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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For transition period from to
Commission File Number 001-40825

Warby Parker Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 80-0423634
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
233 Spring Street, 6th Floor East, New York, New York |  | 10013
(Address of registrant’s principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (646) 847-7215

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per share |  | WRBY |  | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act): Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023, was $988,276,364 based on the closing price of $11.69 per share of common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange.
As of February 26, 2024, there were 98,374,114 shares of the registrant's Class A common stock and 19,788,682 shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. Such definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.

Table Of Contents

|  | Page
Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements | 3
Additional Information | 3
Risk Factors Summary | 4
Part I.
Item 1. | Business | 6
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 14
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 55
Item 1C. | Cybersecurity | 55
Item 2. | Properties | 56
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings | 57
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 57
Part II.
Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 58
Item 6. | Reserved | 59
Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 60
Item 7A. | Quantitative a nd Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 72
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 74
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements W ith Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 104
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures | 104
Item 9B. | Other Information | 105
Item 9C. | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 105
Part III.
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 106
Item 11. | Executive Compensation | 106
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 106
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 106
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 106
Part IV.
Item 15. | Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules | 107
Item 16. | Form 10-K Summary | 108
Signatures

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Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which statements involve substantial risk and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “will,” or “would” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about: our future results of operations and financial position, industry and business trends, general macroeconomic and market trends, business strategy, plans, market growth and our objectives for future operations.
You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, and operating results. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, and other factors described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.
In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. While we believe that such information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, that information may be limited or incomplete. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements.
The forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures, or investments.
Additional Information
Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” and “Warby Parker” refer to Warby Parker Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The Warby Parker logo, “Warby Parker,” and our other registered or common law trademarks, service marks, or trade names appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of Warby Parker Inc.

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Risk Factors Summary
The following is a summary of certain of the principal risks that may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. The following should be read in conjunction with the more complete discussion of the risk factors we face, which are described in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
•We have grown rapidly in recent years and have limited experience at our current scale. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our brand, company culture, and financial performance may suffer, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
•Increases in component costs, shipping costs, long lead times, supply shortages, and supply changes could disrupt our supply chain and factors such as wage rate increases and inflation can have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
•We rely heavily on our information technology systems, as well as those of our third-party vendors, business partners, and service providers, for our business to effectively operate and to safeguard confidential information; any significant failure, inadequacy, interruption, or cybersecurity incident could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operations.
•If we fail to cost-effectively retain our existing customers or to acquire new customers, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be harmed.
•The optical industry is highly competitive, and if we do not compete successfully, our business may be adversely impacted.
•Our profitability and cash flows may be negatively affected if we are not successful in managing our inventory balances and inventory shrinkage.
•If we fail to maintain and enhance our brand, our ability to engage or expand our base of customers will be impaired, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may suffer.
•We have a history of losses, and we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability.
•Failure to recruit and retain optometrists, opticians, and other vision care professionals for our retail stores could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment
•We are subject to extensive state, local, and federal vision care and healthcare laws and regulations, and failure to adhere to such laws and regulations would adversely affect our business.
•State corporate practice of medicine and optometry and fee-splitting laws govern at least some of our business operations, and violation of such laws could result in penalties and adversely affect our contractual relationships with optometrists, ophthalmologists, or affiliated professional entities that employ such providers and our financial condition and results of operations.
•We are subject to rapidly changing and increasingly stringent laws, regulations, contractual obligations, and industry standards relating to privacy, data security, and data protection. The restrictions and costs imposed by these laws and other obligations, or our actual or perceived failure to comply with them, could subject us to liabilities that adversely affect our business, operations, and financial performance.
Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
•We face risks associated with suppliers from whom our products are sourced and are dependent on a limited number of suppliers.
•We rely on a limited number of contract manufacturers and logistics partners for our products. A loss of any of these partners could negatively affect our business.
•We rely on third parties for elements of the payment processing infrastructure underlying our business. If these third-party elements become unavailable or unavailable on favorable terms, our business could be adversely affected.
•Our business relies on Amazon Web Services, and any disruption of, or interference with, our use of Amazon Web Services could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
•We depend on marketing, advertising and promotional efforts, including search engines, social media platforms, digital application stores, content-based online advertising, and other online sources to attract consumers to and promote our website and our mobile applications, which may be affected by third-party interference beyond our control and as we grow our customer acquisition costs may continue to rise.

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Risks Related to Our Existence as Public Benefit Corporation
•As a public benefit corporation, our duty to balance a variety of interests may result in actions that do not maximize stockholder value.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock
•The trading price of our Class A common stock has been volatile and could decline significantly and rapidly.
•Our Co-Founders and Co-CEOs, Neil Blumenthal and Dave Gilboa, if they choose to act together and if they exercise and/or settle their options and restricted stock units (“RSUs”) that will exercise or settle into Class B common stock, have the ability to exercise significant influence over all matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including exercising significant control over the outcome of director elections.
•We cannot predict the effect our multi-class structure may have on the trading price of our Class A common stock.
General Risk Factors
•Changes in general economic conditions could reduce consumer demand for our products and services and otherwise negatively impact our business.
•The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.
•If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

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Part I.
Item 1. Business
Our Brand
Warby Parker is a mission-driven, lifestyle brand that operates at the intersection of design, technology, healthcare, and social enterprise. We stand for fun, creativity, and doing good in the world. Every day, our team of over 3,000 employees is focused on our mission to inspire and impact the world with vision, purpose, and style (without charging a premium for it). Our ultimate objective is to provide vision for all. As a pioneer of the direct-to-consumer model, and now through our multichannel business, we have unlocked access to affordable, quality eye care for millions.
Since day one, Warby Parker’s focus on delighting customers and doing good has created a foundation for continuous innovation:
•We aim to provide customers with the highest-quality product possible by designing glasses at our headquarters in New York City, using custom materials, and selling direct to the customer. By cutting out the middleman, we are able to sell our products at a lower price than many of our competitors and pass the savings on to our customers. In addition to lower prices, we introduced simple, unified pricing (glasses starting at $95, including prescription lenses) to the eyewear market.
•We’ve built a seamless shopping experience that meets customers where and how they want to shop, whether that’s on our website, on our mobile app, or in our 237 retail stores as of December 31, 2023.
•We’ve crafted a holistic vision care offering that extends beyond glasses to include contacts, vision tests and eye exams, vision insurance, and beyond. We leverage leading (and in many cases proprietary) technology to enhance our customers’ experiences, whether it’s to help them find a better-fitting frame using our Virtual Try-On tool, or to update their prescription from home using Virtual Vision Test, our telehealth app.
•We recruit and retain highly engaged, motivated team members who are driven by our commitment to scaling a large, growing business while making an impact and are excited to connect their daily work back to our mission.
•We are a public benefit corporation focused on positively impacting all stakeholders, and hope to inspire other entrepreneurs and businesses to think along the same lines. We strive to benefit our employees, customers, communities, partners, and the environment by advancing access to eye care and living our core values. Working closely with our nonprofit partners, we distribute glasses to people in need in more than 50 countries globally and many parts of the United States. Over 15 million more people now have the glasses they need to learn, work, and achieve better economic outcomes through our Buy a Pair, Give a Pair program.
Our Direct-to-Consumer Model
An amazing customer experience at Warby Parker is no accident—it happens when every possible path to our product is as delightful and thoughtful as the next. When we started Warby Parker 14 years ago, there were not many examples of brands that had launched online. Yet we believed that building a digitally native, vertically integrated brand would enable us to circumvent traditional channels, directly build meaningful relationships with consumers, and offer high-quality products at a reasonable price. Since then we have added many additional ways to engage with consumers—from our 237 retail stores to our Virtual Vision Test telehealth app—all with the intention of making the shopping process easy and fun for our customers.
As we continuously seek to elevate the seamless customer experience, we leverage multiple components of our business model, including:
•Customer-First, Direct-to-Consumer. Since our founding, we have built a seamless customer experience, both in store and online, through which we believe we have deepened customer relationships and strengthened brand loyalty. We offer simple, unified pricing often at a lower price than many of our competitors, making the purchase process transparent, easy, and affordable. Our retail stores provide fun, quirky, and stylized environments in which to shop alongside style and fit experts. Our website and mobile app make it quick and easy for our customers to browse, virtually try on, and purchase glasses. All of our infrastructure and customer service support our own brand, enabling us to optimize the look and feel of the user experience from browsing and trying on to purchase. Across all of our channels, we have Customer
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Experience and Retail team members ready to help at a moment’s notice. And whenever we have room to improve, our teams are the first to know; our direct-to-consumer approach helps us to gather real-time customer feedback and act on it more quickly than our non-DTC competitors.
•Sustainable, Predictable Growth. Eye care purchases are predominantly a non-discretionary medical necessity. Prescription eyewear consumers purchase new glasses approximately every two years, while contact lens customers typically reorder every 12 months. Given our brand’s strength and replenishment cycle, we believe we have significant opportunity ahead to grow our wallet share, and delight more and more customers.
•Vertical Integration. We design and sell glasses under our own brand name. Our integrated supply chain consists of owned optical and fulfillment laboratories as well as third-party manufacturing and laboratory partnerships that we have built over the years and gives us control over product quality and fulfillment speed. We do this as we seek to ensure every part of the design, manufacturing, discovery, purchase, and delivery process is consistent with our brand and our commitment to delivering the highest quality products and remarkable customer experiences. In addition, we own data across the entire end-to-end journey that allows us to develop deep customer insights, informing our innovation, and enabling us to create a highly personalized, brand-enhancing experience with each customer.
•Strong Customer Economics. We track our unit economics at the customer level, which we refer to as customer economics, since our customers shop through multiple channels. Our personalized and differentiated digital and retail store experiences are designed to delight the customer.
Our Holistic Vision Care Offering
Since our launch, we have expanded our product and service offering, creating a seamless and convenient shopping experience for customers interested in not only buying eyeglasses and sunglasses but also contact lenses, eye exams and more. We’ve also introduced groundbreaking in-house technologies like Virtual Vision Test and Virtual Try-On to enhance the overall customer experience. This ongoing innovation is driven by our team’s commitment to solving real consumer problems while building a holistic vision care offering that is unparalleled within the market.
Eyeglasses and Sunglasses
Every pair of Warby Parker glasses and sunglasses is dreamed up in-house, where our team gathers inspiration, sketches designs, and maps out product details for prototyping. On average, we release 20 new eyewear collections each year, often incorporating patented designs and extended sizing to offer our customers products that not only fit well but look great. As for frame materials, we select premium—from custom-designed cellulose acetate to ultra-lightweight titanium. Our frames come standard with impact-resistant polycarbonate lenses that block 100% of UVA and UVB rays, plus all our glasses lenses are equipped, at no extra cost, with scratch-resistant and anti-reflective coatings.
Customers can customize their prescription lenses with a variety of options, including single-vision, progressive, light-responsive, blue-light-filtering, and non-prescription lenses. We custom-cut and polish the edges of our lenses, and individually inspect and bench-align each pair before it’s packaged up and sent on its way to the customer.
Contacts
Warby Parker sells its own brand of contacts, Scout by Warby Parker, as well as third-party contact lenses; this allows us to provide customers a truly comprehensive vision care offering.
Launched in 2019, Scout by Warby Parker contact lenses are a convenient and affordable daily contact option made from a super-moist material that resists drying for lasting hydration and comfort. For an added touch of convenience, each Scout lens comes in an innovative, space-saving flat pack that’s easier to transport and store than a traditional contact blister pack, and uses almost 80% less packaging than traditional daily contact packs.
Eye Exams and Vision Tests
We offer multiple ways for customers to get prescriptions and keep their vision in tip-top shape. From friendly and knowledgeable in-person exams at 194 of our retail stores as of December 31, 2023 to innovative telehealth services like our Virtual Vision Test app, we provide access to convenient and accessible vision services for primary vision care needs through optometrists employed either by us or by independent professional corporations or similar entities with whom we have contractual arrangements. Throughout their shopping experience, our patients’ health and happiness is our top priority.
