements of operations information.

|  | Three Months Ended September 30 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |  |  | % |
Revenue |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 389,276 |  |  | $ | 406,674 |  |  |  | 104 | %
Gross Profits |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 388,980 |  |  | $ | 406,970 |  |  |  | 105 | %
Operating Expenses |  | $ | 1,964,360 |  |  | $ | 691,296 |  |  | $ | 1,273,064 |  |  |  | 184 | %
Loss from Operations |  | $ | (1,168,410 | ) |  | $ | (302,316 | ) |  | $ | (866,094 | ) |  |  | 286 | %
Other Income (Expense) |  | $ | (118,586 | ) |  | $ | (184,760 | ) |  | $ | 66,174 |  |  |  | -36 | %
Interest Income (Expense), Net |  | $ | 16,328 |  |  | $ | (176,168 | ) |  | $ | 192,496 |  |  |  | -109 | %
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (1,287,523 | ) |  | $ | (487,431 | ) |  | $ | (800,092 | ) |  |  | 164 | %

Revenues We generated $795,950 and $389,276 in revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The revenue recognized in 2025 was mainly due to the milestone revenue recognized from licensing to OncoX and ForSeeCon, while we only received milestone payments from ForSeeCon in the same period of 2024.

Operating Expenses Our operating expenses have increased by $1,273,064 or 184%, to $1,964,360 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from $691,296 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Such an increase in operating expenses was mainly due to the Company hiring certain consultants and advisors for business opportunity and financial advisory services during this period.

Other Income (Expense) Our other expense was $118,586 for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to other expense of $184,760 for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The change was principally caused by the decrease in interest expense and offset by foreign exchange loss.

Interest income (expense), net was $16,328 for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to ($176,168) for the three months ended September 30, 2024. The increase of $192,496, or about 109%, was mainly due to lower interest expense from Lind Notes, as fewer notes were converted and thus less interest was recognized.

Net Loss As a result of the above factors, our net loss was $1,287,523 for the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $487,431 for the three months ended September 30, 2024, representing an increase of $800,092, or 164%.

Results of Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024.

The following table presents, for the nine months indicated, our unaudited consolidated statements of operations information.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |  |  | Increase (Decrease) |  |  | % |
Revenue |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 507,623 |  |  | $ | 288,327 |  |  |  | 57 | %
Gross Profits |  | $ | 795,950 |  |  | $ | 506,860 |  |  | $ | 289,090 |  |  |  | 57 | %
Operating Expenses |  | $ | 4,952,348 |  |  | $ | 4,507,538 |  |  | $ | 444,810 |  |  |  | 10 | %
Loss from Operations |  | $ | (4,156,398 | ) |  | $ | (4,000,678 | ) |  | $ | (155,720 | ) |  |  | 4 | %
Other Income (Expense) |  | $ | (383,994 | ) |  | $ | (572,371 | ) |  | $ | 188,377 |  |  |  | -33 | %
Interest (Expense), Net |  | $ | (297,842 | ) |  | $ | (533,733 | ) |  | $ | 235,891 |  |  |  | -44 | %
Net Income (Loss) |  | $ | (4,564,546 | ) |  | $ | (4,462,510 | ) |  | $ | (102,036 | ) |  |  | 2 | %

Revenues. We generated $795,950 and $507,623 in revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in revenues was mainly due to the milestone revenue recognized from licensing to OncoX and ForSeeCon, while we only received milestone payments from ForSeeCon in the same period of 2024.

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Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses have increased by $444,810, or 10%, to $4,952,348 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 from $4,507,538 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Such increase in operating expenses was mainly attributable to the increase in stock-based compensation expenses by $346,222 which relates to costs in conjunction with employee compensation and non-employee share-based payments.

Other Income (Expense). Our other expense was $383,994 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to other expense of $572,371 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The change was principally caused by the decrease in interest expense from Lind Notes for the nine months ended September 30, 2025.

Interest income (expense), net. was $(297,842) for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $(533,733) for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. The decrease of $235,891, or approximately 44%, was primarily due to the decrease in interest expense due to recognition of interest expense for the converted notes for proper accounting purpose.

