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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_________________
FORM 10-Q
_________________

(Mark One)
☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from _________ to _________

Commission File Number: 001-36866
_______________________________
Summit Therapeutics Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
_____________________

Delaware |  | 37-1979717
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

601 Brickell Key Drive, Suite 1000,
Miami, FL
(Address of principal executive offices)
33131
(Zip Code)
305-203-2034
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name or former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
_________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | SMMT | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of August 5, 2025, there were 742,846,672 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.
1

|  | Page
PART I |
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 | 6
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 | 7
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. | Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 21
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 32
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 32
PART II |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 34
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 34
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 35
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 35
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 35
Item 5 | Other Information | 35
Item 6. | Exhibits | 36
Signatures |  | 37

2

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), regarding the future financial performance, business prospects and growth of Summit Therapeutics Inc., that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our strategy, future operations, future financial position, future revenues, projected costs, prospects, plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. The forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, among other things, statements about:
•the ability to develop a successful product candidate under the License Agreement (as defined below);
•our ability to raise sufficient additional funds to make payments under the License Agreement, and fund ongoing operations and capital needs;
•the timing of and the ability to effectively execute clinical development of ivonescimab;
•the timing, costs, conduct and outcomes of clinical trials for any product candidates, including ivonescimab;
•our plans with respect to possible future collaborations and partnering arrangements;
•the potential benefits of possible future acquisitions or investments in other businesses, products or technologies;
•our plans to pursue research and development of other future product candidates;
•our estimates regarding the potential market opportunity and patient population for commercializing our product candidates, if approved for commercial use;
•our sales, marketing and distribution capabilities and strategy;
•our ability to establish and maintain arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations, suppliers and distributors;
•the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights and defending against any intellectual property-related claims;
•our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;
•the impact of government laws and regulations in the United States and in foreign countries;
•the timing and likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals for our product candidates;
•whether regulatory authorities determine that additional trials or data are necessary in order to accept a new drug application for review and/or approval;
•our competitive position;
•our planned use of our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments;
•our ability to attract and retain key scientific or management personnel;
•the impact of public health epidemics, such as the novel coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”), natural disasters or geopolitical instability, the response to such events and the potential effects of such events on our business, financial results, supply chain and market;
•the outcome of pending, threatened, and future legal proceedings;
•our expectations regarding the anticipated timeline of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, future financial performance and our ability to continue as a going concern;
•estimates regarding stock-based compensation;
•general economic conditions, including economic slowdowns or other adverse economic conditions, such as periods of increased or prolonged inflation; and
•other risks and uncertainties, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors” included in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 24, 2025 (the “Annual Report”).
We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements we make. We have included important factors in the cautionary statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, particularly in the “Risk Factors” and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" sections in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.
You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents that we have filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.
3

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  | June 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 297,872 |  |  | $ | 104,862 |
Restricted cash |  | 319 |  |  | 325 |
Short-term investments |  | — |  |  | 307,487 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 11,049 |  |  | 11,076 |
Total current assets |  | 309,240 |  |  | 423,750 |
Non-current assets: |  |  |  |
Property and equipment, net |  | 690 |  |  | 254 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 5,552 |  |  | 7,144 |
Goodwill |  | 2,039 |  |  | 1,864 |
Other assets |  | 6,516 |  |  | 2,548 |
Total assets |  | $ | 324,037 |  |  | $ | 435,560 |
Liabilities and stockholders' equity |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 22,982 |  |  | $ | 4,636 |
Accrued liabilities |  | 26,148 |  |  | 19,554 |
Accrued compensation |  | 6,592 |  |  | 11,977 |
Operating lease liabilities, current portion |  | 3,118 |  |  | 3,765 |
Other current liabilities |  | 1,485 |  |  | 1,797 |
Total current liabilities |  | 60,325 |  |  | 41,729 |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion |  | 2,435 |  |  | 3,453 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 1,838 |  |  | 1,630 |
Total liabilities |  | 64,598 |  |  | 46,812 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13) |  |  |  |
Stockholders' equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 20,000,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value: 1,000,000,000 shares authorized; 742,806,672 and 737,626,004 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  | 7,428 |  |  | 7,376 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 2,097,957 |  |  | 1,598,230 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (2,752) |  |  | (2,285) |
Accumulated deficit |  | (1,843,194) |  |  | (1,214,573) |
Total stockholders' equity |  | 259,439 |  |  | 388,748 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity |  | $ | 324,037 |  |  | $ | 435,560 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
4

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | $ | 208,021 |  |  | $ | 30,798 |  |  | 259,286 |  |  | 61,671 |
Acquired in-process research and development |  | — |  |  | 15,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,007 |
General and administrative |  | 360,416 |  |  | 13,812 |  |  | 376,002 |  |  | 25,328 |
Total operating expenses |  | 568,437 |  |  | 59,617 |  |  | 635,288 |  |  | 102,006 |
Other income, net |  | 2,729 |  |  | 2,334 |  |  | 6,667 |  |  | 4,371 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | (3,102) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,223) |
Net loss |  | $ | (565,708) |  |  | $ | (60,385) |  |  | $ | (628,621) |  |  | $ | (103,858) |
Net loss per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.76) |  |  | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  | $ | (0.15) |
Weighted average common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted |  | 742,615,007 |  |  | 707,904,643 |  |  | 740,358,044 |  |  | 704,844,946 |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | (189) |  |  | 92 |  |  | (334) |  |  | 82 |
Reclassification of unrealized loss on short-term investments to other expense, net |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Unrealized loss on short-term investments |  | — |  |  | (45) |  |  | (133) |  |  | (34) |
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (565,897) |  |  | $ | (60,335) |  |  | $ | (629,088) |  |  | $ | (103,807) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
5

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity
(in thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  | 737,626,004 |  |  | $ | 7,376 |  |  | $ | 1,598,230 |  |  | $ | (2,285) |  |  | $ | (1,214,573) |  |  | $ | 388,748 |
Issuance of common stock under stock purchase plans and exercise of stock options and warrants |  | 3,983,386 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 7,637 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,677 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,096 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,096 |
Net other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (278) |  |  | — |  |  | (278) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (62,913) |  |  | (62,913) |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  | 741,609,390 |  |  | $ | 7,416 |  |  | $ | 1,616,963 |  |  | $ | (2,563) |  |  | $ | (1,277,486) |  |  | $ | 344,330 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and warrants |  | 1,197,282 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 2,210 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,222 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 478,784 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 478,784 |
Net other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (189) |  |  | — |  |  | (189) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (565,708) |  |  | (565,708) |
Balance at June 30, 2025 |  | 742,806,672 |  |  | $ | 7,428 |  |  | $ | 2,097,957 |  |  | $ | (2,752) |  |  | $ | (1,843,194) |  |  | $ | 259,439 |

|  | Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders' Equity
|  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | 701,660,053 |  |  | $ | 7,017 |  |  | $ | 1,066,381 |  |  | $ | (2,448) |  |  | $ | (993,258) |  |  | $ | 77,692 |
Issuance of common stock under stock purchase plans and exercise of stock options |  | 314,543 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 482 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 485 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,507 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9,507 |
Net other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  |  |  | (1) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (43,473) |  |  | (43,473) |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | 701,974,596 |  |  | $ | 7,020 |  |  | $ | 1,076,370 |  |  | $ | (2,449) |  |  | $ | (1,036,731) |  |  | $ | 44,210 |
Private placement of common stock |  | 22,222,222 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 199,778 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 200,000 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options and warrants |  | 123,383 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 211 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 212 |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,088 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,088 |
Net other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |  |  | — |  |  | (50) |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (60,385) |  |  | (60,385) |
Balance at June 30, 2024 |  | 724,320,201 |  |  | $ | 7,243 |  |  | $ | 1,287,447 |  |  | $ | (2,499) |  |  | $ | (1,097,116) |  |  | $ | 195,075 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
6

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
(Unaudited)

| Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (628,621) |  |  | $ | (103,858) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |
Amortization of discount on short-term investments | (3,989) |  |  | (2,007) |
Unrealized foreign exchange gain | (463) |  |  | (115) |
Depreciation | 62 |  |  | 47 |
Stock-based compensation | 489,880 |  |  | 20,595 |
Acquired in-process research and development expense | — |  |  | 15,007 |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (81) |  |  | 1,045 |
Other assets | (3,672) |  |  | 2,442 |
Accounts payable | 18,287 |  |  | 667 |
Accrued liabilities | 6,452 |  |  | 3,706 |
Other current liabilities | (342) |  |  | 92 |
Other non-current liabilities | 52 |  |  | 46 |
Accrued compensation | (5,407) |  |  | (551) |
Operating lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, net | (70) |  |  | (252) |
Net cash used in operating activities | (127,912) |  |  | (63,136) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (422) |  |  | (67) |
Purchase of short-term investments | — |  |  | (362,995) |
Maturities and sales of short-term investments | 311,340 |  |  | 182,854 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 310,918 |  |  | (180,208) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock via private placements, net of offering costs | — |  |  | 200,000 |
Proceeds received related to the exercise of warrants | 7,315 |  |  | 101 |
Proceeds received related to employee stock awards and purchase plans | 2,584 |  |  | 596 |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 9,899 |  |  | 200,697 |
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash | 99 |  |  | (24) |
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | 193,004 |  |  | (42,671) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 105,187 |  |  | 71,425 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 298,191 |  |  | $ | 28,754 |
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 297,872 |  |  | $ | 28,434 |
Restricted cash | 319 |  |  | 320 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 298,191 |  |  | $ | 28,754 |
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information: |  |  |
Cash paid for interest on related party promissory notes | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,501 |
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities: |  |  |
Upfront consideration to Akeso for Second Amendment (Note 4) | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,007 |
Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,216 |
Unpaid amounts related to purchase of property, plant and equipment | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
7