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The Eyewear Market is Large, Growing, and Ripe for Disruption
Large and Growing Market
The U.S. eyewear market is large and growing. The Vision Council defines the U.S. eyewear market as an approximately $66 billion industry(1) as of December 2023, up from $63 billion in 2022, that has exhibited consistent, stable growth across multiple economic cycles, and estimates the U.S. prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses market to be approximately $24 billion(1), flat to the prior year. Independent optical retailers made up approximately 50% of all prescription optical retail sales in 2023(1), while optical retail chains made up the majority of the remainder. Globally, the eyewear market was approximately $184 billion in 2023, according to Statista. The industry includes optical retailers’ revenue from the sales of products (including glasses, sunglasses, and contact lenses) and eye care services provided by vision care professionals, including eye exams.
The eyewear industry is resilient to economic cycles given its medical and non-discretionary nature and is defined by durable fundamentals and trends including:
•Most people need vision correction: The Vision Council reported that approximately 80% of adults in the United States use some form of vision correction, equating to approximately 208 million people. In addition, the number of Americans ages 65 and older will nearly double over the next 40 years, reaching 80 million in 2040, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. It is estimated that at least 93% of people aged 65 and older wear corrective lenses, as older adults require more vision correction.
•Consistent replenishment cycle: Glasses wearers purchase new glasses approximately every two years, according to the Vision Council. Additionally, an estimated 53 million people in the United States wear contact lenses that are typically disposable, replaced on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis, driving frequent repurchase. Nearly 80% of contacts wearers purchase contact lenses at least once per year.
•Increasing screen time usage: With the rising usage of smartphones, tablets, computers, and other devices, three out of four adults report experiencing digital eye strain at some point during the day, contributing significantly to increased vision correction needs and a steady influx of new customers within the eyewear market.
•Acceleration of e-commerce penetration: While e-commerce penetration is at an all-time high in the U.S. and abroad, it is relatively small in the eyewear industry, representing approximately 10% of prescription eyeglasses sales in 2023 according to The Vision Council.
•Increasing prominence of telehealth: The Vision Council reported that over 50% of people receiving an eye exam would be interested in having a virtual or telehealth eye exam. Direct-to-consumer telehealth is expected to grow by nearly 50% by 2028, reflecting an evolution of consumer preferences from in-person to remote medical care.
We believe these factors contribute to rising vision correction needs and a steady influx of new customers who expect an exceptional vision care experience. Industry-wide, a significant portion of customers who use prescription glasses or contacts purchase them from their prescriber. By contrast, the majority of our customers have historically obtained their prescriptions from non-Warby Parker doctors, underscoring the opportunity to expand our own optometric and telehealth services and offer these services to more of our customers. While Warby Parker currently has relationships with only a few vision care insurers in the United States, the majority of our optometric services are covered, in part, as out-of-network services by vision care insurers and major carriers. Our Virtual Vision Test is not covered by vision insurance, but we believe customers will continue to use our telehealth services given the convenience and modest cost. To the extent we expand to partner with more vision care insurers, we will have to negotiate with each individual insurer for coverage of the cost of our optometric and telehealth services, which may incur additional time, cost, and resources. According to Statista, the industry is projected to accelerate at a rate above GDP, with an outlook of 6.7% CAGR from 2023 to 2027, supported by secular trends.
(1) In 2023, The Vision Council updated its market sizing and allocation methodology within the vision care space. It now estimates the total U.S. eyewear market to be approximately $66 billion in size, compared to $76 billion in the 2022 report; the prescription eyeglasses and sunglasses market is $24 billion, compared to $36 billion in the 2022 report; and independent retailers make up approximately 50% of the market, compared to 40% in the 2022 report.
Ripe for Change
The eye care industry has largely been slow to innovate, despite strong and defensible fundamentals. The process of buying eyewear has lacked an engaging customer experience and has historically been defined by:
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•Underinvested Shopping Experience. The legacy customer journey largely entails going in person to an optical retailer, browsing frames stored behind locked cases, and feeling overwhelmed by the assortment. Customers rely heavily on a dominant physical footprint with little to no digital counterparts.
•Confusing, Unstandardized, and Opaque Pricing. Beyond selection of frames, the purchase decision involves complex, multi-step decision-making with an emphasis on upselling lens alternatives and coating options. We believe there is also little connection between pricing and quality.
•Unappealing Value Proposition. Glasses have historically only been offered at a premium price point, leaving millions of customers without access to stylish, affordable eyewear. There is often a significant markup at 10 to 20x from manufacture to sale, as products are often burdened by various licensing, wholesale, and retail fees that support the legacy supply chain. Upon checkout, customers often find their vision insurance (if they have it) only covers a portion of their purchase.
•Limited Ongoing Customer Engagement. The eyewear industry has been built to maximize individual transactions versus optimize the customer journey. In addition, a concentrated number of companies license the vast majority of premium eyewear brands sold and often wholesale their products through retailers, so they lack direct connection to their end customers.
The legacy optical industry is highly concentrated amongst a few industry players that have created an illusion of choice for consumers. While there are approximately 45,000 optical retail stores in the U.S. as of December 2023, consumers are often unaware that power is consolidated among a handful of companies, whose influence spans the full eyewear value chain from design, to manufacturing, distribution, retailing, and insurance.
Eyewear is unique as it’s both a style choice (“I want it”) and a medical necessity (“I need it”). The legacy purchase experience, however, has primarily emphasized eyewear’s medical attributes. At Warby Parker, we believe customers should be able to purchase high-quality eyewear online or in an engaging retail store environment with helpful, friendly associates committed to delivering a fun experience, all at a unified and transparent price.
Sustainable Growth Driven by Customer Focus and Innovation
As we aspire towards continued ambitious, sustainable growth, we plan to leverage distinct growth strategies, which include:
•Strengthening Engagement with Our Existing Customers. As we further expand our products and services, we see a significant opportunity to deepen relationships with our existing customers. Customers who shop our holistic vision offering across product lines and channels tend to convert to highly loyal returning customers, contributing to consistent growth in lifetime value.
•Growing Brand Awareness. Our brand is integral to the growth of our business and to the implementation of our business expansion strategies. Every aspect of our business is oriented around delighting the customer, which we believe enhances customer loyalty and drives a leading NPS score. Our brand awareness stems from a combination of organic, word-of-mouth marketing, and social media, as well as television, digital, podcasts, and radio. Our low unaided brand awareness illustrates the significant opportunity we have to introduce Warby Parker to new customers.
•Expanding Our Retail Footprint. Stepping into one of our retail stores brings the Warby Parker brand to life; each store showcases our latest product and service offerings while driving brand awareness and total market growth. Our current retail footprint is national and operates across urban and suburban communities with street, lifestyle, and mall locations. Our U.S. retail footprint has a long runway for expansion. Based on analysis we conducted with a third-party research firm in 2021, we expect that our retail footprint has room to expand in the U.S. to 900+ retail stores, which is still a fraction of the approximately 45,000 optical retail stores in the United States as of December 2023. We are highly selective and discerning about each retail store we open, and we believe our retail stores embody the brand, are efficient customer acquisition vehicles, and will generate significant free cash flow over time.
•Continuing to Invest in Technology and our Digital Experience. We plan to continue to make strategic investments to enhance our digital offering and capabilities, enabling us to provide a more convenient and seamless customer experience. Our team of strategists and technologists prioritizes innovation while developing proprietary tools in-house, whether it’s our Virtual Try-On, Digital PD Tool (which measures pupillary distance), custom point of sale system, or our Virtual Vision Test telehealth app.
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•Continuing to Enhance Our Design Capabilities. Our in-house eyewear design team regularly prototypes and develops proprietary eyewear designs that aim to differentiate and elevate our brand within the market. This includes working with our partners to develop custom acetates and deliver first-to-market frame constructions. As we continue to enhance our design capabilities, we believe this will be a competitive advantage moving forward.
•Expanding Our Holistic Vision Care Offering. We plan to continue to build upon our existing products, while selectively introducing new offerings that aim to surprise and delight both new and existing customers. This includes strengthening our offering and position within:
•Glasses. On average, we release 20 eyewear collections each year; we will continue to scale our core glasses offering by introducing new sizes, shapes, widths, lens offerings, and more to ensure as many people as possible can find a frame that fits, functions, and looks great.
•Contact Lenses. The contact lens market is estimated at $12.1 billion as of December 31, 2023 and contributed only 8.6% to Warby Parker net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.
•Eye Exams and Vision Care. The eye exams and vision care market is estimated at $10.6 billion as of December 31, 2023 and contributed only 4.3% to Warby Parker net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.
•Vision Insurance. Vision insurance is used on over 50% of purchases made in the vision care market as of December 31, 2023 and contributed a small portion of Warby Parker net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023.
For each of these opportunities, we have established businesses that are growing rapidly and can scale over time.
•Evaluating Potential Expansion into New International Markets. With over 4 billion people globally in need of vision correction, we recognize there is a significant opportunity to introduce customers across the globe to our brand. Expanding internationally would add approximately $120 billion to our total addressable market. As we grow, we will continue our strategy of evaluating opportunities to open distinctive retail stores in select locations and providing our customers with an engaging online experience.
Our Seamless Experience
We offer our customers a seamless customer experience—whether shopping in-person or online—that’s unparalleled within the market.
E-commerce & Mobile App
Shopping online at Warby Parker is just as seamless an experience as visiting us in person. Our website and mobile app make quick perusing a cinch, and our online quiz helps customers find frames to fill their Home Try-On box based on style, color, and shape preferences, which is ideal for when there’s not a retail store nearby or if you’d prefer to stay home. Customers can even try on glasses virtually using our proprietary Virtual Try-On tool. Plus, our Customer Experience advisors and Social Media team are on standby online via phone, chat, or email to iron out any styling predicaments and answer any questions.
Home Try-On
We started out selling our frames exclusively online—which was a novel concept in 2010. Our Home Try-On program was designed to make it extremely easy and fun for anyone to find the perfect frame, with all the convenience and none of the stress or uncertainty of other online shopping experiences. Customers can pick five of their favorites on our site (or get tailored suggestions after taking a quick quiz) and try them at home for five full days. Oh, and it’s free!
The Home Try-On program is very unique to our business and maintains a high conversion rate from try-on to purchase.
Retail Stores
As of December 31, 2023, our retail footprint included 237 retail stores, including 232 locations in the U.S. and 5 locations in Canada. We are located in 41 states or provinces, 178 cities, and 83 Core Markets, and our retail stores are in 48 of the 50 most populous Core Markets in the U.S. Core Market refers to a Core-Based Statistical Area as defined
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by the U.S. Census Bureau. All of our retail stores are corporate-owned, and we have no franchise retail stores, which allows us complete control over the customer experience.
Our retail stores introduce the brand to new consumers, strengthen relationships with existing customers, and create environments that celebrate the breadth of our vision care offerings, from glasses to contact lenses and eye exams.
Our retail strategy is thoughtful and data-driven, creative and colorful, and consistent with the Warby Parker brand. The keystone to our strategy is ensuring each retail store location—whether on proven, retail-oriented streets or in high-performing shopping centers—communicates the brand in a consistent and engaging manner to all customers, past, current, and potential.
Manufacturing and Supply Chain
The Warby Parker supply chain is an agile and integrated network that works to get the right order to the right place at the right time. We partner with a large network of more than 30 partners for frame factories, lens and case/kit suppliers, distribution centers, optical laboratories, and freight-forwarding and logistics companies all over the globe. We also leverage our retail locations and in-house optical laboratories in Sloatsburg, New York, and Las Vegas, Nevada.