Net Loss As a result of the above factors, our net loss was $4,564,546 for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $4,462,510 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024, representing a decrease of $102,036, or 2%.

Asset Recognition and Investment Reclassification

Acquisition of land in Puli Township, Taiwan

On March 31, 2025, the Company recorded the acquisition of land located in Puli, Taiwan, with a carrying value of approximately $7.67 million, based on control obtained over the asset during the period. The Company intends to utilize the land for future development of its health-related business operations. In addition, amounts previously classified as “Due from Related Parties” were reclassified to “Long-Term Investments” to reflect the nature of the Company’s ongoing investment in Rgene Corporation. The reclassification was based on management’s ongoing evaluation of the investment’s expected holding period and strategic purpose, after entering into the convertible note loan in 2023. These changes increased total assets and stockholders’ equity as of September 30, 2025. Notwithstanding these improvements in the Company’s asset base, management continues to evaluate liquidity risks and is seeking to address working capital needs through operational activities and external financing options.

To further secure the ownership of land, the board of AiBtl authorized Ms. Jiang in June 2025 to temporarily hold the land title until the administrative procedures are finalized. The title was transferred to Ms. Jiang later that month, and the Company recorded $5,421 in acquisition costs associated with the transaction. As of the reporting date, government review of the transfer of land title to Yun Zhi Yi is pending completion.

Acquisition of land in Taoyuan City, Taiwan

On July 15, 2025, the Company entered into a definitive agreement with Shuling Jiang (“Shuling”), pursuant to which Shuling shall transfer the ownership of certain land she owns, with estimated fair value of $3,857,975, located at Taoyuan City, Taiwan (the “Land”) to the Company (the “Agreement”). Shuling is a director of the Company, and owns over 10% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of June 3, 2025. In consideration for the Land, the Company was to pay Shuling (i) 2,035,136 restricted shares of the Company’s common stock (the “Shares”) at a price of $1.65 per share as approved in the June 3, 2025 annual shareholder meeting and (ii) five-year warrants to purchase up to 1,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, with an exercise price of $2.50 per share. Under the Agreement, Shuling was to also transfer outstanding liability owed on the Land (approximately $500,000) to the Company. The transaction is closed on the same date and the warrants and restricted shares are issued on July 15, 2025 and July 16, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized $3,857,975 as the cost of the land and $500,000 liability on its balance sheet.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Working Capital

|  | As of September 30, 2025 |  |  | As of December 31, 2024 |
|  | (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  | $ | 4,072,569 |  |  | $ | 2,179,815 |
Current Liabilities |  | $ | 6,507,520 |  |  | $ | 6,557,461 |
Working Capital (Deficit) |  | $ | (2,434,951 | ) |  | $ | (4,377,616 | )

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Going Concern and Liquidity Consideration

For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, the Company reported net loss of $4,564,546. As of September 30, 2025, the Company’s working capital deficit was $2,434,951. In addition, the Company had net cash outflows of $1,567,264 from operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. These conditions give rise to substantial doubt as to whether the Company will be able to continue as a going concern.

Management’s plan is to continue to improve operations to generate positive cash flows by 1) ensuring our cash consideration from our licensing agreements be fully collected soon, 2) raising additional capital through private or public offerings, 3) strictly controlling cash operating expenses, and 4) reducing debts and interest expense.

Notably, the Company has reduced a substantial amount of convertible debts during the nine months ended September 30, 2025, from $0.95 million to $0.22 million. We also reduced our outstanding warrants previously issued to LIND from 2.0 million shares to 0.5 million shares in nine months ended September 30, 2025, receiving around $991,366 in cash. If the Company is not able to generate positive operating cash flows, and raise additional capital, there is the risk that the Company may not be able to meet its short-term obligations. Management is committed to enhancing operations to generate positive cash flows to meet our operational needs.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30 |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |  |  | Change |  |  | % |
Cash Flow Used In Operating Activities |  | $ | (1,567,264 | ) |  | $ | (1,107,011 | ) |  | $ | 460,253 |  |  |  | 42 | %
Cash Flow Used in Investing Activities |  | $ | (1,939,136 | ) |  | $ | (456,789 | ) |  | $ | 1,482,347 |  |  |  | 325 | %
Cash Flow Provided by Financing Activities |  | $ | 3,488,478 |  |  | $ | 1,644,947 |  |  | $ | 1,843,531 |  |  |  | 112 | %