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
1. Organization
Summit Therapeutics Inc. (“we”, “Summit” or the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development, and commercialization of patient-, physician-, caregiver- and societal-friendly medicinal therapies intended to improve quality of life, increase potential duration of life, and resolve serious unmet medical needs. The Company’s pipeline of product candidates is designed with the goal to become the patient-friendly, new-era standard-of-care medicines, in the therapeutic area of oncology.
The Company’s current lead development candidate is ivonescimab, a novel, potential first-in-class bispecific antibody intending to combine the effects of immunotherapy via a blockade of PD-1 with the anti-angiogenesis effects of an anti-VEGF compound into a single molecule. On December 5, 2022, the Company entered into a Collaboration and License Agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Akeso, Inc. and its affiliates (collectively, “Akeso”) pursuant to which the Company has in-licensed intellectual property related to ivonescimab, as further described in Note 4. Through the License Agreement, the Company obtained the rights to develop and commercialize ivonescimab in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan. The License Agreement and transaction closed in January 2023 following customary waiting periods. On June 3, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment to the License Agreement (the “Second Amendment”) with Akeso to expand its territories covered under the License Agreement to also include the Latin America, Middle East and Africa regions (collectively, and as expanded, the “Licensed Territory”). The Company’s operations are focused on the development of ivonescimab and other future activities, as the Company determines.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements are not included herein. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The interim financial data as of June 30, 2025 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 are unaudited; however, in the opinion of management, the interim data includes all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods. The condensed consolidated balance sheet presented as of December 31, 2024 has been derived from the consolidated audited financial statements as of that date. The results of the period are not necessarily indicative of full year results or any other interim period. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto of the Company which are included in the Company’s Annual Report. The financial results of the Company’s activities are reported in United States Dollars.
Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior years’ financial statements to conform to current year presentation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of incomes and expenses during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued research and development expenses, stock-based compensation, other long-lived assets and income taxes. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred a net loss of $565,708 and $628,621, respectively, and cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $127,912. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $1,843,194 and cash and cash equivalents of $297,872. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future.
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund the Company’s planned operations for a period of at least one year from the date these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.
8

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Until the Company can generate substantial revenue and achieve profitability, the Company will need to raise additional capital to fund its ongoing operations and capital needs. The Company continues to evaluate options to further finance its operating cash needs for its product candidates through a combination of some, or all, of the following: equity and debt offerings, collaborations, strategic alliances, grants and clinical trial support from government entities, philanthropic, non-government and not-for-profit organizations, and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. There is no assurance, however, that additional financing will be available when needed or that management of the Company will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to the Company. If the Company is unable to obtain funding when required in the future, the Company could be required to delay or reduce research and development programs, product portfolio expansion, or future commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of the business. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no significant changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the six months ended June 30, 2025 as compared with those discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements in the Company's Annual Report.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update “ASU” No. 2023-09, “Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”, which requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standard categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and allows for adoption on a prospective basis, with a retrospective option. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2023-09 on January 1, 2025. The adoption of ASU-2023-09 did not have a material impact on the Company's unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”) which requires disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures. The guidance is to be applied prospectively, with the option for retrospective application and is effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this standard on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted in the U.S. The OBBBA includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the OBBBA on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Other recent authoritative guidance issued by the FASB (including technical corrections to the FASB ASC), the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and the SEC did not or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
9

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
3. Segment Reporting
The Company’s chief operating decision makers (the “CODM function”), which are the Company's Co-Chief Executive Officers, Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh, and Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Soni, utilize consolidated net loss that is reported on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance for the entire Company. The CODM function approves key operating and strategic decisions, including key decisions in clinical development and clinical operating activities, entering into significant contracts, such as revenue contracts and collaboration agreements and approves the Company’s consolidated operating budget. The CODM function views the Company's operations and manages its business on a consolidated basis and as a single reportable operating segment. The CODM function is regularly provided with the following significant segment expenses:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Oncology clinical trial related costs |  | $ | 67,824 |  |  | $ | 19,955 |  |  | $ | 104,187 |  |  | $ | 41,852 |  |  |
Acquired in-process research and development |  | — |  |  | 15,007 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,007 |  |  |
Compensation related costs, excluding stock-based compensation |  | 16,800 |  |  | 10,852 |  |  | 32,654 |  |  | 19,911 |  |  |
Stock-based compensation |  | 478,784 |  |  | 11,088 |  |  | 489,880 |  |  | 20,595 |  |  |
Other expenses (1) |  | 5,029 |  |  | 2,715 |  |  | 8,567 |  |  | 4,641 |  |  |
Total segment expenses |  | 568,437 |  |  | 59,617 |  |  | 635,288 |  |  | 102,006 |  |  |
Other income, net |  | 2,729 |  |  | 2,334 |  |  | 6,667 |  |  | 4,371 |  |  |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | (3,102) |  |  | — |  |  | (6,223) |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (565,708) |  |  | $ | (60,385) |  |  | $ | (628,621) |  |  | $ | (103,858) |  |  |

(1) Other expenses include general and administrative expenses excluding compensation and stock-based compensation.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, substantially all of the Company’s long-lived assets are located in the United States.
10

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
4. Akeso License and Collaboration Agreement
On December 5, 2022, the Company entered into the License Agreement with Akeso pursuant to which the Company is in-licensing its breakthrough bispecific antibody, ivonescimab. The License Agreement and transaction closed in January 2023 following customary waiting periods.
Ivonescimab, known as AK112 in China and Australia, and also as SMT112 in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan, is a novel, potential first-in-class bispecific antibody intending to combine the effect of immunotherapy via a blockade of PD-1 with the anti-angiogenesis effects of an anti-VEGF into a single molecule. Ivonescimab was engineered to bring two well established oncology targeted mechanisms together. Ivonescimab is currently in clinical development and, pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, Summit will design and conduct the clinical trial activities to support regulatory filings in the Licensed Territory that Summit will submit.
Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, Summit will have final decision-making authority with respect to clinical development strategy and execution in the Licensed Territory. For co-joined studies in which both Summit and Akeso participate, mutual agreement is required for material decisions; Summit retains the exclusive decision making with respect to participating in, and continuing its participation in, co-joined studies. Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, Summit will have final decision-making authority with respect to commercial strategy, pricing and reimbursement and other commercialization matters in the Licensed Territory. In connection with the License Agreement, the Company agreed to purchase a certain portion of drug substance and/or drug product for clinical and commercial supply and to enter into a supply agreement with Akeso. Summit is not assuming any liabilities (including contingent liabilities), acquiring any physical assets or trade names, or hiring or acquiring any employees from Akeso in connection with the License Agreement. Through the License Agreement, the Company obtained the rights to develop and commercialize ivonescimab in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan.
In exchange for the rights obtained, the Company made an upfront payment of $500,000 to Akeso, of which $274,900 was paid in cash and, pursuant to the License Agreement and Issuance Agreement, Akeso elected to receive 10,000,000 shares of our common stock in lieu of $25,100 in cash. The remaining $200,000 amount of the upfront payment was paid on March 6, 2023.
Effective June 3, 2024, the Company and Akeso entered into the Second Amendment to the License Agreement to expand the Company’s territories covered under the License Agreement to include the Latin America, Middle East and Africa regions. Pursuant to the Second Amendment, the Company paid an upfront payment to Akeso of $15,000 in the third quarter of 2024. Akeso will also be eligible to receive up to an additional $55,000 upon the achievement of certain commercial milestones. Except as specifically modified by the Second Amendment, the terms and conditions of the License Agreement remain in full force and effect.
The Company has accounted for the License Agreement and Second Amendment to acquire the rights to develop and commercialize ivonescimab as the acquisition of an asset. All of the consideration relates to ivonescimab and technological feasibility of the asset has not yet been established since ivonescimab is in clinical development. As such, the Company has expensed the consideration as acquired in-process research and development upon closing of the transaction in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Acquired in-process research and development expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 was nil. Acquired in-process research and development expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 was $15,007, which is comprised of the upfront payment of $15,000 and immaterial transaction costs.
In addition to the payments already made to Akeso, under the License Agreement and Second Amendment, there are additional potential milestone payments of up to $4,555,000, as Akeso will be eligible to receive regulatory milestones of up to $1,050,000 and commercial milestones of up to $3,505,000. In addition, Akeso will be eligible to receive low double-digit royalties on net sales.
11

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
5. Other Income, net
The following table sets forth the components of other income:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Foreign currency losses |  | $ | (199) |  |  | $ | (244) |  |  | $ | (122) |  |  | $ | (36) |  |  |  |  |
Investment income(1) |  | 2,981 |  |  | 2,578 |  |  | 6,842 |  |  | 4,407 |  |  |  |  |
Other expense |  | (53) |  |  | — |  |  | (53) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other income, net |  | $ | 2,729 |  |  | $ | 2,334 |  |  | $ | 6,667 |  |  | $ | 4,371 |  |  |  |  |

(1) Investment income relates to the Company’s money market funds and short-term investments in U.S. treasury securities. Refer to Note 7 for details.
6. Net Loss per Share
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (565,708) |  |  | $ | (60,385) |  |  | $ | (628,621) |  |  | $ | (103,858) |  |  |  |  |
Basic and diluted weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding |  | 742,615,007 |  |  | 707,904,643 |  |  | 740,358,044 |  |  | 704,844,946 |  |  |  |  |
Basic net loss per share |  | $ | (0.76) |  |  | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  | $ | (0.15) |  |  |  |  |
Diluted net loss per share |  | $ | (0.76) |  |  | $ | (0.09) |  |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  | $ | (0.15) |  |  |  |  |

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the diluted net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, including potentially dilutive common shares. Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, basic net loss per share is the same as diluted net loss per share for all periods, as the inclusion of all potential common share equivalents outstanding would have been anti-dilutive.
The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of the diluted net loss per share of common stock for the periods presented because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

|  | June 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
Options to purchase common stock |  | 114,506,229 |  |  | 59,485,356
Warrants |  | — |  |  | 4,945,669
Shares expected to be purchased under employee stock purchase plan |  | 66,324 |  |  | 121,505
Total |  | 114,572,553 |  |  | 64,552,530

7. Fair Value Measurements and Short-Term Investments
In accordance with the provisions of fair value accounting, a fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell an asset or transfer a liability occurs in the principal market for the asset or liability or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market for the asset or liability and defines fair value based on the exit price model.
The fair value measurement guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The guidance describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:
12