In addition to fulfilling prescription eyewear orders, our supply chain also supports the Warby Parker Home Try-On program, contacts, sunglasses, gift cards, accessories, and returns fulfillment, as well as the distribution of all goods. These operations are handled out of multiple fulfillment centers in the U.S.
All of our frames are designed at our New York City headquarters, and we handpick raw materials and the suppliers who have the expertise and skills to bring them to life. These deliberate decisions help us stay true to our original aesthetic vision as well as regulatory and performance results. We work with raw material vendors on proprietary development, in addition to frame suppliers on their production methods and machinery to achieve best-in-class performance standards.
Transparency is a crucial element in our vendor relationships. We work directly with manufacturers and raw material suppliers, most notably in China, Japan, Vietnam, and Italy, so we know exactly where and how our products are being manufactured. We regularly bring Warby Parker liaisons to our partner facilities to help us better support and inspect our vendors in following our manufacturing specifications. Monthly material forecasts allow vendors to prepare for any constraints created by peak business needs and check that they will be able to accommodate demand. In addition, our Vendor Compliance Manual details volume and financial penalties incurred if our preferred material or component suppliers are not used, and quarterly reviews ensure there are no surprises.
Product Quality
Before a frame becomes a frame, we’re choosing vendors, selecting materials (we’ve been known to develop specialty acetates with the help of incredibly skilled partners), and performing rigorous product testing with the assistance of third-party agencies, all in the name of the highest quality and safety standards. Our eyewear is considered a medical device by the FDA and regulated as such—so, where applicable, we follow the requirements set by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. We also comply with standards set by the American National Standards Institute for prescription eyewear and sunglasses (both prescription and non-prescription). We require our vendors to comply with the European CE standard, and Warby Parker frames are stamped with the certification mark that indicates conformity with health, safety, and environmental protection standards for products sold within the European Economic Area.
Vendors may only use raw materials and suppliers recommended by Warby Parker to ensure expected results in final third-party testing; these suppliers must submit either internal or third-party test results for both regulatory and performance parameters well before the product reaches the customer. We partner with international third-party testing agencies to verify the results and to also create additional product performance testing protocols, to make sure our frames are built to last and that they perform beautifully for as long as they are worn. These additional protocols range from exposing our eyeglasses and sunglasses to salt water or air (to see if the metal plating fades or rusts) to checking that components of frames constructed with mixed materials are not shrinking at different rates in extreme temperatures and humidity; this means they’re less susceptible to coming apart. If a frame safety issue is ever suspected, our Product Strategy team will investigate the lot number, time of shipment, and vendor to identify and, if necessary, correct the problem.
Vendor Accountability
Alongside the independent fair-labor monitoring group Verité, we piloted the Warby Parker Social Compliance Program in 2012 and formalized it for our direct and key indirect suppliers in 2013. All new direct and key indirect suppliers since have been screened using our social compliance criteria. All of our active direct suppliers in China, Vietnam, and Japan
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are audited to ensure compliance with our program, and we continue to expand the program to new suppliers. We define active direct suppliers as product suppliers that we directly transact with, that each represent more than 10% of our business, and with which we have purchase orders, inventory shipments, and/or payment transactions within the calendar year.
In 2023, we onboarded The British Standards Institution (“BSI”), a signatory of the United Nations Global Compact, to build out an in-depth program in Italy that more closely mirrors our criteria in Asia. We audited our highest volume supplier in 2023 and have built a pathway to audit other suppliers in the region. With BSI’s global reach, this engagement also provides us with a secondary audit partner for Asia should it be required.
We are committed to making sure that working conditions throughout our supplier network are safe and that employees are treated with dignity. Our Vendor Code of Conduct outlines our requirements for the fair treatment and compensation of all workers—with which we require all direct suppliers to comply—the intention of which is to ensure that our suppliers adhere to our standards on subjects such as child labor, forced labor, discrimination, harassment and abuse, wages and benefits, overtime, housing, freedom of association, subcontracting, local laws, employee feedback, health and safety, environment, and bribery.
Our Competition
Competition in the eyewear industry is principally on the basis of brand image and recognition, as well as product quality, price, innovation, and style. We believe that we successfully compete on the basis of our highly compelling price point combined with uncompromising quality, differentiated consumer experience, and an authentic brand promise. In addition, we believe our vertically integrated supply chain allows us more effective control over our product and brand. We are also differentiated by our cross-platform, multi-generational creative and marketing strategies that increase brand-awareness and strengthens consumer loyalty. Approximately half the market is fragmented and eyewear is sold through independent optical shops who drive the majority of their revenue through eyewear sales. This is unique in the medical world as it’s one of the only places where a prescribing doctor can sell you the product they prescribe.
The eyewear market consists of a fragmented retail channel with an imbalance of asset concentration and significant markups. We are in direct competition with large, integrated optical players that have multiple brands and retail banners, such as EssilorLuxottica and VSP. This competition takes place both in physical retail locations as well as online.
Government Regulation
We are subject to an extensive array of complex laws and regulations in the United States and other jurisdictions in which we operate. The laws and regulations govern many issues related to our business practices, including those regarding vision care, state optical and optometry regulations, licensing, healthcare, fraud and abuse, corporate practice of medicine, contact lens prescriptions, medical device labeling and registration, worker classification, wage and hour, sick pay and leaves of absence, anti-discrimination and harassment, whistleblower protections, background checks, privacy, data security, intellectual property, health and safety, competition, advertising, consumer protection, fees and payments, pricing, product liability and disclosures, personal injury, property damage, communications, unemployment benefits, taxation, unionization and collective bargaining, contracts, arbitration agreements, class action waivers, terms of service, and accessibility of our mobile app or website.
These laws and regulations are constantly evolving and may be interpreted, applied, created, superseded, or amended in a manner that could harm our business. As we expand our business into new markets or introduce new products, features, or offerings into existing markets, regulatory bodies or courts may claim that we are subject to additional requirements, or that we are prohibited from conducting business in certain jurisdictions. For additional information on the laws and regulations applicable to us, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors—Risks related to our Legal and Regulatory Environment.”
Seasonality
Historically, we have observed moderately higher seasonal demand during the month of December due in part to customer usage of health and flexible spending benefits in the final week of the year. Consistent with our policy to recognize revenue upon order delivery, any orders placed at the end of December are recognized as revenue upon delivery, which may occur in the following year, and as such we typically see revenue increase sequentially from the fourth quarter to the first quarter of the following year.
Our business has historically experienced a higher proportion of costs in each subsequent quarter as a year progresses due to the overall growth of the business and operating costs to support that growth, including costs
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related to the opening of new retail stores and employee-related compensation to support growth. The fourth quarter, in particular, has historically experienced the highest amount of costs in a year to support the business demand in the quarter, even though a portion of the net revenue from that demand is not recognized until January of the following year, as discussed above. In 2022, this historical trend was offset by specific actions we took to reduce costs, including a reduction in marketing spend beginning in the second quarter and a reduction in corporate headcount in connection with our restructuring plan that was executed in the third quarter. These actions contributed to a sequential decline in selling, general, and administrative costs from quarter to quarter in 2022, however, 2023 has followed historical trends. In the future, seasonal trends may cause fluctuations in our quarterly results, which may impact the predictability of our business and operating results.
Impact Reporting
Since 2018, Warby Parker has published an annual Impact Report to evaluate and communicate the economic, environmental, and social impacts of our everyday business activities. Completing a yearly report, as benchmarked against the universally recognized GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) and SASB (Sustainability Accounting Standards Board, now under the oversight of the International Sustainability Board) frameworks, gives us the opportunity to examine how we’re aligning with our core values, assess if we’re growing responsibly, and to manage change more effectively. As a public benefit corporation, we are required to provide a biennial report on our impacts. We intend to use our annual Impact Reports to serve as such statement.
Information in our Impact Reports does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report we file or furnish with the SEC.
Public Benefit Corporation Status
As a demonstration of our long-term commitment to promote vision and eye health and to work towards positively impacting the communities in which we operate, we elected in June 2021 to be treated as a public benefit corporation under Delaware law.
Under Delaware law, a public benefit corporation is required to identify in its certificate of incorporation the public benefit or benefits it will promote and its directors have a duty to manage the affairs of the corporation in a manner that balances the pecuniary interests of the corporation’s stockholders, the best interests of those materially affected by the corporation’s conduct, and the specific public benefit or public benefits identified in the public benefit corporation’s certificate of incorporation. Public benefit corporations organized in Delaware are also required to assess their benefit performance internally and to disclose to stockholders at least biennially a report detailing their success in meeting their benefit objectives.
As provided in our current certificate of incorporation, the public benefits that we promote, and pursuant to which we manage our company, are to provide access to products and services that promote vision and eye health and to work towards positively impacting the communities in which we operate.
Intellectual Property
Our intellectual property is an important component of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, and other intellectual property laws, as well as confidentiality procedures, non-disclosure agreements, employee non-disclosure and invention assignment agreements, and other contractual restrictions to establish and protect our intellectual property rights.
As of December 31, 2023, we held 17 issued utility patents in the United States and 25 issued utility patents outside of the United States; four design patents in the United States and 49 issued design registrations outside of the United States; and 52 utility patent applications (including active PCT applications) pending in the United States and other countries, and five design patent applications pending in the United States. While we believe our patents and patent applications in the aggregate are important to our competitive position, no single patent or patent application is material to our business as a whole.
We have trademark rights in our name and other brand indicia and, as of December 31, 2023, have 42 trademark registrations and 11 active applications for select marks in the United States as well as 91 trademark registrations and active applications in 28 other jurisdictions around the world. As of December 31, 2023, we have also registered ten copyrights in the United States. We also register domain names for certain websites that we use in our business, such as www.warbyparker.com, as well as similar variations to protect our brands and marks from cybersquatters. We continually review our development efforts to assess the existence and registrability of new intellectual property and determine whether to seek patent protection or trademark or copyright registrations.
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We seek to control access to and use of our proprietary technology and other confidential information through the use of internal and external controls, including contractual protections with employees, contractors, customers, and partners. It is our practice to enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements (or similar agreements) with our employees, consultants, and contractors involved in the development of intellectual property on our behalf. We also enter into confidentiality agreements with other third parties in order to limit access to, and disclosure and use of, our confidential information and proprietary information. We further control the use of our proprietary technology and intellectual property through provisions in our terms of service. We also monitor the activities of third parties with respect to potential infringing uses of our intellectual property.
From time to time, we have faced, and we expect to face in the future, allegations by third parties, including our competitors and non-practicing entities, that we have infringed their trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property rights, or challenging the validity or enforceability of our intellectual property rights. We are not presently a party to any such legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
See Item 1A, “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment—Failure to adequately maintain and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights could harm our brand, devalue our proprietary content, and adversely affect our ability to compete effectively.”
Employees and Human Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2023, we had a total of 3,491 employees, including 2,140 full-time, 1,333 part-time, and 18 temporary employees, across 237 retail stores, two in-house optical laboratories, and two offices in the United States. We also engage contractors and consultants from time to time. We have invested substantial time and resources in building our team. We are highly dependent on our management, highly skilled software engineers, Customer Experience and Retail teams, laboratory personnel, and other professionals, and it is crucial that we continue to attract, develop and retain valuable employees. To facilitate talent attraction, development and retention, we strive to make Warby Parker a diverse, inclusive, and safe workplace, with opportunities for our employees to grow and develop in their careers, supported by what we believe are strong compensation and benefits programs. We believe that our employee relations are strong.
Securities and Exchange Commission Filings
We announce material information to the public about us, our products and services, and other matters through a variety of means, including filings with the SEC, press releases, public conference calls, webcasts and the investor relations section of our website in order to achieve broad, non-exclusionary distribution of information to the public and for complying with our disclosure obligation under Regulation FD. The information disclosed by the foregoing channels could be deemed to be material information. As such, we encourage investors, the media, and others to follow the channels listed above and to review the information disclosed through such channels. Any updates to the list of disclosure channels through which we will announce information will be posted on the investor relations section of our website.