Cash Flow from Operating Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the net cash used in operating activities were $1,567,264 and $1,107,011, respectively. The increase was primarily due to the increase in due from related parties. The Company has been strictly control the operating cash outflow, such as making certain payments with shares in lieu of cash, extending vendors’ payment terms, and other initiatives to save the cash burn.

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the main investing activity is the loan of funds to related parties for their operating and research and development needs.

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

During the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the net cash provided by financing activities were $3,488,478 and $1,644,947, respectively. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities were primarily due to the proceeds from a series of private offerings, and LIND’s exercise of warrants, offsetting by the repayment in short-term loans and due to related parties.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

As a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (who also serves as acting interim Chief Financial Officer), we have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or Rule 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer (who also serves as acting interim Chief Financial Officer) has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2025 to provide reasonable assurance that material information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms due to the material weakness described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as filed with the SEC on April 15, 2025. Due to such material weakness, we were unable to maintain effective disclosure controls over financial reporting, which did result in material misstatements in our financial statements and led to a restatement. If not remediated, or if we identify additional material weaknesses, our failure to maintain effective internal controls could continue to adversely impact our ability to meet our reporting and financial obligations and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and the trading price of our common stock.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Company filed its annual report on Form 10-K, which included the 2023 Restatement, on April 15, 2025 and disclosed a restatement regarding the three months ended March 31, 2024 herein. No change in our system of internal control over financial reporting occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. The Company is developing a plan to ensure that all information will be recorded, processed, summarized and reported accurately, and as of the date of this report, we are working to hire personnel with the requisite technical accounting knowledge to remediate the material weakness as soon as possible.

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PART II. - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

We may be subject to, from time to time, various legal proceedings relating to claims arising out of our operations in the ordinary course of our business. We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings, the adverse outcome of which, individually or in the aggregate, would have a material adverse effect on the business, financial condition, or results of operations of the Company.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and, as such, are not required to provide the information under this item.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS .

During the period covered by this report, the Company has not issued unregistered securities to any person, except as described below. None of these transactions involved any underwriters, underwriting discounts or commissions, except as specified below, or any public offering, and, unless otherwise indicated below, the Registrant believes that each transaction was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act by virtue of Section 4(a)(2) thereof and/or Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated thereunder, and/or Regulation S promulgated thereunder regarding offshore offers and sales. All recipients had adequate access, though their relationships with the Registrant, to information about the Registrant.

In July 2024, the Company entered into an agreement with its landlord in California, pursuant that the Company issued 169,992 shares of common stock for the rent payable through July 2024, in total of $127,494. The Company also issued 43,458 shares on August 14, 2024 for the August 2024 rent, and 46,072 shares were issued on September 3, 2024 for the September 2024 rent. Further, we issued 64,147 shares on October 29, 2024 for October rent, 45,293 shares on November 13, 2024 for November rent, and 30,422 shares on December 26, 2024 for half month of December rent. In 2025, we issued 28,135 shares, 22,031 shares, and 30,488 shares for each of the half month rent from January 2025 to March 2025, respectively. On April 9, 2025, the Company entered another agreement with the landlord to settle remaining balance of each half month of February and March 2025 rent, and April 2025 rent, by issuing 120,398 of the Company’s common stock, in the value of $66,219. On June 12, the Company issued 34,059 and 25,349 unregistered restricted shares to the landlord to settle May 2025 and June 2025 rent balances of $33,390 each month. On July 10, 2025, the Company issued 14,847 shares to settle July rent balance of $33,480. On August 22, 2025, the Company issued 11,486 shares to settle August rent balance of $33,482. On September 9, 2025, the Company issued 11,166 shares to settle September rent of $33,487.