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Level 1
Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
Level 2
Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities. Level 2 assets and liabilities include debt securities with quoted prices that are traded less frequently than exchange-traded instruments or securities or derivative contracts that are valued using a pricing model with inputs that are observable in the market or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3
Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose value is determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the Company categorizes such assets and liabilities based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset.
The following tables sets forth the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | June 30, 2025
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gain | Unrealized (Loss) | Credit (Loss) | Fair Value
Financial assets included within cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | Level 1 | $ | 293,607 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 293,607 |
Total |  | $ | 293,607 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 293,607 |

|  | December 31, 2024
| Fair Value Hierarchy Level | Amortized Cost | Unrealized Gain | Unrealized (Loss) | Credit (Loss) | Fair Value
Financial assets included within cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | Level 1 | $ | 88,599 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 88,599 |
Financial assets included within short-term investments: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government treasury bills | Level 2 | 307,387 |  | 100 |  | — |  | — |  | 307,487 |
Total |  | $ | 395,986 |  | $ | 100 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 396,086 |

The tables above do not include cash at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 of $4,265 and $16,263, respectively.
13

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
The Company believes that the carrying amounts of prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximates their fair values due to the short-term nature of those instruments.
Realized gains on short-term investments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024 were immaterial, respectively.
8. Research and Development Prepaid Expenses and Accrued Liabilities
Included within prepaid expenses and other current assets at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is $8,155 and $8,338, respectively, of prepayments relating to research and development expenditures. Included within accrued liabilities at June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 is $24,584 and $17,441, respectively, relating to research and development expenditures.
These amounts are determined based on the estimated costs to complete each study or activity related to the ongoing clinical trials for ivonescimab, the estimation of the current stage of completion and the invoices received, as well as predetermined milestones which are not reflective of the current stage of development for prepaid expenses. However, accrued liabilities increase as the activities progress. The key sensitivity is the estimated current stage of completion of each study or activity, which is based on information received from the supplier and the Company’s operational knowledge of the work completed under those contracts.
9. Promissory Note Payable to Related Parties
December 2022 Promissory Notes
On December 6, 2022, the Company entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “Note Purchase Agreement”), with Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to each of Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh unsecured promissory notes in the aggregate amount of $520,000. Pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh unsecured promissory notes in the amount of $400,000 (the “Duggan February Note”) and $20,000 (the “Zanganeh Note”), respectively, which matured and became due on February 15, 2023 and an unsecured promissory note to Mr. Duggan in the amount of $100,000 (the “Duggan September Note” and together with the Duggan February Note and the Zanganeh Note, the “December 2022 Notes”), which was originally due on September 15, 2023. The maturity dates of the December 2022 Notes could have been extended one or more times at the Company’s election, but in no event to a date later than September 6, 2024. In addition, if the Company consummated a public offering, then upon the later to occur of (i) five business days after the Company receives the net cash proceeds therefrom or (ii) May 15, 2023, the Duggan February Note and the Zanganeh Note were to be prepaid by an amount equal to the lesser of (a) 100% of the amount of the net proceeds of such offering and (b) the outstanding principal amount on such Notes.
On January 19, 2023, the Company provided notice to extend the term of the Duggan February Note and Duggan September Note to a maturity date of September 6, 2024. Furthermore, on January 19, 2023, the Company and Mr. Duggan rectified the Duggan February Note and Duggan September Note in order to correctly reflect the parties’ intent that the Company may only prepay (i) the Duggan February Note following the completion of a public rights offering to be conducted by Summit in the approximate amount of $500,000, or a similar capital raise, in an amount equal to the lesser of (x) the net proceeds of the rights offering or such capital raise or (y) the full amount outstanding of the Duggan February Note, and (ii) Duggan September Note following the completion of a capital raising transaction subsequent to the rights offering in an amount equal to the lesser of (A) the net proceeds of such capital raise or (B) the full amount outstanding of the Duggan September Note. Following the issuance of the two new Promissory Notes (the “Revised Duggan February Note” and the “Revised Duggan September Note”, respectively), the Duggan February Note and Duggan September Note were marked as “cancelled” on their face and replaced in their entirety by the Revised Duggan February Note and the Revised Duggan September Note (together with the Zanganeh Note, the “Notes”).
On February 15, 2023, the $20,000 Zanganeh Note matured and the Company repaid the outstanding principal balance. In connection with the closing of the rights offering in 2023 (the “2023 Rights Offering”), the $400,000 Revised Duggan February Note matured and became due, and the Company repaid all principal and accrued interest thereunder using a combination of a portion of the cash proceeds from the 2023 Rights Offering and the extinguishment of a portion of the amount due equal to the subscription price of shares subscribed by Mr. Duggan in the 2023 Rights Offering.
14

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
The Notes accrued interest at an initial rate of 7.5%. All interest on the Notes was paid on the date of signing for the period through February 15, 2023. Such prepaid interest was paid in a number of shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 (“Common Stock”) equal to the dollar amount of such prepaid interest, divided by $0.7913 (the consolidated closing bid price immediately preceding the time the Company entered into the Note Purchase Agreement, plus $0.01), which was 9,720,291 shares. For all applicable periods following February 15, 2023, interest accrued on the outstanding principal balance of the Notes at the U.S. prime interest rate, as reported in the Wall Street Journal, plus 50 basis points, as adjusted monthly, for three months immediately following February 15, 2023, and thereafter at the U.S. prime rate plus 300 basis points, as adjusted monthly. Accrued interest was paid in cash, quarterly in arrears, on each of March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31. Debt issuance costs associated with the Notes were $44 and were capitalized as part of the carrying value of the promissory notes payable to related parties.
On February 17, 2024, the Revised Duggan February Note was amended to extend the maturity date from September 6, 2024 to April 1, 2025. For all applicable periods commencing February 17, 2024, interest accrued on the outstanding principal balance at the greater of 12% or the U.S. prime interest rate, as reported in the Wall Street Journal plus 350 basis points, as adjusted monthly, and compounded quarterly. Interest was paid upon maturity of the loan. The debt discount was amortized to interest expense using an effective interest rate method. The effective interest rate of the Revised Duggan February Note and Zanganeh Note was 8.9% and the effective interest rate of the Revised Duggan September Note was 11.3%.
On September 16, 2024, the Company used some of the proceeds raised from the September 2024 Private Placement (see Note 10 for further details) to repay $75,500 in principal on the Revised Duggan September Note. On October 1, 2024, the Company repaid the remaining outstanding balance of the Revised Duggan September Note in full, resulting in principal payments of $24,500 and accrued cash interest of $7,305.
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had no debt. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred no interest expense. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company incurred interest expense of $3,102 and $6,223, respectively, related to the Revised Duggan September Note.
10. Stockholders' Equity
Preferred Stock
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01, authorized and no shares issued and outstanding.
Common Stock
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had authorized 1,000,000,000 shares of Common Stock.
June 2024 Private Investment in Public Equity (PIPE)
On June 3, 2024, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with 667, L.P. and Baker Brothers Life Sciences, L.P., affiliates of Baker Bros. Advisors, L.P. (the “Investors”), whereby the Company sold 22,222,222 shares of Common Stock, at a purchase price of $9.00 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $200,000 in a private placement.
In connection with the Purchase Agreement, the Company entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with the Investors (the “Registration Rights Agreement”). The Registration Rights Agreement provides, among other things, that the Company will as soon as reasonably practicable, file with the SEC a registration statement registering the resale of the Shares. The Company agreed to use its reasonable best efforts to have such registration statement declared effective as soon as practicable after the filing thereof. The Company filed the registration statement on August 6, 2024, which was automatically effective upon filing.
September 2024 PIPE
On September 11, 2024, the Company entered into securities purchase agreements (the “September 2024 Purchase Agreements”) with multiple leading biotech institutional investors and individual accredited investors (the “September 2024
15

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Private Placement”). In connection with the September 2024 Private Placement, the Company sold an aggregate of 10,352,418 shares of the Company's Common Stock, at purchase price of $22.70 per share (the closing price on September 11, 2024), for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $235,000, with offering costs of $140.
All of the Company's Section 16 officers participated in the capital raise. A total of $79,000 was raised by the Company's Co-Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), Chairman of the Board and majority stockholder, its Co-CEO and the President and member of the Company's Board of Directors (the “Board”), its Chief Operating Officer (“COO”), Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), and member of the Board, its Chief Accounting Officer (“CAO”), and a member of the Board of Directors, who invested via a controlled entity. The remaining $156,000 was raised with multiple leading biotech institutional investors. Refer to Note 12 Related Party Transactions for further details regarding related parties' participation.
On September 11, 2024, in connection with the September 2024 Purchase Agreements, the Company entered into Registration Rights Agreements with the Investors (the “September 2024 Registration Rights Agreements”). The September 2024 Registration Rights Agreements provide, among other things, that the Company will as soon as reasonably practicable file with the SEC a registration statement registering the resale of the Shares. The Company filed the registration statement on September 19, 2024, which was automatically effective upon filing.
At-the-Market Offering (ATM Offering)
On May 13, 2024, the Company entered into an at-the-market (“ATM”) sales agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) pursuant to which the Company may, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the agreement offer and sell, from time to time, through or to the agents, acting as agents or principal, shares of the Company's Common Stock, having an aggregate offering price of up to $90,000.
As of June 30, 2025, the Company sold 1,807,093 shares of common stock under the ATM Agreement at a weighted-average price of $24.47 per share, for gross proceeds of $44,223. The Company received net proceeds of $43,033, which was net of commissions and other offering costs of approximately $1,190. The remaining availability under the ATM Agreement as of June 30, 2025 was approximately $45,777. The Company plans to use the net proceeds from this offering for working capital and general corporate purposes.
Warrants
As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had outstanding and exercisable warrants of nil and 4,629,988, respectively. The outstanding warrants as of December 31, 2024 had a weighted average exercise price of $1.58. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, warrants of 1,048,834 and 4,629,988 respectively with a weighted average exercise price of $1.58 were exercised.
11. Stock-Based Compensation
The Company currently grants stock options to employees and directors under the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) and formerly, the Company granted stock options under the 2016 Long Term Incentive Plan. The 2020 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors. The 2020 Plan is intended to attract and retain employees and directors and provide an incentive for these individuals to assist the Company to achieve long-range performance goals and to enable these individuals to participate in the long-term growth of the Company.
Based on the provisions of the 2020 Plan, the number of shares available for issuance under the 2020 Plan increased by 6,400,000 shares on January 1, 2025.
On May 3, 2024, the Board adopted the 2024 Inducement Pool (the “Inducement Pool”), which mirrors the terms of the 2020 Plan, with a total of 2,000,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the Inducement Pool. Effective January 22, 2025, the number of shares of common stock available under the Inducement Pool increased by 2,000,000 shares.
16