Our website address is www.warbyparker.com. We provide free access to various reports that we file with, or furnish to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) through our website, as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been filed or furnished. These reports include, but are not limited to, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those reports. Our SEC reports can also be accessed through the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Also available on our website are printable versions of our Code of Conduct and charters of the standing committees of our Board of Directors. Information on our website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any other report we file or furnish with the SEC.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Investing in our Class A common stock involves a high degree of risk and uncertainty. You should consider and read carefully all of the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation”, before making an investment decision. The occurrence of any of the following risks and uncertainties could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. In such case, the trading price of our Class A common stock could decline, and you may lose some or all of your original investment.
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Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
We have grown rapidly in recent years and have limited experience at our current scale. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our brand, company culture, and financial performance may suffer, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
We have grown rapidly over the last several years, and therefore, our recent growth rates and financial performance should not necessarily be considered indicative of our future performance. For example, we launched our first “store within a store” retail concept starting in 2010 in cities such as New York, Nashville, and San Francisco, followed by our first permanent retail store in New York in 2013. Since then, we have grown to 237 retail stores across the United States and Canada as of December 31, 2023. Additionally, our net revenue increased 12.0% from $598.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $669.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. To effectively manage and capitalize on our growth, we must continue to strengthen engagement with our existing customers, grow our brand awareness, expand our retail footprint, invest in design and technology, expand our vision care offering, and evaluate potential opportunities to expand into new international markets. Our continued growth has in the past, and could in the future, strain our existing resources, and we could experience ongoing operating difficulties in managing our business across numerous jurisdictions, including difficulties in hiring, training, and managing a diffuse and growing employee base. Failure to scale and preserve our company culture with growth could harm our future success, including our ability to retain and recruit personnel and to effectively focus on and pursue our corporate objectives.
Moreover, the vertically integrated nature of our business, where we design all of our own glasses in our New York headquarters, contract manufacture all of our glasses frames, fulfill the glasses we sell at our own optical and fulfillment laboratories as well as at third-party contract laboratories, sell our products exclusively through our own retail stores, e-commerce site and mobile application, and service our products, exposes us to risk and disruption at many points that are critical to successfully operating our business, and may make it more difficult for us to scale our business. If we do not adapt to meet these evolving challenges, or if our management team does not effectively scale with our growth, we may experience erosion to our brand, the quality of our products and services may suffer, and our company culture may be harmed.
Our growth strategy contemplates a significant expansion of our retail store footprint and the expansion of our vision care services, which may also involve increases in our advertising and other marketing spend. As we seek to increase the scope of services that we provide and expand in the types of payments we receive from customers from cash-pay to vision plans and health plans, we will increasingly be subject to a number of federal and state healthcare regulatory laws, including federal and state anti-kickback, false claims, self-referral, and other healthcare fraud and abuse laws.
Many of our existing retail stores are relatively new and these retail stores or future retail stores may not generate net revenue and cash flow comparable with those generated by our more mature stores, especially as we move to new or expand in existing geographic markets. Approximately 65% of our retail stores have been opened in the last five years. Our success in opening and operating new stores depends on many factors, including, among others, our ability to:
•construct and open our stores on a timely basis;
•negotiate acceptable lease terms at suitable retail locations;
•recruit and retain store managers, personnel and qualified vision care professionals (who may be licensed or unlicensed, depending on state regulations) for any new store;
•address regulatory, competitive, merchandising, marketing, distribution and other challenges encountered in connection with expansion into new markets where we have limited historical experience; and
•successfully integrate new stores into our existing management structure and operations, including information technology integration.
Our failure to effectively address challenges such as these could adversely affect our ability to successfully open and operate new retail stores in a timely and cost-effective manner. In addition, opening new retail stores in our established markets may result in inadvertent oversaturation, temporarily or permanently divert customers and sales from our existing retail stores and e-commerce channels to new retail stores and reduce comparable store sales, thus adversely affecting our overall financial performance. Successful implementation of our growth strategy will require significant expenditures before any substantial associated revenue is generated and we cannot guarantee that these increased investments will result in corresponding and offsetting revenue growth.
In addition, the industry for stylish, affordable glasses, as well as for our other optical products and services is rapidly evolving and may not develop as we expect. Even if our net revenue continues to increase, our net revenue growth
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rates may decline in the future as a result of a variety of factors, including macroeconomic factors, increased competition, and the maturation of our business. As a result, you should not rely on our net revenue growth rate for any prior period as an indication of our future performance. Overall growth of our net revenue will depend on a number of factors, including our ability to:
•price our products and services so that we are able to attract new customers, and expand our relationships with existing customers;
•accurately forecast our net revenue and plan our operating expenses;
•successfully compete with other companies that are currently in, or may in the future enter, the industry or the markets in which we compete, and respond to developments from these competitors such as pricing changes and the introduction of new products and services;
•comply with existing and new laws and regulations applicable to our business;
•successfully expand in existing geographic markets and enter new geographic markets, including international markets;
•successfully expand and gain market adoption on our market share by offering customers the ability to pay through managed vision care, vision insurance, and other third-party payors;
•successfully develop new offerings, including new offerings with higher margins, and innovate and enhance our existing products and services and their features, including in response to new trends, competitive dynamics, or the needs of customers;
•successfully identify and acquire or invest in businesses, products, or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our business;
•avoid interruptions or disruptions in distributing our products and services;
•provide customers with a high-quality experience and customer service and support that meets their needs;
•hire, integrate, and retain talented sales, customer experience, product design, and development and other personnel, including vision care professionals;
•expand vision care services provided by optometrists employed either by us or by independent professional corporations or similar entities or with whom we have contractual arrangements;
•effectively manage growth of our business, personnel, and operations, including new retail store openings;
•effectively manage our costs related to our business and operations; and
•maintain and enhance our reputation and the value of our brand.
Because we have a limited history operating our business at its current scale, it is difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects, including our ability to plan for and model future growth. Our limited operating experience at this scale, combined with the rapidly evolving nature of the market in which we sell our products and services, substantial uncertainty concerning how these markets may develop, and other economic factors beyond our control, reduces our ability to accurately forecast quarterly or annual revenue. Failure to manage our future growth effectively could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
We also expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources to grow our business, and we may fail to allocate our resources in a manner that results in increased net revenue growth in our business. Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If our net revenue growth does not meet our expectations in future periods, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be harmed, and we may not achieve or sustain profitability in the future.
Increases in component costs, shipping costs, long lead times, supply shortages, and supply changes could disrupt our supply chain and factors such as wage rate increases and inflation can have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
Meeting customer demand partially depends on our ability to obtain timely and adequate delivery of components for our products and services. All of the components that go into the manufacturing of our products and services are sourced from a limited number of third-party suppliers predominantly in the U.S., China, Taiwan, Italy, Vietnam, and Japan, and, in particular, over half of the cellulose acetate used to produce many of our frames is provided by a single supplier. Aside from the cellulose acetate that we source ourselves, our contract manufacturers purchase many of these components on our behalf, including sun lenses, demo lenses, hinge and core kits, and branded logos, subject to certain approved supplier lists, and we do not have long-term arrangements with most of our component suppliers. We are therefore subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of these components and the risk that our suppliers discontinue or modify components used in our products. In addition, the lead times associated with certain components are lengthy and preclude rapid changes in design, quantities, and delivery schedules. Our ability to
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meet temporary unforeseen increases in demand has been, and may in the future be, impacted by our reliance on the availability of components from these sub-suppliers. We may in the future experience component shortages, and the predictability of the availability of these components may be limited, which may be heightened in the event of global supply chain disruption. In the event of a component shortage or supply interruption from suppliers of these components, we may not be able to develop alternate sources in a timely manner. Developing alternate sources of supply for these components may be time-consuming, difficult, and costly, and we may not be able to source these components on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all, which may undermine our ability to fill our orders in a timely manner. Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these parts or components, or the inability to obtain these parts or components from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would harm our ability to timely ship our products to our customers. See “--Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties--We face risks associated with suppliers from whom our products are sourced and are dependent on a limited number of suppliers.”
In addition, substantially all of our components are shipped directly from our contract manufacturers to our optical laboratories in the United States or our third-party optical laboratories in the United States and China, where lenses are cut and mounted into frames. These laboratories process most of the glasses ordered by our customers. Once processed at the laboratories, the finished products are then sorted and shipped using third-party carriers to our retail stores for customer pickup or directly to our customers. Our glasses frames for our Home Try-On program are shipped directly from our contract manufacturers to our third-party distribution center in the United States for shipment directly to our customers. We depend in large part on the orderly operation of this distribution process, which depends, in turn, on adherence to shipping schedules and effective management of our optical laboratory network and third-party distribution center. Increases in transportation costs (including increases in fuel costs), issues with overseas shipments, supplier-side delays, reductions in the transportation capacity of carriers, labor strikes or shortages in the transportation industry, disruptions to the national and international transportation infrastructure, and unexpected delivery interruptions or delays also have the potential to derail our distribution process.
Moreover, volatile economic conditions may make it more likely that our suppliers and logistics providers may be unable to timely deliver supplies, or at all, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to timely locate alternative suppliers of comparable quality at an acceptable price. In addition, international supply chains have been and may in the future be impacted by events outside of our control, including but not limited to global pandemics and geopolitical conflicts, and limit our ability to procure timely delivery of supplies or finished goods and services. We face additional risks related to the optical laboratory we contract with in China and suppliers in China, including port of entry risks such as longshoremen strikes, import restrictions, foreign government regulations, trade restrictions, customs, and duties.
We source components from suppliers located in China. The U.S. government has implemented tariffs on specified products imported into the United States from China, and may impose additional tariffs or other trade restrictions in response to a diverse array of factors, including global and national economic and political conditions, which make it impossible for us to predict future developments regarding tariffs or other trade restrictions. While we have implemented mitigation plans and continue to focus on additional mitigation strategies to offset the impact of tariffs, including by continuing to diversify our supplier base in locations outside of China, costs with respect to products subject to these tariffs have increased. If we are unable to mitigate the full impact of the enacted tariffs or if there is a further escalation of tariffs, costs on a significant portion of our products may increase further and our financial results may be negatively affected. Further increases in China tariffs will impact our business and our financial results may also be impacted by any resulting economic slowdown.
The inability to fulfill, or any delays in processing, customer orders through our optical laboratory network or any quality issues could result in the loss of customers, issuances of refunds or credits, and may also adversely affect our reputation. The success of our retail stores and e-commerce sales depends on the timely receipt of products by our customers and any repeated, intermittent or long-term disruption in, or failures of, the operations of our distribution center and/or optical laboratories could result in lower sales and profitability, a loss of loyalty to our brands, and excess inventory. The insurance we maintain for business interruption may not cover all risk, or be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses, may not continue to be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all, and any insurance proceeds may not be paid to us in a timely manner.
Furthermore, increases in compensation, wage pressure, and other expenses for our employees, may adversely affect our profitability. Increases in minimum wages and other wage and hour regulations can exacerbate this risk. These cost increases may be the result of inflationary pressures which could further reduce our sales or profitability. Increases in other operating costs, including changes in energy prices and lease and utility costs, may increase our cost of products sold or selling, general, and administrative expenses. Inflationary pressures could also increase the costs of acquiring goods from our suppliers and the costs of transporting those goods. Our competitive price model and pricing pressures in the optical retail industry may inhibit our ability to reflect these increased costs in the prices of our
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products, in which case such increased costs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We rely heavily on our information technology systems, as well as those of our third-party vendors, business partners, and service providers, for our business to effectively operate and to safeguard confidential information; any significant failure, inadequacy, interruption, or cybersecurity incident could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operations.