In December 2024, the Company issued 117,277 shares of its common stock to employees as compensation.

In 2024, the Company received $31,040 from an investor to subscribe 41,387 shares of the Company’s common stock. These stocks were issued to the investor as of September 30, 2025.

Between April 11, 2025 and April 30, 2025, the Company conducted a private offering of its common stock to several individual non-US investors, issued an aggregate of 724,372 unregistered shares of common stock at $0.60 to $0.65 per share, raising a total of $436,125.

In April 2025, the Company issued 9,909 unregistered restricted shares to an individual consultant as a consideration of $9,800 for the services.

In April 2025, the Company issued 50,000 shares of common stock to a consultant for the financial and business advisory services, as the consideration of $52,500 ($1.05 per share).

In April 2025 and July 2025, the Company issued 90,277 and 59,723 shares of common stock to an employee to compensate her for additional services, amounting to $94,791 and $62,709 ($1.05 and $1.05 per share), respectively.

Between April 30, 2025 and May 9, 2025, the Company sold an aggregate of 1,030,413 shares of its Common Stock to 22 Non-U.S. Persons. The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $619,625 for the shares.

25

Between May 9, 2025 and May 13, 2025, the Company accepted subscriptions from an additional 7 Non-U.S. Persons on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company issued an aggregate of 306,041 shares of the Company’s common stock, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $183,625.

On May 27, 2025, the Company accepted additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $670,000 on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company issued an aggregate of 957,144 shares of the Company’s common stock.

Between May 26, 2025 and June 5, 2025, the Company accepted additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $579,000 on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company issued an aggregate of 579,000 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On June 20, 2025, the Company accepted additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $170,000 on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company issued an aggregate of 130,771 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On July 1, 2025, the Company accepted additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $30,000 on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company issued an aggregate of 23,079 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On July 11, 2025, the Company accepted additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $200,000 on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company issued an aggregate of 153,850 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On August 7, 2025, the Company accepted additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $508,250 on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company issued an aggregate of 260,641 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On August 23, 2025, the Company issued 873 unregistered restricted shares to an individual consultant as a consideration of $2,500, for the services.

On August 29, 2025, the Company accepted additional subscriptions in the aggregate amount of $200,000 on the same terms and conditions. Pursuant to the additional subscriptions, the Company issued an aggregate of 102,564 shares of the Company’s common stock.

On October 7, 2025, the Company issued 10,749 shares to settle October rent balance of $33,480.

On October 10, 2025, the Company issued an aggregate of 100,000 shares to employees and consultants.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION.

| (a) | None.

| (b) | None.

| (c) | During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, none of our officers or directors, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f), informed us of the adoption, modification or termination of any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

26

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

The following exhibits are filed herewith:

Exhibit No. |  | Description
2.1 |  | Share Exchange Agreement, dated February 8, 2016 (1)
3.1 |  | Articles of Incorporation of the Company (2)
3.2 |  | Bylaws of the Company, as amended (44)
3.3 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on March 21, 2016 (4)
3.4 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on December 21, 2016 (5)
3.5 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on March 30, 2020 (6)
3.6 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on February 17, 2021 (29)
3.7 |  | Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation filed on July 24, 2023 (45)
3.8 |  | Amendment to Bylaws (46)
4.1 |  | Form of Warrant (7)
4.2 |  | Form of Investor Warrant dated May 16, 2022 (32)
4.3 |  | Form of Voting Rights Proxy Agreement (58)
10.1 |  | Collaboration Agreement dated December 29, 2015 (8)
10.2 |  | Collaborative Agreement and Milestone Payment Agreement dated June 9, 2016 (9)
10.3 |  | Employment Agreement with Kira Huang (10)
10.4 |  | Addendum to the Collaboration Agreement dated January 12, 2017 (11)
10.5 |  | Collaboration Agreement with BioFirst dated July 24, 2017 (12)
10.6 |  | Co-Development Agreement with Rgene dated May 26, 2017 (13)
10.7 |  | Lind Letter Agreement dated May 22, 2024 (52)
10.8 |  | Lind Form of Warrant dated May 22, 2024 (52)
10.9 |  | Reserved
10.10 |  | Business Loan Agreement entered by and between Cathay Bank and American BriVision (Holding) Corporation (16)
10.11 |  | Promissory Note entered by American BriVision (Holding) Corporation (17)
10.12 |  | Form of Commercial Security Agreement (18)
10.13 |  | Form of Exchange Agreement entered into by and between the Company and non-US person (19)
10.14 |  | Form of Exchange Agreement entered into by and between the Company and US person (20)
10.15 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement entered into by and between the Company and U.S. investors (21)
10.16 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement entered into by and between the Company and non-U.S. investors (22)
10.17 |  | Amended and Restated American BriVision (Holding) Corporation 2016 Equity Incentive (26)
10.18 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement (27)
10.19 |  | Form of Convertible Promissory Note (27)
10.20 |  | Amendment No. 1 to Promissory Note (28)
10.21 |  | Joint Venture Agreement between the Company, Lucidiam Co., Ltd. And BioLite Japan K.K. (30)
10.22 |  | Amendment to the Collaboration Agreement dated December 29, 2015 (34)
10.23 |  | Clinical Development Service Agreement with Rgene (portions of the exhibit have been omitted because they (i) are not material and (ii) is the type of information that the registrant treats as private or confidential.)(31)
10.24 |  | Promissory Note issued to Regene, dated June 16, 2022 (31)
10.25 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement dated May 12, 2022 (32)
10.26 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement(33)
10.27 |  | Form of Note(33)
10.28 |  | Form of Warrant(33)
10.29 |  | Security Agreement(33)
10.30 |  | Guarantor Security Agreement(33)
10.31 |  | Guaranty(33)
10.32 |  | Trademark Security Agreement with Rgene Corporation(33)
10.33 |  | Trademark Security Agreement with BioFirst Corporation(33)
10.34 |  | Patent Security Agreement(33)
10.35 |  | Copyright Security Agreement(33)
10.36 |  | Stock Pledge Agreement(33)
10.37 |  | The Cooperation Agreement between the Company and Zhong Hui Lian He Ji Tuan, Ltd. dated August 14, 2023 (35)
10.38 |  | Amendment to the Cooperation Agreement (36)
10.39 |  | Letter Agreement (37)
10.40 |  | License Agreement between the Company and AiBtl BioPharma, Inc (47)