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
The following table summarizes the Company’s stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2025.

|  | Number of Options |  | Weighted average exercise price |  | Weighted average remaining contractual term
Outstanding at December 31, 2024 * |  | 108,136,310 |  |  | $ | 2.34 |  |  | 8.6
Granted * |  | 7,575,921 |  |  | 19.06 |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (631,050) |  |  | 9.40 |  |  |
Exercised |  | (474,952) |  |  | 3.73 |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2025 |  | 114,606,229 |  |  | 3.40 |  |  | 8.2
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2025 |  | 107,743,839 |  |  | $ | 3.36 |  |  | 8.2
Exercisable at June 30, 2025 |  | 46,882,326 |  |  | $ | 2.36 |  |  | 7.8

* The stock option activity in the table above includes performance-based options outstanding as of December 31, 2024 of
48,220,320 of which 39,013,976 options were unvested and converted to time-based vesting. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the company granted 5,475,000 performance-based options which were modified to time-based vesting during the three months ended June 30, 2025.
During the second quarter of 2025, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved a modification to the Company's outstanding unvested performance-based stock option awards for certain employees and executives that will require only the service-based vesting requirements to continue to be satisfied in order to become fully vested, subject to employee consent. The Company accounted for this change as a Type III modification (improbable-to-probable) in accordance with the requirements of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718. As a result, 44,488,976 options were valued on the modification date. The Company will recognize the newly assessed measurement date fair value of the awards as compensation expense over the remaining vesting period. During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized expense of $466,641 associated with the modification. As of June 30, 2025, the unrecognized compensation cost associated with the modification was $454,609 and is expected to be expensed over a weighted-average recognition period of approximately 2.0 years.
The total stock-based compensation expense included in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss was as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | $ | 128,577 |  |  | $ | 3,513 |  |  | $ | 132,636 |  |  | $ | 5,927 |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative |  | 350,207 |  |  | 7,575 |  |  | 357,244 |  |  | 14,668 |  |  |  |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 478,784 |  |  | $ | 11,088 |  |  | $ | 489,880 |  |  | $ | 20,595 |  |  |  |  |

The following summarizes stock-based compensation expense associated with each of the Company’s stock-based compensation arrangements:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  |
Time-based stock options |  | $ | 478,553 |  |  | $ | 9,696 |  |  | $ | 489,416 |  |  | $ | 17,811 |  |  |  |  |
Performance-based stock options |  | — |  |  | 1,301 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,622 |  |  |  |  |
Employee stock purchase plan |  | 231 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 464 |  |  | 162 |  |  |  |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  | $ | 478,784 |  |  | $ | 11,088 |  |  | $ | 489,880 |  |  | $ | 20,595 |  |  |  |  |

17

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
12. Related Party Transactions
Leases
July 25, 2022 First Amendment to Sublease Agreement with Maky Zanganeh and Associates, Inc.
On July 25, 2022 the Company entered into a first amendment, dated July 19, 2022, to its existing sublease agreement with Maky Zanganeh and Associates, Inc. (“MZA”), an entity owned by Maky Zanganeh, consisting of 4,500 square feet of office space at 2882 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California. The existing sublease term, which was set to expire on September 30, 2022, was extended for a period of thirty-nine months from October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2025. The rent payable under the terms of the sublease is equivalent to the proportionate share of the net payable by MZA to the third-party landlord, based on the square footage of office space sublet by the Company, and no mark-up has been applied. The agreement was further amended to include additional space, as noted below under the August 2, 2024 Third Amendment to Sublease Agreement with Maky Zanganeh and Associates, Inc. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, payments of $207 and $414, respectively, were made pursuant to the first and third amendments to the Sublease Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, payments of $195 and $390, respectively, were made pursuant to the first amendment to the Sublease Agreement.
July 29, 2022 Second Amendment to Sublease Agreement with Maky Zanganeh and Associates, Inc.
On July 29, 2022, the Company entered into a second amendment to its existing sublease agreement with MZA, described above. The second amendment was effective as of August 1, 2022 and expires on December 31, 2025. The second amendment includes an additional 1,277 square feet of office space at 2882 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California. The rent payable under the terms of the sublease is equivalent to the proportionate share of the net payable by MZA to the third-party landlord, based on the square footage of office space sublet by the Company, and no mark-up has been applied. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, payments of $57 and $114, were made pursuant to the second amendment to the Sublease Agreement. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, payments of $55 and $110, were made pursuant to the second amendment to the Sublease Agreement.
April 1, 2024 Miami Sublease Agreements
On April 1, 2024, the Company entered into two sublease agreements of its Miami headquarters location, one with Genius 24C Inc. (“Genius”), an affiliate of the Company’s Co-CEO, Robert W. Duggan (the “Genius Sublease Agreement”) and one with Duggan Investments Research LLC (“Investments Research”), also an affiliate of the Company's Co-CEO, Robert W. Duggan (the “Investments Research Sublease Agreement”). Pursuant to the Genius Sublease Agreement, Genius sublet from the Company 848 square feet of office space in the Miami HQ for a sixty-two month term for total rental payments of approximately $446. Pursuant to the Investments Research Sublease Agreement, Investments Research sublet from the Company 848 square feet of office space in the Miami HQ for a sixty-two month term for total rental payments of approximately $446. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recognized sublease income of $46 and $94, respectively, which was recorded net of operating lease expenses. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company recognized $48 of sublease income recorded net of operating lease expense and $48 recognized in other receivables on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2024.
August 2, 2024 Third Amendment to Sublease Agreement with Maky Zanganeh and Associates, Inc.
On August 2, 2024, the Company entered into a third amendment to its existing sublease agreement with MZA. The third amendment was effective August 1, 2024 and included an additional space of 145 square feet of office space located at 2882 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California. The Company continues to be obligated to pay its proportionate share of the net payable by MZA to the third-party landlord, which is revised to 93.6% as of the effective date, based on the square footage of office space sublet by the landlord.
Promissory Note Payable to Related Parties
18

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Refer to Note 9 for disclosure of the promissory note payable to related parties issued December 6, 2022 and fully repaid as of October 1, 2024.
Akeso Agreements
Upon the closing of the License Agreement, the Board appointed Dr. Yu (Michelle) Xia to serve as a member of the Board pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement. Dr. Xia is the founder of Akeso, and has been the chairwoman, president and CEO of Akeso since its inception in 2012. Furthermore, in connection with the License Agreement, the Company also entered into a Supply Agreement with Akeso, pursuant to which Summit agreed to purchase a certain portion of drug substance for clinical and commercial supply (the “Supply Agreement”). Refer to Note 4 for details on the License Agreement and Second Amendment. In addition to the License and Second Amendment and supply agreements, the Company also entered into various clinical services agreements with Akeso. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company paid $14,000 and $18,743 to Akeso. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, the Company paid $944 and $10,125 to Akeso. As of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company included in accrued expenses, related to Akeso, $3,366 and $3,956, respectively.
Private Placements
September 2024 PIPE
On September 11, 2024, the Company's Section 16 officers participated in the “September 2024 Purchase Agreements” along with multiple leading biotech institutional investors, whereby the Company sold an aggregate of 10,352,418 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, at a price per share of $22.70, which was the closing price of the Common Stock on September 11, 2024, for an aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $235,000.
The Company’s Co-CEO and Chairman of the Board, Mr. Robert W. Duggan, purchased 3,325,991 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $75,500; Co-CEO, President and member of its Board, Dr. Mahkam Zanganeh, purchased 44,052 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $1,000; COO and CFO, Manmeet S. Soni, purchased 44,052 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $1,000, and member of the Board, Jeff Huber, through his controlled entity, Caspian Capital LLC, purchased 44,052 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $1,000. The Company sold a total of 3,458,147 shares of its Common Stock to the aforementioned Section 16 officers for an aggregate purchase price of $78,500.
The Company used some of the proceeds raised from the September 2024 Private Placement to repay $75,500 in principal on the Duggan September Note. Refer to Note 9 for additional details regarding the promissory note payable to a related party.
Warrants Exercise
In March 2025, Mr. Duggan, our Co-Chief Executive Officer, exercised 2,936,221 of the 3,985,055 warrants which he received in connection with a private placement completed by the Company with Mr. Duggan and other investors on December 24, 2019, resulting in the purchase of 2,936,221 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.58.
On April 8, 2025, Mr. Duggan completed the exercise of the remaining warrants received in the December 24, 2019 private placement, resulting in the purchase of 1,048,834 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.58.
Professional Services
During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company engaged the law firm Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati P.C. (“WSGR”), where Mr. Kenneth A. Clark, a member of the Board, is a partner. Payments to be made by the Company to WSGR were approved by the Audit Committee in accordance with its Related Party Transaction Policy. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company incurred expenses for legal services rendered by WSGR totaling approximately $0.4 million and $0.6 million, respectively.
19