We rely heavily on our proprietary information technology (“IT”) and enterprise resource planning systems (“ERP”) for many functions across our operations, including managing our supply chain and inventory, processing customer transactions in our stores, allocating orders to the appropriate laboratories, our financial accounting and reporting, compensating our employees, and operating our website, mobile applications and in-store systems, including point-of-sale systems. We continuously evaluate our systems landscape and we may have to upgrade our IT systems or implement new technology systems from time to time in order to support the needs of our business and remediate our material weaknesses. Costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with such upgrades and implementations, or with maintenance or adequate support of existing IT systems, could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations, inhibit our ability to remediate our existing material weaknesses, or lead to new material weaknesses.
Our ability to effectively manage our business and coordinate the manufacturing, sourcing, distribution, and sale of our products depends significantly on the reliability and capacity of these systems. We are critically dependent on the availability, integrity, security, and consistent operations of these systems, which are highly reliant on the coordination of our internal business and engineering teams. We also collect, process, and store sensitive, personal and confidential information, including our proprietary business information and that of our customers, employees, suppliers, and business partners. The secure processing, maintenance, and transmission of this information is critical to our operations.
Our IT and ERP systems may be subject to damage or interruption from power outages or damages, telecommunications problems, data corruption, software errors, network failures, acts of war or terrorist attacks, fire, flood, global pandemics, and natural disasters; and our existing safety systems, data backup, access protection, user management, and information technology emergency planning may not be sufficient to prevent data loss or long-term network outages.
Our IT and ERP systems and the IT systems of our third-party service providers and business partners may be vulnerable to security incidents, attacks by hackers, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, human errors or other similar events. If unauthorized parties gain access to our networks, databases, or other IT systems, or those of our third-party service providers or business partners, they may be able to steal, publish, delete, use inappropriately, or modify our private and sensitive third-party information including personal health information, credit card and other payment card information, and personal information. In addition, employees may intentionally or inadvertently cause data or security incidents that result in unauthorized access to or release of sensitive, personal or confidential information. Because the techniques used to circumvent security systems can be highly sophisticated, change frequently, are often not recognized until launched against a target, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas around the world, we may be unable to proactively anticipate or address all possible techniques or implement adequate preventive measures for all situations.
Security incidents compromising the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of this information and the security of our IT systems could result from cyber-attacks, computer malware, viruses, social engineering (including spear phishing and ransomware attacks), credential stuffing, supply chain attacks, efforts by individuals or groups of hackers and sophisticated organizations, including state-sponsored organizations, errors or malfeasance of our personnel, and security vulnerabilities in the software or systems on which we rely. We anticipate that these threats will continue to grow in scope and complexity over time and such incidents have occurred in the past, and may occur in the future, resulting in unauthorized, unlawful, or inappropriate access to, inability to access, disclosure of, or loss of the sensitive, proprietary, personal and confidential information that we handle. For example, in 2018, we experienced a credential stuffing attack in which malicious third parties likely used credentials compromised in data breaches suffered by other, unaffiliated companies to access accounts on our platform. In 2019, we received notice from the Office for Civil Rights, or OCR, of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services indicating that OCR would begin an investigation regarding the incident and our compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules and requesting certain information related to the incident and our compliance with such rules. To resolve the open investigations, OCR may, among other actions, request a monetary
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settlement and/or a corrective action plan for a period of one to three years, including through a resolution agreement, or impose civil money penalties for non-compliance. We continue to work on a resolution with OCR.
While we employ a number of security measures designed to prevent, detect, and mitigate the potential for harm to our business or to our users from security incidents, such as from malicious cyber attacks or theft or misuse of user credentials on our network, these measures may not be effective in every instance. Moreover, while we maintain cyber insurance that may help provide coverage for these types of incidents, we cannot assure you that our insurance will be adequate to cover costs and liabilities related to these incidents. Any such breach, attack, virus, or other event could result in additional costly investigations and litigation exceeding applicable insurance coverage or contractual rights available to us, civil or criminal penalties, operational changes or other response measures, loss of consumer confidence in our security measures, and negative publicity that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We also rely on a number of third-party service providers to operate our critical business systems, provide us with software, and process confidential, sensitive and personal information, such as the payment processors that process customer credit card payments, which expose us to security risks outside of our direct control and our ability to monitor these third-party service providers’ data security is limited. Certain of our vendors have experienced security incidents in the past, and we expect that other vendors or third-party service providers will experience security incidents in the future that could compromises the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the systems they operate for us or the information they process on our behalf. Cybercrime and hacking techniques are constantly evolving, and we or our third-party service providers may be unable to anticipate attempted security breaches, react in a timely manner, or implement adequate preventative measures, particularly given the increasing use of hacking techniques designed to circumvent controls, avoid detection, and remove or obfuscate forensic artifacts. While we have taken measures designed to protect the security of the IT systems and confidential and personal information under our control, we cannot ensure that any security measures that we or our third-party service providers have implemented will be effective against current or future security threats. Moreover, we or our third-party service providers may be more vulnerable to such attacks in remote work environments, which have increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. There can be no assurance that our cybersecurity risk management program and processes, including our policies, controls or procedures, will be fully implemented, complied with or effective in protecting our systems and information.
A security breach may also cause us to breach our contractual obligations. Our agreements with certain customers, business partners, or other stakeholders may require us to use industry-standard or reasonable measures to safeguard confidential, sensitive and personal information. As a healthcare provider and to the extent we provide services to healthcare providers, we are also subject to laws and regulations such as the HIPAA Security Rule that require us to adhere to specific technical safeguards, or to use industry-standard or reasonable security measures to safeguard certain information. A security incident could lead to claims by our customers, business partners, or other relevant stakeholders that we have failed to comply with such legal or contractual obligations. In addition, our inability to comply with data privacy or security obligations in our contracts or our inability to flow down such obligations to our vendors, collaborators, other contractors, or consultants may cause us to breach our contracts. As a result, we could be subject to legal action or our customers or business partners could end their relationships with us. There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages.
In addition, any access, disclosure or other loss or unauthorized use of information or data, whether actual or perceived, could result in legal claims or proceedings, regulatory investigations or actions, and other types of liability under laws that protect the privacy and security of personal information, including federal, state and foreign data protection and privacy regulations, violations of which could result in significant penalties and fines in the EU, UK and United States. In addition, although we seek to detect and investigate all data security incidents, security breaches, and other incidents of unauthorized access to our information technology systems and data can be difficult to detect and any delay in identifying such breaches or incidents may lead to increased harm and legal exposure of the type described above.
The cost of investigating, mitigating, and responding to potential security breaches and complying with applicable breach notification obligations to individuals, regulators, partners, and others can be significant. Further, defending a suit, regardless of its merit, could be costly, divert management attention, and harm our reputation. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, or the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, revenues, results of operations, or cash flows. Any material disruption or slowdown of our systems or those of our third-party service providers and business partners, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Our risks are likely to increase as we continue to expand, grow our customer base, and process, store, and transmit increasing amounts of confidential, proprietary and sensitive information.
If we fail to cost-effectively retain our existing customers or to acquire new customers, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be harmed.
The growth of our business is dependent upon our ability to continue to grow by cost-effectively retaining our existing customers, increasing their average order volume (“AOV”), defined as net revenue for a given period divided by the number of orders during the same period, and adding new customers. Although we believe that many customers originate from word-of-mouth and other non-paid referrals, we expect to continue to expend resources and run marketing campaigns to acquire additional customers, all of which could impact our overall profitability. If we are not able to continue to expand our customer base, increase their AOV or fail to retain customers, our net revenue may grow slower than expected or decline.
We have historically generated a significant portion of our revenue from our retail stores, and our growth strategy depends, in large part, on acquiring customers through the growth of our retail store base and expansion of our existing retail store operations. Our ability to successfully open and operate new retail stores depends on many factors, which are discussed in more detail under “--We have grown rapidly in recent years and have limited experience at our current scale. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, our brand, company culture, and financial performance may suffer, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.”
The growth of our e-commerce channel is also critical to our continued customer retention and growth. Historically, consumers have been slower to adopt online shopping for glasses and contact lenses than e-commerce offerings in other industries such as consumer electronics and apparel. Improving upon the consumer in-store experience through an online platform is difficult due to broad consumer demands on selection, quality, convenience, and affordability. Changing traditional optical retail habits is difficult, and if consumers and retailers do not embrace online optical retail as we expect, our business and operations could be harmed. Moreover, even if more consumers begin to shop for glasses and contacts online, if we are unable to address their changing needs and anticipate or respond to market trends and new technologies, including the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, in a timely and cost-efficient manner, we could experience increased customer churn, which, in turn, would adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our ability to attract new customers and increase net revenue and AOV from existing customers also depends in large part on our ability to enhance and improve our existing products and to introduce new products and services, in each case, in a timely manner. We also must be able to identify and originate styles and trends as well as to anticipate and react to changing consumer demands in a timely manner. The success of new and/or enhanced products and services depends on several factors, including their timely introduction and completion, sufficient demand, and cost-effectiveness. We are building and improving machine learning models and other technological capabilities to drive improved customer experience, as well as efficiencies in our operations, such as optimized payment processing and customer service, and automated key support workflows. While we expect these technologies to lead to improvements in the performance of our business and operations, including inventory prediction and customer traffic prediction and management, we may be subject to new or heightened legal, ethical, and other challenges, and any flaws or failures of such technologies could cause interruptions or delays in our service, which may harm our business.
Our number of customers may decline materially or fluctuate as a result of many factors, including, among other things:
•the quality, consumer appeal, price, and reliability of products and services offered by us;
•intense competition in the optical retail industry;
•negative publicity related to our brand;
•the success of our marketing and advertising efforts;
•lack of market acceptance of our business model;
•unpredictable nature of the impact of a pandemic, such as COVID-19, or a future outbreak of disease or similar public health concern;
•deteriorating macroeconomic conditions and reduced customer spending;
•changes in availability of our historic or current customer acquisition methods; or
•dissatisfaction with changes we make to our products and services.
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In addition, if we are unable to provide high-quality support to customers or help resolve issues in a timely and acceptable manner, our ability to attract and retain customers could be adversely affected. If our number of customers declines or fluctuates for any of these reasons among others, our business would suffer.
The optical industry is highly competitive, and if we do not compete successfully, our business may be adversely impacted.
Although we offer a differentiated distribution and service business model, we continue to compete directly with large, integrated optical players that have multiple brands and retail banners, such as EssilorLuxottica and VSP. This competition takes place both in physical retail locations as well as online, for both glasses and contact lenses. In addition to glasses, we sell both our own private label Scout by Warby Parker contact lenses that we contract manufacture as well as many leading third-party contact lens brands. We also compete with independent ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians located in our markets as they often provide many goods and services similar to those that we provide. To compete effectively, we must continue to create, invest in, or acquire advanced technology, incorporate this technology into our products and services, obtain regulatory approvals in a timely manner where required, and process and successfully market our products.
Many of our competitors have greater financial and operational resources, longer operating histories, greater brand recognition, and broader geographic presence than we do. As a result, they may be able to engage in extensive and prolonged price promotions or otherwise offer more competitive prices, which may adversely affect our business. They may also be able to spend more than we do for advertising. We may be at a substantial disadvantage to larger competitors with greater economies of scale. If our costs are greater compared to those of our competitors, the pricing of our products and services may not be as attractive, thus depressing sales or the profitability of our products and services. Our competitors may expand into markets in which we currently operate and we remain vulnerable to the marketing power and high level of customer recognition of these larger competitors and to the risk that these competitors or others could attract our customer base. Some of our competitors are vertically integrated and are also engaged in the manufacture and distribution of glasses and contact lenses as well as in managed care, and many of our competitors operate under a variety of brands and price points. These competitors can advantageously leverage this structure to better compete and access the market and certain vertically integrated organizations with significant market power could potentially utilize this power to make it more difficult for us to compete. We purchase some of our product components from suppliers who are affiliates of one or more competitors. In addition, if any of our competitors were to consolidate operations, such consolidation would exacerbate the aforementioned risks. We also expect that new competitors will continue to enter the optical industry. These new competitors may be willing to price their products and services lower than we do to gain market share or implement new technologies more quickly than us, including the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, virtual and augmented reality, and other e-commerce marketing tools, which could harm our competitive position.