27

10.41 |  | License Agreement between the BioLite and AiBtl BioPharma, Inc (47)
10.42 |  | Definitive License Agreement between the Company and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. May 8, 2024 (51)
10.43 |  | Definitive License Agreement between Rgene and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. dated May 8, 2024 (51)
10.44 |  | Form of 2nd Lind Note (38)
10.45 |  | Form of 2nd Lind Warrant (38)
10.46 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement dated November 17, 2023 (38)
10.47 |  | First Amendment To Security Agreement (38)
10.48 |  | First Amendment To Guarantor Security Agreement (38)
10.49 |  | First Amendment to Guaranty (38)
10.50 |  | Securities Purchase Agreement dated January 17, 2024 (39)
10.51 |  | Form of 3rd Placement Agent Warrant (40)
10.52 |  | Second Amendment To Security Agreement (39)
10.53 |  | Second Amendment To Guarantor Security Agreement (39)
10.54 |  | Second Amendment to Guaranty (39)
10.55 |  | Form of 3rd Lind Note (39)
10.56 |  | Form of 3rd Lind Warrant (39)
10.57 |  | Amendment No. 1 to 2nd Lind Note (41)
10.58 |  | Amendment No. 2 to 2nd Lind Note (42)
10.59 |  | Amendment No. 1 to 3rd Lind Note (43)
10.60 |  | Definitive License Agreement between the Company and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (48)
10.61 |  | Definitive License Agreement between Rgene and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (48)
10.62 |  | Definitive License Agreement between the Company and ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (49)
10.63 |  | Definitive License Agreement between BioFirst Corporationand ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (49)
10.64 |  | Form of Amendment (50)
10.65 |  | Definitive License Agreement between the Company and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. May 23, 2024 (53)
10.66 |  | Definitive License Agreement between Biolite, Inc. and OncoX BioPharma, Inc. dated May 23, 2024 (53)
10.67 |  | Amendment to the Definitive License Agreement between the Company and ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (54)
10.68 |  | Amendment to the Definitive License Agreement between BioFirst Corporation and ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (54)
10.69 |  | Amendment to the License Agreement between the Company and AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (55)
10.70 |  | Amendment to the License Agreement between BioLite, Inc. and AiBtl BioPharma Inc. (55)
10.71 |  | Letter Agreement dated January 5, 2025 (56)
10.72 |  | Land Transfer Plan dated March 31, 2025 (57)
10.73 |  | Nominee Holding Agreement dated April 1, 2024 (57)
10.74 |  | Land Lease Agreement dated April 1, 2024 (57)
10.75 |  | Addendum to Definitive Licensing Agreement between ABVC and AiBtl dated March 11, 2025 (57)
10.76 |  | Addendum to Definitive Licensing Agreement between BioLite and AiBtl dated March 11, 2025 (57)
10.77 |  | Yun Zhi Yi Land Holding Agreement dated October 28, 2024 (57)
10.78 |  | Form of Purchase Agreement (58)
10.79 |  | Form of Voting Rights Proxy Agreement (58)
10.80 |  | Second Amended and Restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (59)
10.81 |  | Form of Warrant (60)
10.82 |  | Definitive Agreement between the Company and Shuling Jiang (60)
10.83 |  | Consulting Agreement (60)
31.1 |  | Certifications pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.+
31.2 |  | Certifications pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.+
32.1 |  | Certifications pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*+
32.2 |  | Certifications pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*+
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document.+
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.+
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.+
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.+
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.+
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.+
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

* | In accordance with SEC Release 33-8238, Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 are being furnished and not filed.

+ | Filed herewith

28

(1) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 16, 2016.

(2) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.01 to the Company’s Form SB-2 filed on June 28, 2002

(3) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.02 to the Company’s Form SB-2, filed on June 28, 2002

(4) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 28, 2016.

(5) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on September 13, 2016.

(6) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K, filed on April 7, 2020

(7) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 24, 2020

(8) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 16, 2016.

(9) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 9, 2016.

(10) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed on January 12, 2017.

(11) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 22, 2017.

(12) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 24, 2017.

(13) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 30, 2017.

(14) | Reserved.

(15) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 20, 2017.

(16) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 1, 2019.

(17) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 1, 2019.

(18) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 1, 2019.

(19) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 24, 2020.

(20) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 14, 2020.

(21) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 15, 2020.

(22) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 15, 2020

(23) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 14.1 to the Company’s Amendment No.1 to Form S-1, filed on November 14, 2016.

(24) | Incorporated by reference to 21.1 to the Company’s Form S-1, filed on September 13, 2016.

(25) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed May 15, 2020.

(26) | Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.17 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed March 16, 2021.

(27) | Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on November 5, 2020.

(28) | Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 8, 2021.

(29) | Incorporated by reference to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on May 10, 2021.

29

(30) | Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on October 8, 2021.

(31) | Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 21, 2022.

(32) | Incorporated by reference to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 12, 2022.

(33) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 24, 2023.

(34) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 22, 2022.

(35) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on August 17, 2023.

(36) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 6, 2023.

(37) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 13, 2023.

(38) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 20, 2023.

(39) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 17, 2024.

(40) | Incorporated by reference to the Amendment No.1 to Form S-1, filed on February 9, 2024.

(41) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed on January 17, 2024.

(42) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed on February 29, 2024.

(43) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed on February 29, 2024.

(44) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, filed on June 6, 2022

(45) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on July 24, 2023.