Summit Therapeutics Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
13. Commitments and Contingencies
Lease Commitments
During the three months ended June 30, 2025, the Company entered into a non-cancelable sub-sublease for 36,406 square feet of office space in Palo Alto, California. As of June 30, 2025, the Company had undiscounted operating lease commitments of $22,336 that have not yet commenced. The operating lease is expected to commence during the first quarter of 2026, with a lease term of 94 months.
Other Commitments
The Company enters into contracts in the normal course of business with various third parties for clinical trials, preclinical research studies and testing, manufacturing and other services and products for operating purposes. Most contracts provide for termination upon notice, and therefore are cancellable contracts. The majority of these commitments are due within one year. There have been no material changes to the Company’s other contractual commitments that were disclosed in the Company's Annual Report.
The Company has certain commitments under its agreements with Akeso. The License Agreement also contains certain manufacturing and purchase commitments. As of June 30, 2025, the Company is unable to estimate the amount, timing or likelihood of achieving the milestones, making future product sales or assessing estimated forecasts for manufacturing and supplied materials which these contingent payment obligations relate to.
Indemnifications
The Company's certificate of incorporation provides that it will indemnify the directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with all of the directors and executive officers. These indemnification agreements may require the Company, among other things, to indemnify each such director or executive officer for some expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, and settlement amounts incurred by him or her in any action or proceeding arising out of his or her service as one of the Company’s directors or executive officers. The Company believes the fair value for these indemnification obligations is minimal. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized any liabilities relating to these obligations as of June 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024.
Legal Proceedings
Litigation Relating to the December 2022 Notes Entered into in Connection with the License Agreement
On March 17, 2025, Rainaldi Revocable Trust, a purported stockholder of the Company, filed a derivative lawsuit in the Delaware Court of Chancery against certain of the Company’s current and former directors and the Company, solely as a nominal defendant, concerning the December 2022 Notes entered into by the Company, Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh in connection with the License Agreement. The suit asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment and seeks, among other things, unspecified damages, rescission of the shares that Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh received as part of prepaid interest payments under the December 2022 Notes, as well as attorneys’ fees and costs. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint was filed on May 16, 2025 (the “Motion to Dismiss”). Plaintiff filed a motion to certify certain constitutional questions to the Delaware Supreme Court on May 29, 2025 (the “Motion to Certify”). Defendants agreed to a stipulation staying briefing on the Motion to Certify and the Motion to Dismiss pending the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision in another case involving substantially the same constitutional questions. On June 18, 2025, the Court granted such stipulation. Defendants believe that Plaintiff’s allegations are without merit and plan to vigorously defend against its claims.
20