We may not continue to be able to successfully compete against existing or future competitors. Our inability to respond effectively to competitive pressures, improved performance by our competitors, and changes in the retail markets could result in lost market share and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our profitability and cash flows may be negatively affected if we are not successful in managing our inventory balances and inventory shrinkage.
Efficient inventory management is a key component of our business success and profitability. To be successful, we must maintain sufficient inventory levels to meet our customers’ demands without allowing those levels to increase to such an extent that the costs to our or our third-party optical laboratories, retail stores and other points of distribution that hold the goods unduly impact our financial results. We must balance the need to maintain inventory levels that are sufficient to ensure competitive lead times against the risk of inventory obsolescence because of changing customer requirements, fluctuating commodity prices, changes to our products, product transfers, or the life cycle of our products. If we fail to adequately forecast demand for any product, or fail to determine the optimal product mix for production purposes, we may face production capacity issues in processing sufficient quantities of a given product. If our buying and distribution decisions do not accurately predict customer trends or spending levels in general or if we inappropriately price products, we may have to record potential write-downs relating to the value of obsolete or excess inventory. Conversely, if we underestimate future demand for a particular product or do not respond quickly enough to replenish our best performing products, we may have a shortfall in inventory of such products, likely leading to unfulfilled orders, reduced net revenue, and customer dissatisfaction. In addition, because we source components from suppliers located in China, our inventory management may be adversely impacted by enactment or further escalation of tariffs, import restrictions, foreign government regulations, trade restrictions, customs, and duties.
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Maintaining adequate inventory requires significant attention and monitoring of market trends, local markets, developments with suppliers, and our distribution network, and it is not certain that we will be effective in our inventory management. We are subject to the risk of inventory loss or theft and we may experience higher rates of inventory shrinkage or incur increased security costs to combat inventory theft. In addition, any casualty or disruption to our or our third-party optical laboratories, Home Try-On distribution center, or retail stores may damage or destroy our inventory located there. As we expand our operations, it may be more difficult to effectively manage our inventory. If we are not successful in managing our inventory balances, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we fail to maintain and enhance our brand, our ability to engage or expand our base of customers will be impaired, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may suffer.
Maintaining and enhancing our appeal and reputation as a stylish, innovative, and coveted brand is critical to attracting and expanding our relationships with customers. The successful promotion of our brand and the market’s awareness of our products and services will depend on a number of factors, including fashion trends, our marketing efforts, ability to continue to develop our products and services, and ability to successfully differentiate our offerings from competitive offerings.
We expect to invest substantial resources to promote and maintain our brand, but there is no guarantee that our brand development strategies will enhance the recognition of our brand or lead to increased sales. The strength of our brand will depend largely on our ability to provide stylish products and quality services at competitive prices. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased net revenue, and even if they do, the increased net revenue may not offset the expenses we incur in promoting and maintaining our brand and reputation. In order to protect our brand, we also expend substantial resources to register and defend our trademarks and to prevent others from using the same or substantially similar marks. Despite these efforts, we may not always be successful in protecting our trademarks. Our trademarks may be diluted, and we may suffer harm to our reputation, or other harm to our brand. If our efforts to cost-effectively promote and maintain our brand are not successful, our results of operations and our ability to attract and engage customers, partners, and employees may be adversely affected.
Unfavorable publicity regarding our products, customer service, or privacy and security practices could also harm our reputation and diminish confidence in, and the use of, our products and services. In addition, negative publicity related to key brands that we have partnered with may damage our reputation, even if the publicity is not directly related to us. If we fail to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand successfully or to maintain loyalty among customers, or if we incur substantial expenses in unsuccessful attempts to maintain, protect, and enhance our brand, we may fail to attract or increase the engagement of customers, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations may suffer.
We have a history of losses, and we may be unable to achieve or sustain profitability.
We had net losses of $63.2 million and $110.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and have in the past had net losses. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $666.8 million. Because we have a short operating history at scale, it is difficult for us to predict our future operating results. We will need to generate and sustain increased revenue and manage our costs to achieve profitability. Even if we do, we may not be able to sustain or increase our profitability.
Our ability to generate profit depends on our ability to grow net revenues and drive operational efficiencies in our business to generate better margins. We expect to incur increased operating costs and may continue to generate net losses in the near term in order to:
•strengthen the engagement of existing customers;
•drive adoption of our products and services through marketing and incentives and grow brand awareness through brand and eyewear collection campaigns;
•invest in our operations to support the growth, including expanding our retail footprint by selectively opening new retail stores;
•enhance our products and services, including our telehealth offerings, with new designs, functionality, and technology, as applicable;
•expand vision care services provided by optometrists employed either by us or by independent professional corporations or similar entities or with whom we have contractual arrangements;
•invest in our product supply chain for further vertical integration, opening new optical laboratories, and establishing partnerships with new frame manufacturers; and
•evaluate potential expansion into new international markets.
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We may discover that these initiatives are more expensive than we currently anticipate, and we may not succeed in increasing our net revenue sufficiently to offset these expenses or realize any anticipated benefits. We will also face greater compliance costs associated with the increased scope of our business and being a public company. Any failure to adequately increase net revenue or manage operating costs could prevent us from achieving or sustaining profitability. We may not realize the operating efficiencies we expect to achieve through our efforts to scale the business, reduce friction in the shopping experience, and optimize costs. As such, due to these factors and others, we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the near term or at all. If we are unable to achieve or sustain profitability, the value of our business and the trading price of our Class A common stock may be negatively impacted.
Failure to recruit and retain optometrists, opticians, and other vision care professionals for our retail stores could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our operations depend on our ability to offer eye exams for glasses and contact lenses. Our ability to hire optometrists, opticians, and other vision care professionals and/or contract with optometrists or independent professional corporations or similar entities that employ optometrists for our retail stores that offer such eye exams is important to our operations as well as our growth strategy, but there is no assurance that we will be successful in recruiting such professionals. Furthermore, our operations are subject to state licensing laws and many states require that opticians be licensed to dispense and fit glasses and contact lenses.
Our ability to attract and retain optometrists, opticians and other vision care professionals and/or contract with optometrists or independent professional corporations or similar entities that employ optometrists depends on several factors. We compete with other optical retail companies, health systems and group practices for vision care professionals. We, as well as the professional corporations or similar entities that employ optometrists in certain of our retail stores, could face difficulties attracting and retaining qualified professionals if we or such corporations fail to offer competitive compensation and benefits. Increased compensation for vision care professionals could raise our costs and put pressure on our margins.
The loss of or the inability by us or our affiliated professional entities to foster new relationships with such vision care professionals could impair our ability to provide services to our customers and/or cause our customers to go elsewhere for their optical needs. A change to any of the foregoing relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our e-commerce and omnichannel business faces distinct risks, and our failure to successfully manage it could have a negative impact on our profitability.
As an e-commerce and omnichannel retailer, we encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by businesses with significant online sales. The successful operation of our business as well as our ability to provide a positive shopping experience that will generate orders and drive subsequent visits depends on efficient and uninterrupted operation of our e-commerce order-taking and fulfillment operations. If we are unable to allow real-time and accurate visibility to product availability when customers are ready to purchase, quickly and efficiently fulfill our customers’ orders using the fulfillment and payment methods they demand, provide a convenient and consistent experience for our customers regardless of the ultimate sales channel, or effectively manage our online sales, our ability to compete and our results of operations could be adversely affected. Risks associated with our e-commerce and omnichannel business include:
•uncertainties associated with our websites, mobile applications and in-store systems including changes in required technology interfaces, website downtime and other technical failures, costs and technical issues as we upgrade our systems software, inadequate system capacity, computer viruses, human error, security breaches, legal claims related to our systems operations, and fulfillment;
•disruptions in internet service or power outages;
•reliance on third parties for computer hardware and software, as well as delivery of merchandise to our customers;
•rapid technology changes;
•credit or debit card fraud and other payment processing related issues;
•changes in applicable federal, state and international regulations;
•liability for online content;
•cybersecurity and consumer privacy and HIPAA concerns and regulation; and
•natural disasters or adverse weather conditions.
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Our online sales also expose us to broader applicability of regulations, as well as additional regulations, such as the prescription verification and other requirements under the Fairness to Contact Lens Consumers Act, or the FCLCA, rules relating to registration of internet sellers, certain anti-money laundering, trade sanction, anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and international trade laws. Problems in any of these areas could result in a reduction in sales, increased costs, sanctions or penalties, and damage to our reputation and brands.
In addition, we must keep up to date with competitive technology trends, including the use of new or improved technology, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, creative user interfaces, virtual and augmented reality, and other e-commerce marketing tools such as paid search and mobile application, among others, which may increase our costs and which may not increase sales or attract customers. Our competitors, some of whom have greater resources than we do, may introduce new or improved technological features sooner than we do, allowing them to benefit more quickly from changes in e-commerce technologies, which could harm our competitive position.
Future operational success depends on our ability to develop, maintain and extend relationships with managed vision care companies, vision insurance providers, and other third-party payors, or otherwise continue to attract these members to shop with us.
An increasing percentage of our customers and prospective customers receive vision insurance coverage through third-party payors, including vision insurance companies and managed care payors. We have relationships with only a few vision care insurers in the United States. Our future operational success could depend on our ability to establish relationships with vision care insurers and major carriers and to negotiate contracts with managed vision care companies, vision insurance providers, and other third-party payors, several of whom have significant market share.
Although many customers with vision insurance coverage through third-party payors that we do not have relationships with have been willing to either use their out-of-network benefits or forego using their benefits in order to shop with us or to shop with us for additional purchases once they have exhausted their vision care benefits, these customers may be less willing to take these actions over time as the third-party payors increase their market power and networks, decrease or alter their out-of-network benefits, or otherwise influence customer behavior.
We may be unable to establish or maintain satisfactory relationships with managed care and other third-party payors. In addition, many third-party payors have existing provider structures in place that they may be unable or unwilling to change. Some vertically integrated payors also have their own networks, and these payors may take actions to maintain or protect these networks in ways that negatively affect us, including by increasing costs or not allowing our new or existing stores to participate in their networks. Increasing consolidation in the optical industry may give such payors greater market power which may adversely affect our ability to negotiate reimbursement rates under managed care arrangements. Our inability to enter into arrangements with third-party payors in the future or to maintain existing relationships with third-party payors on commercially reasonable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
For the small portion of our net revenue that is currently derived from third-party coverage and reimbursement, including Medicare Advantage and commercial insurance plans, such as managed vision care plans, we and our employed and affiliated vision care professionals, as applicable, are generally reimbursed for the vision care services and products that we or our affiliated vision care professionals provide through payment systems managed by private insurance companies, managed care organizations, and governmental agencies. Coverage and payment levels are determined at each third-party payor’s discretion, and we have limited control over third-party payor’s decision-making with respect to coverage and payment levels. Coverage restrictions and reductions in reimbursement levels or payment methodologies may negatively impact our sales and profits. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to maintain or increase our participation in third-party payor arrangements or that we will be adequately reimbursed by managed care payors, vision insurance providers, and other third-party payors for the services we provide and the products we sell.
Our business is affected by seasonality.