(46) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 14, 2024

(47) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 15, 2023

(48) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 17, 2024

(49) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on March 26, 2024

(50) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on February 29, 2024

(51) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 9, 2024

(52) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 23, 2024

(53) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on May 24, 2024

(54) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 24, 2024

(55) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 25, 2024

(56) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on January 6, 2025

(57) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed April 15, 2025

(58) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 30, 2025

(59) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-8, filed on June 27, 2025

(60) | Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K/A, filed on July 18, 2025

30

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| ABVC BioPharma, Inc.
Dated: October 31, 2025 | By: | /s/ Uttam Patil
|  | Uttam Patil
|  | Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

| ABVC BioPharma, Inc.
Dated: October 31, 2025 | By: | /s/ Uttam Patil
|  | Uttam Patil
|  | Interim Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

31

BioFirst Corporation (“BioFirst”): The Company holds an equity interest in BioFirst Corporation, accounting for its equity interest using the equity method to accounts for its equity investment as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company owns 18.68% and 18.68% common stock shares of BioFirst, respectively. The Company made a prepayment for equity investment in BioFirst to purchase additional shares to be issued by BioFirst in the aggregate amount of $2,688,578, recorded as prepayment for long-term investments as of December 31, 2022. On July 19, 2023, the Company successfully completed the registration process for this investment. The initial prepayment was $1,895,556, which is a portion of the prepayment as of December 31, 2022, and was converted into 994,450 shares of BioFirst stock. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the amount of prepayment for long-term investments in Biofirst is both $1,124,842. Rgene Corporation (“Rgene”) As described in Note 4, the Company acquired 26.65% of Rgene’s outstanding common shares since 2018 through multiple collaborative agreements, and has been accounting this equity investment with equity method as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (“ASC 323”). Equity method adjustments include the Company’s proportionate share of investee’s income or loss and other adjustments required by the equity method. Further, as disclosed in Note 10 Related Party Transactions, the Company entered a convertible loan agreement with Rgene in 2022 and has been working with Rgene to obtain approval for the Company to exercise the conversion from Department of Investment Review in Taiwan, a government agency reviews foreign investors conducting investment in Taiwan. In May 2024, the conversion request for the conversion was approved but the Company was not informed by Rgene until April 2025. The Company determined that the impact to the financial statements is immaterial and assumed the conversion was incurred on January 1, 2025. After the conversion, the Company owns 37% of outstanding shares of Rgene. BioLite Japan K.K. (BioLite JP) In October 2021, the Company, Lucidaim Co., Ltd., a Japanese corporation (“Lucidaim,” together with the Company, the “Shareholders”), and BioLite Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation (“BioLite JP”) entered into a Joint Venture Agreement. BioLite JP is a private limited company incorporated on December 18, 2018. The business of the joint venture is the research and development of drugs, medical device and digital media, investment, fund running and consulting, distribution and marketing of supplements carried on by BioLite JP and its subsidiaries in Japan, or any other territory or businesses. At the date of the Agreement, BioLite JP has 10,000 ordinary shares authorized, with 3,049 ordinary shares issued and outstanding (the “Ordinary Shares”). Pursuant to the Agreement and the related share transfer agreement, Lucidaim shall own 1,555 Ordinary Shares (51%) and the Company shall own 1,494 Ordinary Shares (49%). The Company paid $150,000 towards the setup of the joint venture; BioLite Japan’s other shareholder also paid $150,000 after the Letter of Intent was signed. This prepayment is booked in prepayment for investment. As of December 31, 2024, the Company evaluated the investee’s business and financial conditions and determined to fully impair such prepayment. ForSeeCon Eye Corporation (FEYE) FEYE is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on the field of diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders, with its main product of Vitargus. The Company granted FEYE certain licensed products in exchange for FEYE ownership. See Note 4 for details of such transactions. OncoX BioPharma, Inc. (OncoX) OncoX is a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands, focusing on oncology trials and drug development across Asia-Pacific. The Company granted OncoX certain licensed products in exchange for OncoX’s ownership. 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