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included herein and our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in our Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this filing, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements relating to historical matters including statements to the effect that we “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “target,” “intend” and similar expressions should be considered forward-looking statements. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the risks identified in the “Risk Factors’’ section of our other filings with the SEC, our actual results could differ materially from the results, performance or achievements expressed in or implied by these forward-looking statements.
Company Overview
Summit Therapeutics Inc. (“we”, “Summit” or the “Company”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery, development, and commercialization of patient-, physician-, caregiver- and societal-friendly medicinal therapies intended to improve quality of life, increase potential duration of life, and resolve serious unmet medical needs. The Company’s pipeline of product candidates is designed with the goal to become the patient-friendly, new-era standard-of-care medicines, in the therapeutic area of oncology.
The Company’s current lead development candidate is ivonescimab, a novel, potential first-in-class bispecific antibody intending to combine the effects of immunotherapy via a blockade of PD-1 with the anti-angiogenesis effects of an anti-VEGF compound into a single molecule. On December 5, 2022, the Company entered into the License Agreement with Akeso pursuant to which the Company has in-licensed intellectual property rights related to ivonescimab. Through the License Agreement, the Company obtained the rights to develop and commercialize ivonescimab in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan. The License Agreement and transaction closed in January 2023 following customary waiting periods. On June 3, 2024, the Company entered into the Second Amendment with Akeso to expand its territories covered under the License Agreement to also include Latin America, including Mexico and all countries in Central America and South America, the Middle East and Africa. The Company’s operations are focused on the development of ivonescimab and other future activities, as the Company determines.
The Company has begun its development for ivonescimab in non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”), specifically conducting Phase III clinical trials in the following proposed indications:
(a) ivonescimab combined with chemotherapy in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (“EGFR”)-mutated, locally advanced or metastatic non-squamous NSCLC who have progressed after treatment with a third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (“TKI”) (“HARMONi”); and
(b) ivonescimab combined with chemotherapy in first-line metastatic NSCLC patients (“HARMONi-3”).
(c) ivonescimab monotherapy in first-line metastatic NSCLC patients with high PD-L1 expression (“HARMONi-7”).
In October 2024, the Company completed enrollment in its HARMONi clinical trial. In May 2025, we announced topline results from our multiregional, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, Phase III study HARMONi. At the prespecified primary data analysis, ivonescimab in combination with chemotherapy demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in progression-free survival (PFS), with a hazard ratio of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.41 – 0.66; p<0.00001). PFS was measured by blinded independent central radiology review committee (BICR) compared to placebo in combination with chemotherapy.
A clinically meaningful hazard ratio was observed in both Asia and ex-Asia sub-populations. The primary analysis demonstrated the consistency of the magnitude of the PFS benefit between patients randomized in Asia and ex-Asia, as well as the consistency in a single-region study (HARMONi-A) with this multiregional study. Ivonescimab in combination with chemotherapy showed a positive trend in overall survival (OS) in the primary analysis without achieving a statistically significant benefit with a hazard ratio of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62 – 1.01; p=0.057). This trend provides further support for its use in 2L+ EGFRm NSCLC, a setting where high unmet need continues to exist with limited approved options in the United States and other western territories. Currently there are no current FDA-approved regimens that have demonstrated a statistically significant overall survival benefit in this patient setting. Both Asian and North American patients demonstrated a positive trend in overall survival. The results of the
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primary analysis in this multiregional study were consistent with that of the single-region HARMONi-A study, which demonstrated an overall survival hazard ratio of 0.80 at 52% data maturity in a similar patient population.
The safety profile of ivonescimab in combination with chemotherapy was acceptable and manageable in the context of the observed clinical benefit. Based on the results of the HARMONi clinical trial, Summit, at present time, intends to file a Biologics License Application (BLA) in order to seek approval for ivonescimab plus chemotherapy in this setting. Based on discussions with the United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA), under our determination and subject to our review, Summit will consider the timing of the filing of this BLA.
A more complete data presentation from HARMONi is intended to be shared at a future major medical conference.
Akeso Collaboration and License Agreement
Pursuant to the License Agreement with Akeso, the Company received the rights to develop and commercialize ivonescimab in the Licensed Territory. Akeso will retain development and commercialization rights for the rest of the world excluding the Licensed Territory. In exchange for these rights, Summit made an upfront payment during the first quarter of 2023 comprised of $474.9 million cash and the issuance of 10 million shares of Company common stock in lieu of $25.1 million cash pursuant to a share transfer agreement. Furthermore, on June 3, 2024, the Company entered into an amendment to the License Agreement with Akeso to expand its territories covered under the License Agreement to also include the Latin America, Middle East and Africa regions for which Summit paid an upfront payment of $15.0 million cash in the third quarter of 2024. In addition, the Company may also pay Akeso (a) milestone payments tied to achievement of regulatory approval of ivonescimab with various regulatory authorities in the Licensed Territory, (b) milestone payments tied to achievement of annual revenue from ivonescimab in the Licensed Territory and (c) royalty payments equal to low-double-digit percentage of annual revenues from ivonescimab in the Licensed Territory. In connection with the License Agreement, the Company agreed to purchase a certain portion of drug substance and/or drug product for clinical and commercial supply and to enter into a supply agreement with Akeso.
Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, Summit has final decision-making authority with respect to commercial strategy, pricing and reimbursement and other commercialization matters in the Licensed Territory.
Summit has not assumed any liabilities (including contingent liabilities), nor acquired any physical assets or trade names, or hired or acquired any employees from Akeso in connection with the License Agreement.
Ivonescimab
Ivonescimab is a novel potential first-in-class PD-1 / VEGF bispecific antibody, believed to be the most advanced in clinical development in the Licensed Territory. Engineered with Akeso’s unique Tetrabody technology, ivonescimab, as a single molecule, blocks programmed cell death protein 1 (“PD-1”) from binding to PD-L1 and PD-L2, and blocks vascular endothelial growth factor (“VEGF”) from binding to VEGF receptors. Ivonescimab is designed to potentially allow cooperative binding of the intended targets, such that the binding of PD-1 increases the binding affinity of VEGF. In view of the co-expression of VEGF and PD-1 in the tumor micro-environment (“TME”), ivonescimab may block these two pathways more effectively and enhance the antitumor activity, as compared to combination therapy through what is believed to be a unique cooperative binding mechanism.
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This could differentiate ivonescimab as there is potentially higher expression (presence) of both PD-1 and VEGF in tumor tissue and the TME as compared to normal tissue in the body. As shown in Akeso’s in-vitro studies, ivonescimab’s tetravalent structure (four binding sites) enables higher avidity (accumulated strength of multiple binding interactions) in the TME with over 10 fold increased binding affinity to PD-1 in the presence of VEGF in vitro. This tetravalent structure, the intentional novel design of the molecule, and bringing these two targets into a single bispecific antibody with cooperative binding qualities has the potential to direct ivonescimab to the tumor tissue versus healthy tissue. The intent of this design is to improve upon previously established efficacy thresholds, in addition to side effects and safety profiles associated with these targets.
Ivonescimab is currently being developed by both Akeso and the Company in multiple Phase III clinical trials. There are also multiple early-phase trials being conducted in multiple solid tumors. Ivonescimab has been dosed in more than 2,800 patients globally.
Akeso-Sponsored Ivonescimab Trials
Akeso is currently developing ivonescimab in NSCLC and other solid tumor settings. Ivonescimab is currently approved in China in combination with chemotherapy for patients with EGFR-mutated NSCLC whose tumors have progressed following an EGFR-TKI based on the results of the HARMONi-A clinical trial that was first announced and presented in 2024. In addition, a supplemental application was submitted in China by Akeso for ivonescimab as monotherapy based on the results of the HARMONi-2 study in first-line, PD-L1 positive NSCLC, and was approved by the National Medical Products Administration (“NMPA”) in April 2025 for this indication as well. Also in April 2025, Akeso announced positive results for the HARMONi-6 study in first-line squamous NSCLC. Further details related to these three trials, in addition to other Phase II clinical data presented during 2024, are described further below. Akeso is currently conducting Phase III clinical trials in combination with chemotherapy in first-line biliary tract cancer (“HARMONi-GI1”), in first-line advanced PD-L1 low or negative triple-negative breast cancer (“HARMONi-BC1”), in first-line advanced microsatellite stable colorectal cancer (“HARMONi-GI3”) and in NSCLC for patients whose tumors have progressed following PD-(L)1 inhibitor based therapy (“HARMONi-8A”), as well as in combination with ligufalimab, a proprietary Akeso-owned investigational CD-47 monoclonal antibody, in first-line recurrent / metastatic PD-L1 positive head-and-neck cancer (“HARMONi-HN1”) and in combination with ligufalimab plus chemotherapy in first-line advanced pancreatic cancer (“HARMONi-GI2”).
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HARMONi-A
Based on data published by Akeso at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (“ASCO 2024”) and in a publication in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in the HARMONi-A study, in a single-region (China), randomized, double-blinded Phase III study in patients with NSCLC who have progressed following an EGFR-TKI, ivonescimab achieved its primary endpoint of PFS when combined with doublet chemotherapy (pemetrexed and carboplatin). Patients experienced a 54% reduction in disease progression or death as compared to placebo plus doublet-chemotherapy (HR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.34 - 0.62; p<0.001). In a pre-specified subgroup analysis of patients who received a previous third-generation TKI, a hazard ratio of 0.48 was observed. A median Overall Survival (“mOS”) in this study of 17.1 months was observed, reflecting a 20% reduction in death as compared to placebo plus chemotherapy in the study (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.59 - 1.08). The Phase III study was considered to have demonstrated a tolerable safety profile and a low discontinuation rate for adverse events.
HARMONi-2
After announcing positive qualitative results for the HARMONi-2 trial, also referred to as AK112-303, a randomized, single-region (China) Phase III study sponsored by Akeso, on May 30, 2024, the Company announced, on September 8, 2024, quantitative data from the primary analysis of the Phase III HARMONi-2 trial featuring ivonescimab that was presented as part of the Presidential Symposium at the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer’s (“IASLC”) 2024 World Conference on Lung Cancer (“WCLC 2024”). The HARMONi-2 presentation evaluated monotherapy ivonescimab compared to monotherapy pembrolizumab in patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC whose tumors have positive PD-L1 expression. HARMONi-2 is a single region, multi-center, double-blinded Phase III study conducted in China sponsored by Akeso, with all relevant data exclusively generated, managed, and analyzed by Akeso.
In the HARMONi-2 primary analysis, ivonescimab monotherapy demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in the trial’s primary endpoint, PFS by Independent Radiologic Review Committee (IRRC), when compared to monotherapy pembrolizumab, achieving a hazard ratio of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.69; p<0.0001). A clinically meaningful benefit was demonstrated across clinical subgroups, including patients with tumors with high PD-L1 expression. Overall survival (“OS”) data was not yet mature at the time of the data cutoff of the primary analysis.
Ivonescimab demonstrated an acceptable and manageable safety profile, which was consistent with previous studies. There were three patients (1.5%) who discontinued ivonescimab due to treatment-related adverse events (“TRAEs") compared to six patients (3.0%) who discontinued pembrolizumab due to TRAEs. There was one patient in the ivonescimab arm and two patients in the pembrolizumab arm who died as a result of TRAEs in this Phase III study.
On April 25, 2025, Akeso announced that ivonescimab was approved in China by the NMPA, the Chinese Health Authority, for a second indication based on the results of the HARMONi-2 trial. As a part of the review of the supplemental marketing application submitted by Akeso seeking a label expansion of ivonescimab in China, the NMPA requested that Akeso perform an interim analysis of OS. Akeso announced that the results of this interim overall survival analysis included a clinically meaningful hazard ratio of 0.777. The analysis was conducted at 39% data maturity, with a nominal alpha level of 0.0001.
HARMONi-6
On April 23, 2025, Akeso announced that ivonescimab administered in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy resulted in a statistically significant improvement in PFS when compared to tislelizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor) combined with platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated advanced NSCLC irrespective of PD-L1 expression. These results were generated from the HARMONi-6 study, also referred to as AK112-306, a randomized, single-region (China) Phase III study. Akeso has announced that it intends to release the results from this study at an upcoming medical conference later in the year. This study was sponsored by Akeso, with all relevant data exclusively generated, managed, and analyzed by Akeso.
Additional Phase II Data Sets
In addition to the HARMONi-2 data announced at WCLC 2024, Akeso also announced Phase II trial results from AK112-205, for patients with Stage II or III resectable NSCLC. Further, the Company announced data for ivonescimab was presented as a part of the 2024 European Society for Medical Oncology Annual Meeting (“ESMO 2024”) featuring updated Phase II ivonescimab data in advanced triple-negative breast cancer (“TNBC”), recurrent / metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (“HNSCC”), and metastatic microsatellite-stable (“MSS”) colorectal cancer (“CRC”). At ASCO 2024, Akeso presented ivonescimab Phase II data in biliary-tract cancer (“BTC”). Earlier, at the 2024 European Lung Cancer Conference (“ELCC 2024”), Akeso announced updated data from AK112-201 (Cohort 1), a Phase II study for patients with first-line advanced NSCLC. Each trial from which
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the data was generated was a multi-center Phase II study conducted in China sponsored by Akeso, with data generated and analyzed by Akeso.
Product Pipeline
Summit Sponsored Ivonescimab Trials
Ivonescimab is currently being investigated in global Phase III clinical trials. Phase I and II trials were completed by or are ongoing with our partner Akeso. This pipeline reflects Phase III clinical trials that have been or are planned to be initiated by Summit in its Licensed Territory.
HARMONi study (NCT05184712) is a Phase III, multi-regional, potentially registration-enabling clinical trial, which enrolled patients in North America, Europe, and China. Patients enrolled in China were also enrolled as a part of the HARMONi-A study. We completed enrollment of patients in North America and Europe in October 2024. The two primary endpoints for this study are PFS and OS, and the study compares ivonescimab plus platinum-based doublet chemotherapy versus placebo plus platinum-based doublet chemotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated NSCLC whose tumors have progressed following treatment with a third generation EGFR-TKI.
In May 2025, we announced topline results from our multiregional, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, Phase III study HARMONi. At the prespecified primary data analysis, ivonescimab in combination with chemotherapy demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in progression-free survival (PFS), with a hazard ratio of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.41 – 0.66; p<0.00001). PFS was measured by blinded independent central radiology review committee (BICR) compared to placebo in combination with chemotherapy.
A clinically meaningful hazard ratio was observed in both Asia and ex-Asia sub-populations. The primary analysis demonstrated the consistency of the magnitude of the PFS benefit between patients randomized in Asia and ex-Asia, as well as the consistency in a single-region study (HARMONi-A) with this multiregional study. Ivonescimab in combination with chemotherapy showed a positive trend in overall survival (OS) in the primary analysis without achieving a statistically significant benefit with a hazard ratio of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62 – 1.01; p=0.057). This trend provides further support for its use in 2L+ EGFRm NSCLC, a setting where high unmet need continues to exist with limited approved options in the United States and other western territories. Currently there are no current FDA-approved regimens that have demonstrated a statistically significant overall survival benefit in this patient setting. Both Asian and North American patients demonstrated a positive trend in overall survival. The results of the primary analysis in this multiregional study were consistent with that of the single-region HARMONi-A study, which demonstrated an overall survival hazard ratio of 0.80 at 52% data maturity in a similar patient population.
The safety profile of ivonescimab in combination with chemotherapy was acceptable and manageable in the context of the observed clinical benefit. Based on the results of the HARMONi clinical trial, Summit, at present time, intends to file a Biologics License Application (BLA) in order to seek approval for ivonescimab plus chemotherapy in this setting. Based on discussions with the United States Food & Drug Administration (FDA), under our determination and subject to our review, Summit will consider the timing of the filing of this BLA.
A more complete data presentation from HARMONi is intended to be shared at a future major medical conference.
HARMONi-3 study (NCT05899608) is a Phase III, multi-regional, potentially registration-enabling clinical trial for which we initiated activating sites in North America and China during the fourth quarter of 2023 and later in Europe in 2024. The two primary endpoints for this study are PFS and OS, and the study compares ivonescimab plus platinum-based doublet chemotherapy versus pembrolizumab plus platinum-based doublet chemotherapy in first-line patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC and non-squamous NSCLC. Enrollment is ongoing in all regions for patients with squamous tumors; the protocol amendment is
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effective and enrollment has begun in United States in the fourth quarter of 2024 for patients with non-squamous tumors. The Company plans to enroll an estimated 1,080 patients.
Based on the results of HARMONi-2, the Company is enrolling in the HARMONi-7 study (NCT06767514). HARMONi-7 is a multi-regional, potentially registration-enabling Phase III clinical trial that will compare ivonescimab monotherapy to pembrolizumab monotherapy in patients with metastatic squamous and non-squamous NSCLC whose tumors have high PD-L1 expression. The sample size for this study is currently planned to have an estimated 780 patients with two primary endpoints, PFS and OS.
Summit is conducting its current clinical trials, and plans to design and conduct additional clinical trial activities for ivonescimab within its Licensed Territory, to support and submit relevant regulatory filings. We intend to explore further clinical development of ivonescimab in solid tumor settings outside of metastatic NSCLC, our current area of focus in its Phase III clinical trials.
In the fourth quarter of 2023, we began collaborating with multiple institutions globally and opened our investigator- sponsored trials program across several disease areas. We continued to expand this program in 2024 in order to discover additional opportunities for ivonescimab, including in several tumors outside of our current development plan.
We plan to review the data generated from these clinical trials as a part of our consideration for advancing our clinical development pipeline for ivonescimab in the Licensed Territory.
Results of Operations
Amounts reported in millions within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are computed based on the amounts in thousands, and therefore, the sum of components may not equal the total amount reported in millions due to rounding.
The following table sets forth our results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
(in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | $ | 208.0 |  |  | $ | 30.8 |  |  | $ | 177.2 |  |  | $ | 259.3 |  |  | $ | 61.7 |  |  | $ | 197.6 |
Acquired in-process research and development |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | (15.0) |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | (15.0) |
General and administrative |  | 360.4 |  |  | 13.8 |  |  | 346.6 |  |  | 376.0 |  |  | 25.3 |  |  | 350.7 |
Total operating expenses |  | 568.4 |  |  | 59.6 |  |  | 508.8 |  |  | 635.3 |  |  | 102.0 |  |  | 533.3 |
Other income, net |  | 2.7 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 2.4 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | — |  |  | (6.2) |  |  | 6.2 |
Net loss |  | $ | (565.7) |  |  | $ | (60.4) |  |  | $ | (505.3) |  |  | $ | (628.6) |  |  | $ | (103.9) |  |  | $ | 524.7 |