Our business is subject to seasonal fluctuation. We observe moderately higher seasonal demand during the month of December due in part to customer usage of health and flexible spending benefits in the final week of the year. Consistent with our policy to recognize revenue upon order delivery, any orders placed at the end of December are recognized as revenue upon delivery, which may occur in the following year.
Our business has historically experienced a higher proportion of costs in each subsequent quarter as a year progresses due to the overall growth of the business and operating costs to support that growth, including costs
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related to the opening of new retail stores and increased marketing and employee-related compensation to support growth. The fourth quarter, in particular, has historically experienced the highest amount of costs in a year to support the business demand in the quarter, even though a portion of the net revenue from that demand is not recognized until January of the following year. Seasonal trends cause fluctuations in our quarterly results, which may impact the predictability of our business and operating results.
Furthermore, our rapid growth in recent years may obscure the extent to which seasonality trends have affected our business and may continue to affect our business. Accordingly, yearly or quarterly comparisons of our operating results may not be useful and our results in any particular period will not necessarily be indicative of the results to be expected for any future period. Seasonality in our business can also be affected by introductions of new or enhanced products and services, including the costs associated with such introductions.
Certain technological advances, greater availability of, or increased consumer preferences for, vision correction alternatives to prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses, and future drug development for the correction of vision-related problems may reduce the demand for our products and adversely impact our business and profitability.
Technological advances in vision care, including the development of new or improved products, as well as future drug development for the correction of vision-related problems, could significantly change how vision care may be conducted and make our existing products less attractive or even obsolete. The greater availability and acceptance, or reductions in the cost, of vision correction alternatives to prescription eyeglasses and contact lenses, such as corneal refractive surgery procedures, including radial keratotomy, photorefractive keratotomy, or PRK, and LASIK, may reduce the demand for our products, lower our sales, and thereby adversely impact our business and profitability.
Environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) matters may adversely impact our business and reputation.
In addition to the importance of their financial performance, investors, employees, customers, governmental and regulatory bodies and other stakeholders or third parties are increasingly judging companies by their performance on a variety of environmental, social, and governance, or ESG, matters, which are considered to contribute to the long-term sustainability of companies’ performance.
A variety of organizations measure the performance of companies on such ESG topics, and the results of these assessments are widely publicized. In addition, investment in funds that specialize in companies that perform well in such assessments are increasingly popular, and major institutional investors have publicly emphasized the importance of such ESG measures to their investment decisions, with some relying on ESG ratings to measure the performance of companies on ESG topics. Topics taken into account in such assessments include, among others, the company’s efforts and impacts on climate change and human rights or labor conditions, ethics and compliance with law, and the role of the company’s board of directors in supervising various ESG issues. In addition to the topics typically considered in such assessments, in the healthcare industry, issues of the public’s ability to access our products and solutions are of particular importance.
Further, as investor and other stakeholder expectations and ESG disclosure standards and policies continue to evolve, we have expanded our public disclosures in these areas. Such disclosures may reflect aspirational goals and other expectations and assumptions, which are necessarily uncertain and may not be realized. Failure to realize (or timely achieve progress on) such aspirational goals could adversely affect our third party ESG ratings, our reputation or otherwise adversely affect us.
In addition, various regulatory authorities have imposed, and may continue to impose, mandatory substantive and/or disclosure requirements with respect to ESG matters. For example, we may be subject to various disclosure requirements (such as information on greenhouse gas emissions, climate risks, use of carbon offsets, and emissions reduction claims) from the State of California as well as the SEC’s climate disclosure proposal, if finalized, and the International Sustainability Standards Board’s sustainability and climate standards (which are expected to be adopted in some form by various jurisdictions, including Canada) among other regulations or requirements. These requirements may not always be uniform across jurisdictions, which may result in increased complexity, and cost, for compliance. Any of the foregoing may require us to make additional investments in facilities and equipment, require us to incur additional costs for the collection of data and/or preparation of disclosures and associated internal controls, may impact the availability and cost of key raw materials used in the production of our products or the demand for our products, and, in turn, may adversely impact our business, operating results, and financial condition. Additionally, many
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of our suppliers and business partners may be subject to similar requirements, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.
In light of investors’ and regulators’ increased focus on ESG matters, there can be no certainty that we will manage such issues successfully, or that we will successfully meet our customers’ or society’s expectations as to our proper role. If we fail to meet the ESG values, standards and metrics that we set for ourselves, or our articulated public benefit purposes, or if we fail to meet regulatory requirements for ESG disclosures, we may experience negative publicity and a loss of customers or be subject to regulatory fines or penalties or litigation, which will adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. See “—Risks Related to Our Existence as Public Benefit Corporation.”
We depend on highly skilled personnel to grow and operate our business, and if we are unable to hire, retain, and motivate our personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively.
Our success and future growth depend largely upon the continued services of our management team, including our Co-Founders and Co-Chief Executive Officers, Neil Blumenthal and Dave Gilboa. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of these executives. Our executive officers are employed on an at-will basis, which means they may terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of one or more of our executive officers, or the failure by our executive team to effectively work with our employees and lead our company, could harm our business. We do not maintain key person life insurance with respect to any member of management or other employee.
In addition, our future success will depend, in part, upon our continued ability to identify and hire skilled employees with the skills and technical knowledge that we require, including software design and programming, eyewear design, marketing, merchandising, retail sales, operations, and other key management skills and knowledge. Such efforts will require significant time, expense, and attention as there is intense competition for such individuals, particularly in the New York City region, and new hires require significant training and time before they achieve full productivity, particularly in retail sales and Customer Experience. In addition to hiring new employees, we must continue to focus on developing, motivating, and retaining our best employees, all of whom are at-will employees in the U.S. If we fail to identify, recruit, and integrate strategic personnel hires, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. We may need to invest significant amounts of cash and equity to attract and retain new employees, and we may never realize returns on these investments. If we hire employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or we have breached various legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of our time and resources. In addition, prospective and existing employees often consider the value of the equity awards they receive in connection with their employment. The market value of our Class A common stock has experienced significant volatility since it began trading in September 2021, and if the perceived value of our equity awards declines or continues to experiences significant volatility such that prospective employees believe there is limited upside to the value of our equity awards, it may adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain key employees. If we are not able to effectively add and retain employees, our ability to achieve our strategic objectives will be adversely impacted, and our business and future growth prospects will be harmed.
We believe that our company culture has contributed to our success and if we cannot maintain this culture as we grow, our business could be harmed.
We believe that our company culture has been critical to our success. Our public benefit corporation status and commitment to doing good distinguish us from our competitors and promote positive impact and equity among our employees and customers. Our company culture stands for fun, creativity, and doing good in the world. Our ability to continue to cultivate and maintain this culture is essential to our growth and continued success. We face a number of challenges that may affect our ability to sustain our corporate culture, including:
•failure to identify, attract, reward, and retain people in leadership positions in our organization who share and further our culture, values, and mission;
•the increasing size and geographic diversity of our workforce, and our ability to promote a uniform and consistent culture across all our offices and employees;
•the market perception about our charitable contributions and social and political stances;
•competitive pressures to move in directions that may divert us from our mission, vision, and values;
•the continued challenges of a rapidly-evolving industry; and
•the increasing need to develop expertise in new areas of business that affect us.
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Our unique culture is one of our core characteristics that helps us to attract and retain key personnel. If we are not able to maintain our culture, we would have to incur additional costs and find alternative methods to recruit key employees, which in turn could cause our business, results of operations, and financial condition to be adversely affected.
We derive most of our revenue from sales of our glasses. A decline in sales of our glasses would negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We derive most of our revenue from the sale of one product, our glasses. Our glasses are sold in highly competitive markets with limited barriers to entry. Introduction by competitors of comparable products at lower price points, a maturing product lifecycle, a decline in consumer spending, or other factors could result in a material decline in our revenue. Because we derive most of our revenue from the sale of our glasses, any material decline in sales of our glasses would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We could be adversely affected by product liability, product recall or personal injury issues.
We could be adversely impacted by the supply of defective products, including the infiltration of counterfeit products into the supply chain or product mishandling issues. Product liability or personal injury claims may be asserted against us with respect to any of the products we sell or services we provide. The provision of professional eye care services by the vision care professionals employed by us or by independent professional corporations or similar entities or with whom we have contractual arrangements also increases our exposure to professional liability claims. There is a risk that these claims may exceed, or fall outside the scope of, our insurance coverage. In addition, a government or other regulatory agency could require us or one of our vendors or suppliers to remove a particular product from the market for, among other reasons, failure to adhere to product safety requirements or quality control standards. Product recalls can result in the disposal or write-off of merchandise, harm our reputation, and cause us to lose customers, particularly if those recalls cause consumers to question the performance, quality, safety, or reliability of our products. Any significant returns or warranty claims, as well as the timing of such returns or claims, could result in significant additional costs to us and could adversely affect our results of operations.
For our private label Scout by Warby Parker contact lenses, we rely on our contract manufacturer to control the quality and regulatory compliance of their contact lenses. We are not involved in the manufacture of these contact lenses we purchase from this vendor for sale to our customers. Our ability to seek recourse for liabilities and recover costs from this vendor depends on our contractual rights as well as on the financial condition and integrity of the vendor.
Moreover, we engage in further processing, packaging, and labeling activities at our third-party optical laboratories. If the products that we sell, including those that we process, package, or label, are defective or otherwise result in product liability or personal injury claims against us, our business could be adversely affected and we could be subject to adverse regulatory action. If our products or services do not meet applicable governmental safety standards or our customers’ expectations regarding quality or safety, we could experience lost sales and increased costs, be exposed to legal and reputational risk, and face fines or penalties which could materially adversely affect our financial results.
Refunds, cancellations, and warranty claims could harm our business.
We allow our customers to return our products, subject to our refund policy, which allows any customer to return our products for any reason within the first 30 days of their purchase and receive a full refund. At the time of sale, we establish a reserve for returns, based on historical experience and expected future returns, which is recorded as a reduction of sales. If we experience a substantial increase in refunds, our cancellation reserve levels might not be sufficient and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed.
In addition, we provide a six month no scratch guarantee on all of our glass lenses. If a customer has scratched lenses in the first six months, we replace the scratched lenses for free. We could incur significant costs to honor this guarantee. In addition, we may at any time or from time to time reduce or increase the length of this guarantee. Any negative publicity related to the perceived quality and safety of our products or to a change in the term of this guarantee could affect our brand image, decrease consumer and customer confidence and demand, and adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.
We expect a number of factors to cause our results of operations and operating cash flows to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance.
Our results of operations could vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year because of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period
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basis may not be meaningful. In addition to other risk factors discussed in this section, factors that may contribute to the variability of our quarterly and annual results include:
•our ability to accurately forecast net revenue and appropriately plan our expenses;
•changes to financial accounting standards and the interpretation of those standards, which may affect the way we recognize and report our financial results;
•changes to our existing product mix and channel mix;
•the effectiveness of our internal controls;
•the seasonality of our business;
•changes in financial markets or macroeconomic conditions, including, for example, due to the effects of recession or slow economic growth in the United States and abroad, rising inflation and interest rates, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption, political instability, geopolitical instability, acts of war, including the conflict involving Russia and Ukraine and in Israel and the Middle East, and acts of terrorism; and
•the impact of a future outbreak of disease or similar public health concern on our business.
The impact of one or more of the foregoing and other factors may cause our results of operations to vary significantly. As such, quarter-to-quarter and year-over-year comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful and should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. See “—Our business is affected by seasonality.”
We may require additional capital to support the growth of our business, and this capital might not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.