Operating Expenses
Research and Development expenses
The table below summarizes our research and development expenses by category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
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|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
(in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change
Oncology |  | $ | 67.8 |  |  | $ | 20.0 |  |  | $ | 47.8 |  |  | $ | 104.2 |  |  | $ | 41.9 |  |  | $ | 62.3 |
Acquired in-process research and development |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | (15.0) |  |  | — |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | (15.0) |
Compensation related costs, excluding stock-based compensation |  | 11.6 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 22.4 |  |  | 13.9 |  |  | 8.5 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 128.6 |  |  | 3.5 |  |  | 125.1 |  |  | 132.7 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | 126.8 |
Total |  | $ | 208.0 |  |  | $ | 45.8 |  |  | $ | 162.2 |  |  | $ | 259.3 |  |  | $ | 76.7 |  |  | $ | 182.6 |

The entry into the License Agreement represents a significant change in our strategy from anti-infectives to the therapeutic area of oncology. We invested our resources in the clinical development of ivonescimab in the periods presented.
Oncology clinical trial related costs represent our investment in the clinical development of ivonescimab, known as SMT112 in the Licensed Territory.
Research and development expenses increased by $162.2 million and $182.6 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in the prior year. This increase was primarily due to the increase in stock-based compensation expense of approximately $123.7 million as a result of the modification of our outstanding unvested performance-based stock option awards issued under our 2020 Stock Incentive Plan which removed the performance-based vesting criteria from these awards. Following this modification, the option awards are subject only to time-based vesting conditions. In addition, our continued investment in oncology expenses for ivonescimab, known as SMT112 in our Licensed Territory, resulting in an increase of $47.8 million and $62.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, and an increase in compensation related costs of $4.3 million and $8.5 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 to support the clinical development of ivonescimab as we continue to hire additional clinical resources in the oncology field. We expect oncology-related research and development costs to continue to increase as we progress with the development of ivonescimab.
In June 2024, we entered into a second amendment (the “Second Amendment”) to the License Agreement with Akeso to expand our licensed territories to include Latin America, Middle East and Africa regions. Considered an extension of the original License Agreement, we agreed to make an upfront payment to Akeso in the amount of $15.0 million for these expanded territories which we paid in the third quarter of 2024. This was recorded in our unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss as acquired in process research and development expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024, respectively.
General and Administrative Expenses
The table below summarizes our general and administrative expenses by category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
(in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change
Compensation related costs, excluding stock-based compensation |  | $ | 5.2 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 10.2 |  |  | $ | 6.0 |  |  | $ | 4.2 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 350.2 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 342.6 |  |  | 357.2 |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 342.5 |
Legal fees and professional services |  | 3.2 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 2.9 |
Other general and administrative expenses |  | 1.8 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 1.1 |
Total |  | $ | 360.4 |  |  | $ | 13.8 |  |  | $ | 346.6 |  |  | $ | 376.0 |  |  | $ | 25.3 |  |  | $ | 350.7 |

General and administrative expenses increased by $346.6 million and $350.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to the increase in stock-based
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compensation expense of approximately $342.9 million as a result of the modification of our outstanding unvested performance-based stock option awards issued under our 2020 Stock Incentive Plan which removed the performance-based vesting criteria from these awards. Following this modification, the option awards are subject only to time-based vesting conditions. In addition, compensation related costs, excluding stock-based compensation, increased by $1.7 million and $4.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively compared to the same periods in the prior year as the Company is focused on building its executive management team, and legal fees and professional services increased by $1.0 million and $2.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year to continue supporting the development of ivonescimab. We expect general and administrative expenses to continue to increase as we scale our infrastructure and management to support development of ivonescimab.
Other Income, net
The table below summarizes our other income by category for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |
(in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | $ Change
Foreign currency losses |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | (0.2) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | — |
Investment income |  | 3.0 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 2.4 |
Other expense |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other income, net |  | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |  |  | $ | 2.4 |

Other income increased by $0.4 million and $2.4 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively, compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to an increase of $0.4 million and $2.4 million in interest income due to the higher short-term investments balance in the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, respectively.
Interest Expense
Interest expense decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2025 compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to the repayment in full of the promissory note in October 2024.
Liquidity, Capital Resources and Going Concern
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2025, we incurred a net loss of $565.7 million and $628.6 million and cash flows used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $127.9 million. As of June 30, 2025, we had an accumulated deficit of $1,843.2 million, and cash and cash equivalents of $297.9 million. We expect to continue to generate operating losses for the foreseeable future.
Going Concern
Our cash and cash equivalents are not sufficient to fund our planned operations for a period of at least one year from the date these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.
Until we can generate substantial revenue and achieve profitability, we will need to raise additional capital to fund our ongoing operations and capital needs. We continue to evaluate options to further finance our operating cash needs for our product candidates through a combination of some, or all, of the following: equity and debt offerings, collaborations, strategic alliances, grants and clinical trial support from government entities, philanthropic, non-government and not-for-profit organizations, and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. There is no assurance, however, that additional financing will be available when needed or that we will be able to obtain financing on terms acceptable to us. If we are unable to obtain funding when required in the future, we could be required to delay or reduce research and development programs, product portfolio expansion, or future commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect our business prospects. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
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Sources of Liquidity
To date, we have financed our operations primarily through issuances of our common stock, including our most recent private placement issued in September 2024 for gross proceeds of $235.0 million and the raise of $44.2 million gross proceeds from our ATM Agreement during 2024, issuance of debt, and receipt of payments to us under license, and collaboration arrangements.
We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including clinical trials. We have not completed the development of any drugs. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for at least the next few years. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, due to the nature and timing of our research and development activities. We expect that our research and development and general and administrative expenses will continue to be significant in connection with our ongoing research and development efforts. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates in the United States or other jurisdictions where we retain commercial rights, and if we choose to retain those rights, we would expect to incur significant sales, marketing, distribution and outsourced manufacturing expenses, as well as ongoing research and development expenses. In addition, our expenses will increase if and as we:
•invest in clinical development of ivonescimab in our Licensed Territory;
•conduct research and continue development of additional product candidates;
•maintain and augment our intellectual property portfolio and opportunistically acquire complimentary intellectual property;
•seek further regulatory advancement for ivonescimab;
•invest in our manufacturing capabilities for ivonescimab and any other products for which we may obtain regulatory approval;
•seek marketing approvals for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical development;
•ultimately establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure in jurisdictions where we have retained commercialization rights and scale up external manufacturing capabilities to commercialize any product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;
•perform our obligations under our collaboration agreements;
•pursue business development opportunities, including investing in other businesses, products and technologies;
•experience any delays or encounter any issues with any of the above, including but not limited to failed studies, complex results, safety issues or other regulatory challenges
•hire additional clinical, regulatory, scientific and administrative personnel;
•expand our physical presence;
•add operational, financial and management information systems and personnel, including personnel to support our product development and planned future commercialization efforts; and
•borrow capital to fund our resources and have to pay interest expenses on such borrowings.
From time to time, we may raise additional equity or debt capital through both registered offerings off of a shelf registration, including ATM offerings, and private offerings of securities. On February 20, 2024, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which the SEC declared effective on February 27, 2024. Through our shelf registration statement we may, from time to time, sell up to an aggregate of $450 million of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depository shares, warrants, subscription rights, purchase contracts, or units. Of the $450 million of liquidity available to us under this shelf registration statement, on May 13, 2024, we had established an ATM offering program with J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as sales agent, in the amount of up to $90.0 million, of which $45.8 million remains available for sale as of June 30, 2025.
In addition to the payments already made to Akeso under the License Agreement and Second Amendment, there are additional potential milestone payments of $4.56 billion, as Akeso will be eligible to receive regulatory milestones of up to $1.05 billion and commercial milestones of up to $3.51 billion. In addition, Akeso will be eligible to receive low double-digit royalties on net sales. Until we can generate substantial revenue and achieve profitability, we will need to raise additional capital to fund ongoing operations and capital needs, including the payment of the milestone payments referenced above.
We have based the foregoing estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. This estimate assumes, among other things, that we do not obtain any additional funding through grants and clinical trial support or through new collaboration arrangements. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:
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•the costs, timing and outcome of clinical trials required for clinical development of ivonescimab;
•the number and development requirements of other future product candidates that we pursue;
•the costs, timing and outcome of regulatory review of ivonescimab and/or our other product candidates we develop;
•the costs and timing of commercialization activities, including product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing, for any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval;
•the extent to which we become liable for milestone payments under the License Agreement and Second Amendment for ivonescimab;
•subject to receipt of marketing approval, revenue received from commercial sales of any product candidates;
•the costs and timing of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications, maintaining and protecting our intellectual property rights and defending against any intellectual property-related claims;
•our ability to establish and maintain collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of such arrangements;
•the extent to which we acquire or invest in other businesses, products and technologies;
•the rate of the expansion of our physical presence; and
•the extent to which we change our physical presence.
We will need to seek additional funding in the future to fund operations. Additional capital, when needed, may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing stockholders. Additional debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends or other distributions. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. As of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, additional capital has not been secured.
If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves, which could materially adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition and our ability to continue operations.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in millions) |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Net cash used in operating activities |  | $ | (127.9) |  |  | $ | (63.1) |  |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | $ | 310.9 |  |  | $ | (180.2) |  |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | 200.7 |  |

Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $127.9 million and primarily consisted of a net loss of $628.6 million and a $15.2 million net change in working capital, partially offset by non-cash charges of $485.5 million. The non-cash charges primarily consisted of $489.9 million of stock-based compensation driven by the modification to outstanding performance-based stock option awards which removed the performance-based vesting criteria, partially offset by $4.0 million relating to amortization of the discount on short-term investments in U.S. Treasury securities. The net change in working capital was primarily due to a $18.3 million increase in accounts payable and a $6.5 million increase in accrued liabilities, partially offset by a $5.4 million decrease in accrued compensation and a $3.7 million increase in other assets.
Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $63.1 million and was due to a net loss of $103.9 million, which included non-cash charges of $33.5 million and a net change in working capital of $7.2 million. The non-cash charges primarily consisted of $20.6 million of stock-based compensation, $15.0 million in accrued acquired in-process research and development for the upfront payment to Akeso for the Second Amendment signed in June 2024 with expected payment in the third quarter of 2024, partially offset by $2.0 million for amortization of the discount on short-term investments. The net change
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in working capital was primarily due to an increase of $3.7 million in accrued liabilities, which represents the interest on the current promissory notes payable, an increase of $0.7 million in accounts payable, a decrease of $2.4 million in other assets, and a decrease of $1.0 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets, partially offset by a decrease of $0.6 million in accrued compensation.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2025 was $310.9 million and was primarily due to $311.3 million received from maturities of short-term investments in U.S. Treasury securities.
Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 was $180.2 million and was primarily due to $182.9 million received from the maturity, redemption and sale of short term investments in U.S. Treasury securities, offset by $363.0 million related to the purchase of short-term investments.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $9.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, and was due to $7.3 million of proceeds received related to the exercise of warrants and $2.6 million of proceeds received related to employee stock awards and purchase plans.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $200.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024, and primarily consisted of proceeds from a $200.0 million private placement of 22,222,222 shares of our common stock, par value $0.01 per share, at purchase price of $9.00 per share, and proceeds received of $0.6 million related to employee stock awards.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to research and development expenses, stock-based compensation and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
Our significant accounting policies are described in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and in Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates in our Annual Report. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates that were disclosed in our Annual Report.
Except as set forth in Note 13, Commitments and Contingencies, to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, there have been no material changes from the contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2024 previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2025.
We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined in the rules and regulations of the SEC.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
For a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Our primary exposures to market risk are liquidity risk and foreign currency risk.
Liquidity Risk
We have funded our operations since inception primarily through the issuance of equity and debt securities. We have also received funding from our license and collaboration arrangements. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of public or private equity or debt financings or other sources. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Our inability to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
Foreign currency exchange rate risk refers to the risk that the value of a financial commitment or recognized asset or liability will fluctuate due to changes in foreign currency rates. Our net loss and financial position, as expressed in U.S. dollars, are exposed to movements in foreign exchange rates against the pound sterling and the euro. The main trading currencies are the pound sterling, the U.S. dollar, Japanese Yen, and the euro. We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk as a result of entering into operating transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of our subsidiaries, particularly in relation to our monetary assets and liabilities relating to intercompany transactions, supplier liabilities and the translation of foreign cash balances. Operating transaction foreign currency gains and losses are included in the determination of net loss in our statements of operations and comprehensive loss. We monitor our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk. Exposures are generally managed through natural hedging via the currency denomination of cash balances and any impact currently is not material to us.
Interest Rate Risk
We hold our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments for working capital purposes. Some of the securities we invest in are subject to market risk. This means that a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the principal amount of such investments to fluctuate. To minimize this risk, we maintain our portfolio of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments which are invested in a variety of short term securities, including money market funds and investments in U.S. treasury securities. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, we believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our investment portfolio as a result of changes in interest rates. Declines in interest rates, however, would reduce future interest income. The effect of a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in overall interest rates would not have had a material impact on our operating results or the total fair value of our portfolio.
Credit Risk
We consider all of our material counterparties to be creditworthy. We consider the credit risk for each of our counterparties to be low and do not have a significant concentration of credit risk at any of our counterparties. We have $1.4 million of research and development tax credits outstanding at June 30, 2025. Given that these receivables relate to the United Kingdom research and development tax credit cash rebate regimes and given our history of collection, it is highly unlikely that these amounts will not be collected.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
We have performed out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures under the supervision and the participation of the Company’s management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers (our Principal Executive Officers) and our Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer (our Principal Financial Officer). The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive
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and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of disclosure controls and procedures, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of the controls and procedures. Accordingly, even effective disclosure controls and procedures can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives. Based upon our evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2025, our Co-Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board and our Co-Chief Executive Officer, President and Director (our Principal Executive Officers), and our Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Director (our Principal Financial Officer) concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable level of assurance.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a‑15(f) and 15d‑15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended June 30, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. Except as described below, we are not aware of any legal proceedings arising outside the ordinary course of business.
Litigation Relating to the December 2022 Notes Entered into in Connection with the License Agreement
On March 17, 2025, Rainaldi Revocable Trust, a purported stockholder of the Company, filed a derivative lawsuit in the Delaware Court of Chancery against certain of the Company’s current and former directors and the Company, solely as a nominal defendant, concerning the December 2022 Notes entered into by the Company, Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh in connection with the License Agreement. The suit asserts claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment and seeks, among other things, unspecified damages, rescission of the shares that Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh received as part of prepaid interest payments under the December 2022 Notes, as well as attorneys’ fees and costs.
Pursuant to the December 2022 Notes, the Company obtained $520 million in bridge financing through three unsecured promissory notes: (1) a $400 million note issued to Mr. Duggan due on February 15, 2023; (2) a $20 million note issued to Dr. Zanganeh due on February 15, 2023; and (3) a $100 million note issued to Mr. Duggan due on September 15, 2023 (the “$100 Million Note”). The notes had an interest rate of 7.5% through February 15, 2023, with prepaid interest through that date paid in shares valued at $0.7913 per share. For periods after February 15, 2023, interest would accrue at the U.S. prime interest rate plus 50 basis points for three months, and thereafter at the U.S. prime rate plus 300 basis points. The notes contained no warrant coverage and no security interests. The Company announced the 2023 Rights Offering on December 6, 2022, which ran from February 7 through March 1, 2023. The 2023 Rights Offering was fully subscribed, with stockholders purchasing 476,190,471 shares of the Company’s common stock at $1.05 per share, raising $500 million in gross proceeds. Mr. Duggan and Dr. Zanganeh fully subscribed to their basic subscription rights, with Mr. Duggan participating by purchasing 376,489,880 shares for approximately $395.31 million. Following the Company’s fully subscribed $500 million 2023 Rights Offering, Dr. Zanganeh’s $20 million note was repaid on February 15, 2023, and Mr. Duggan's $400 million note was repaid. In the interest of minimizing stockholders dilution, the $100 Million Note was extended, and eventually the $75.5 million repayment was funded through the proceeds of the September 2024 Private Placement in which Mr. Duggan purchased 3,325,991 shares for an aggregate purchase price of $75.5 million as a participant in the September 2024 Private Placement at a purchase price of $22.70 per share, and the remaining $24.5 million was repaid in full on October 1, 2024, along with $7.3 million in accrued interest. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint was filed on May 16, 2025 (the “Motion to Dismiss”). Plaintiff filed a motion to certify certain constitutional questions to the Delaware Supreme Court on May 29, 2025 (the “Motion to Certify”). Defendants agreed to a stipulation staying briefing on the Motion to Certify and the Motion to Dismiss pending the Delaware Supreme Court’s decision in another case involving substantially the same constitutional questions. On June 18, 2025, the Court granted such stipulation.
European Patent Opposition
On June 18, 2025, an unknown third party filed a notice of opposition against the Company’s in-licensed EP3882275B1 patent (the “275 patent”) in the European Opposition Division of the European Patent Office (“EPO”). The 275 patent covers Ivonescimab. The notice primarily asserts that the 275 patent lacks inventive step. The Company contests these assertions and intends to work with its collaboration partner, Akeso, to timely file a response before the European Opposition Division of the EPO.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
An investment in our common stock or other securities involves a number of risks. In addition to other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, you should carefully consider each of the risks described in our Annual Report, which Annual Report includes a detailed discussion of the Company’s risk factors. If any of the risks described therein or other uncertainties currently unknown to us, or that we currently deem to be immaterial, develop into actual events, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be negatively affected, the market price of our common stock or other securities could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.
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We do not currently have sufficient working capital to fund our planned operations for the next twelve months. There is uncertainty regarding our ability to raise additional capital and as such, there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.
Our unaudited financial statements have been prepared under the assumption that we would continue as a going concern. However, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern, because without additional sources of funding, our cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2025 is not sufficient for us to fund our working capital needs for the next twelve months after the date that the unaudited financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are issued. Management’s plans concerning these matters, including raising additional capital, are described in Part I - Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation - Liquidity and Capital Resources – Sources of Liquidity of our unaudited financial statements included within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We continue to evaluate options to further finance our operating cash needs for our product candidates through a combination of some, or all, of the following: equity and debt offerings, collaborations, strategic alliances, grants and clinical trial support from government entities, philanthropic, non-government and not-for-profit organizations, and marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain any or sufficient additional funding or that such funding, if available, will be obtainable on terms satisfactory to us. If we are unable to raise capital in the near term or on attractive terms, we could be forced to delay or reduce our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts, or even curtail or cease operations.
There have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A of our Annual Report other than disclosed above.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
There were no unregistered sales of equity securities sold during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that were not previously included in a Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
None.
Item 5. Other Information.
10b5-1 Trading Plans.
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits.
Exhibit Index

Exhibit No. | Description |  |
3.1 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36866), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 18, 2020) |  |
3.2 | Amended and Restated Bylaws (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-36866), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 18, 2020) |  |
3.3 | Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Summit Therapeutics Inc., as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on July 27, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K filed by the Company on July 29, 2022, File No. 001-36866) |  |
3.4 | Amendment No. 2 to Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated January 19, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 5.1 of Form 8-K filed by the Company on January 20, 2023, File No. 001-36866) |  |
10.1*† | S ub-Sublease Agreement, dated June 2, 2025, by and between Summit Therapeutics Inc. and Ascendis Pharma, Inc. |  |
31.1* | Certification of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Robert W. Duggan, pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |
31.2* | Certification of Executive Director, Chief Executive Officer, and President, Dr. Mahkam Zanganeh, pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |
31.3* | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |
32.1** | Certification of Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |
101.SCH* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |
101.CAL* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |
101.DEF* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |
101.LAB* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |
101.PRE* | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |
104* | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |

* |  | Filed herewith.
** |  | Furnished herewith.
† |  | Portions of this exhibit have been omitted in compliance with Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(10)(iv) because the Registrant has determined that the information is not material and is the type that the Registrant treats as private or confidential.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Date: August 11, 2025 |  | SUMMIT THERAPEUTICS INC.
|  | By: | /s/ Manmeet S. Soni
|  | Name: | Manmeet S. Soni
|  | Title | Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Director
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)

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