We have funded our operations since inception primarily through net proceeds from the sale of redeemable convertible preferred stock and common stock and cash flows generated from operating activities. We cannot be certain that our operations will continue to generate sufficient cash to fully fund our ongoing operations or the growth of our business. We intend to continue to make investments to support the development of our products and services and will require additional funds for such development. We may need additional funding for marketing expenses and to develop and expand sales resources, develop new features or enhance our products and services, improve our operating infrastructure, or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we might need or may want to engage in future equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. Additional financing may not be available on terms favorable to us, if at all. If adequate funds are not available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to invest in future growth opportunities, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, our ability to develop our products and services, support our business growth, and respond to business challenges could be significantly impaired, and our business may be adversely affected.
Our credit agreement contains restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business.
Our credit agreement imposes significant operating and financial restrictions. These covenants may limit our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries, under certain circumstances, to, among other things:
•incur additional indebtedness;
▪create or incur liens;
▪make capital expenditures;
▪engage in certain fundamental changes, including mergers or consolidations;
▪sell or transfer assets;
▪make acquisitions, investments, loans or advances;
▪pay or modify the terms of certain indebtedness;
▪engage in certain transactions with affiliates; and
▪enter into negative pledge clauses.
Our credit agreement also contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default, as well as a financial maintenance covenant that only applies while total borrowings exceed $30.0 million, and which requires that the Company maintain a maximum consolidated senior net leverage ratio. As a result of these covenants and restrictions, we may be limited in how we conduct our business, and we may be unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. The terms of any future indebtedness we may incur could include more restrictive covenants. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain compliance with these covenants in the future and, if we fail to do so, that we will be able to obtain waivers from the lenders and/or amend the covenants. Non-compliance with one or more of these covenants could result in our debt becoming immediately due and payable, and the termination of the lenders’ commitments under our credit facility.
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Acquisitions, strategic investments, partnerships, or alliances could be difficult to identify, pose integration challenges, divert the attention of management, disrupt our business, dilute stockholder value, and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our services and grow our business in response to changing technologies, customer demands, and competitive pressures. We have and may continue to expand our services and grow our business by entering into partnerships or alliances with third parties or through the acquisition of complementary businesses and technologies rather than through internal development. The identification of suitable alliance partners or acquisition candidates can be difficult, time-consuming, and costly, and we may not be able to successfully complete identified transactions. In addition, if we pursue and complete an acquisition, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired business. The risks we face in connection with acquisitions include:
•an acquisition may negatively affect our financial results because it may require us to incur charges or assume substantial debt or other liabilities, may cause adverse tax consequences or unfavorable accounting treatment, may expose us to claims and disputes by stockholders and third parties, including intellectual property claims and disputes, or may not generate sufficient financial return to offset additional costs and expenses related to the acquisition;
•we may encounter difficulties or unforeseen expenditures in integrating the business, offerings, technologies, personnel, or operations of any company that we acquire, particularly if key personnel of the acquired company decide not to work for us;
•an acquisition may disrupt our ongoing business, divert resources, increase our expenses, and distract our management;
•an acquisition may result in a delay or reduction of customer purchases for both us and the company acquired due to customer uncertainty about continuity and effectiveness of service from either company;
•we may encounter difficulties in, or may be unable to, successfully sell any acquired products;
•our use of cash to pay for an acquisition would limit other potential uses for our cash;
•if we incur debt to fund such acquisition, such debt may subject us to material restrictions on our ability to conduct our business, as well as financial maintenance covenants; and
•if we issue a significant amount of equity securities in connection with future acquisitions, existing stockholders may be diluted and earnings per share may decrease.
The occurrence of any of these foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations and expose us to unknown risks or liabilities.
Pandemics, such as COVID-19, or the spread of new infectious diseases and associated responses could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
The COVID-19 pandemic had widespread, rapidly evolving and unpredictable impacts on global society, economics, financial markets and business practices. Our business and global operations faced temporary store closures, supply chain delays, labor shortages, increased delivery times for certain products, and reduced consumer discretionary spending. The extent to which any future widespread outbreaks of infectious disease may impact our business will depend on factors such as the duration and scope of infections; associated responses, including governmental, business, and individuals' actions in response to the health crisis; and the impact on economic activity including the possibility of financial market instability or recession. Such events are highly uncertain, cannot be accurately predicted and may also exacerbate other risks discussed herein, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Legal and Regulatory Environment
We are subject to extensive state, local, and federal vision care and healthcare laws and regulations, and failure to adhere to such laws and regulations would adversely affect our business.
Although the majority of our revenues is derived from cash-pay consumers, we have contracts with certain vision plans, including Medicare Advantage health plans, which subject us to a number of federal and state healthcare regulatory laws, including federal and state anti-kickback, false claims, self-referral, and other healthcare fraud and abuse laws, some of which apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including self-pay patients. The
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applicable federal and state healthcare laws that affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to, the following:
•the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving, or providing any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or certain rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order, or recommendation of, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under any U.S. federal healthcare program, such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;
•the federal physician self-referral law, commonly referred to as the Stark Law, that, subject to limited exceptions, prohibits physicians (defined to also include optometrists) from referring Medicare or Medicaid patients to an entity for the provision of certain “designated health services” if the physician or a member of such physician’s immediate family has a direct or indirect financial relationship (including an ownership interest or a compensation arrangement) with the entity, and prohibit the entity from billing Medicare or Medicaid for such designated health services;
•the federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, which can be enforced by private citizens on behalf of the government through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, and prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the government, claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or from knowingly making a false statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the government. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or Stark Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act;
•the federal civil monetary penalties laws, including the Civil Monetary Penalties Law, impose civil fines for, among other things, the offering or transfer of remuneration to a Medicare or state healthcare program beneficiary if the person knows or should know it is likely to influence the beneficiary’s selection of a particular provider, practitioner, or supplier of services reimbursable by Medicare or a state healthcare program, unless an exception applies;
•HIPAA, which imposes criminal and civil liability for, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement, in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items, or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;
•the Physician Payments Sunshine Act and its implementing regulations, which require, among other things, certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies that are reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to certain payments and other transfers of value to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, and chiropractors), certain non-physician practitioners such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners, and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;
•analogous state laws and regulations, including: state anti-kickback and false claims laws, some of which apply to healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial payors and self-pay patients; and
•state licensing and registration laws that apply to our stores and employed and affiliated vision care professionals, including ophthalmologists, optometrists, and opticians. The dispensing of prescription eyeglasses is also regulated in most states in which we do business. In some states, we are required to register our stores as an optical retailer.
The laws applicable to us are also subject to evolving interpretations. As such, we must monitor our compliance with laws in every jurisdiction in which we operate on an ongoing basis and we cannot guarantee that subsequent interpretation of, or changes to, the applicable laws will not negatively affect our business operations. Ensuring that our internal operations and future business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. It is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct or business noncompliance, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent inappropriate conduct may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If our operations
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are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental laws and regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight, and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of noncompliance, disgorgement, imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Further, defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired.
Eyeglasses and contact lenses are regulated as medical devices in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, such medical devices must meet a number of regulatory requirements. We also engage in certain manufacturing, packaging, and labeling activities that subject us to direct oversight by the FDA under the FDCA and its implementing regulations. See “—Eyeglasses, contact lenses and visual acuity charts are regulated as medical devices by the FDA, and our failure, or the failure of any third-party manufacturers, to obtain and maintain the necessary marketing authorizations for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business.”
Moreover, in the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system, including cost-containment measures intended to reduce healthcare costs and improve the quality of healthcare. For example, in the U.S., the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacted the U.S. medical device industry. In addition, the Budget Control Act of 2011, as amended by subsequent legislation, reduces Medicare payments to providers, which will remain in effect through 2032 unless Congress and/or the Administration take additional action. Furthermore, new legislation could be adopted in the future that further limits payments for our products from governmental payors.
State corporate practice of medicine and optometry and fee-splitting laws govern at least some of our business operations, and violation of such laws could result in penalties and adversely affect our contractual relationships with optometrists, ophthalmologists, or affiliated professional entities that employ such providers and our financial condition and results of operations.
In several states where we operate, state corporate practice of medicine and optometry laws prohibit a business corporation from practicing medicine or optometry, directly employing physicians or optometrists to provide professional services, or exercising control over treatment decisions by such professionals. In these states, typically only medical professionals or a professional entity wholly owned by licensed physicians, optometrists, or other licensed medical professionals may provide medical care to patients. Many states also have some form of fee-splitting law, prohibiting certain business arrangements that involve the splitting or sharing of professional fees earned by a physician, optometrist or another medical professional for the delivery of healthcare services. Prohibitions on the practice of medicine or optometry and/or fee-splitting between licensed professionals and lay entities may be statutory or regulatory, or may be imposed through judicial or regulatory interpretation, and vary widely from state to state.
In many of our retail stores, we have contractual relationships with optometrists or professional corporations or similar entities that employ ophthalmologists and/or optometrists to provide medical services to our customers. In addition, we have contractual relationships with several professional corporations or similar entities that employ ophthalmologists who review test results and renew prescriptions, as appropriate, of users of our Virtual Vision Test mobile app. We cannot provide any assurance that governmental authorities will not assert that we are engaged in the corporate practice of medicine or optometry, or that our contractual relationships with optometrists, ophthalmologists, or professional entities that employ such providers constitute unlawful fee-splitting. Moreover, we cannot predict whether changes will be made to existing laws, regulations, or interpretations, or whether new ones will be enacted or adopted, which could cause us to be out of compliance with these requirements. If our arrangements are found to violate corporate practice of medicine or optometry and/or fee-splitting laws, our provision of services through our contractual relationships with optometrists, ophthalmologists, or affiliated professional entities that employ such providers could be deemed impermissible, requiring us to do a restructuring or reorganization of our business, and we could be subject to injunctions or civil or, in some cases, criminal penalties, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to rapidly changing and increasingly stringent laws, regulations, contractual obligations, and industry standards relating to privacy, data security, and data protection. The
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restrictions and costs imposed by these laws and other obligations, or our actual or perceived failure to comply with them, could subject us to liabilities that adversely affect our business, operations, and financial performance.
We collect, process, store, and use a wide variety of data from current and prospective customers, including personal and sensitive information, such as home addresses and geolocation, and health information related to their ophthalmic prescriptions. As such, we are subject to various federal, state, local, and international laws, rules, and regulations, as well as industry standards and regulatory guidance, relating to the collection, receipt, use, maintenance, storage, use, retention, security, disclosure, transfer and other processing of confidential, sensitive, and personal information. In addition, existing laws and regulations are constantly evolving, and new laws and regulations that apply to our business are being introduced at every level of government in the United States, as well as internationally.
Many state legislatures have adopted legislation that regulates how businesses operate online, including measures relating to privacy, data security, and data breaches. Such legislation includes the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which gives California residents expanded rights related to their personal information, including the right to access and delete their personal information, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used and shared. The CCPA also created restrictions on “sales” of personal information that allow California residents to opt-out of certain sharing of their personal information and may restrict the use of cookies and similar technologies for advertising purposes. Our e-commerce platform, including our websites and mobile applications, rely on these technologies and could be adversely affected by the CCPA’s restrictions. The CCPA prohibits discrimination against individuals who exercise their privacy rights, provides for civil penalties for violations, and creates a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Additionally, the California Privacy Rights Act, or CPRA, went into effect in California on January 1, 2023. The CPRA expands the scope of regulated data to include sensitive personal information that we handle; enables the ability to opt out of the use of personal information for cross-context behavioral advertising techniques on which our products may rely in the future; establishes certain requirements on the retention of personal information; expands the types of data breaches subject to the private right of action; and establishes the California Privacy Protection Agency to implement and enforce the new law, as well as impose administrative fines. Similar laws have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. To the extent multiple state-level laws are introduced with inconsistent or conflicting standards and there is no federal law to preempt such laws, compliance with such laws could be difficult and costly to achieve and we could be subject to fines and penalties in the event of actual or perceived non-compliance.
Additionally, we are subject to certain health information privacy and security laws as a result of the health information that we receive in connection with our products and services. These laws and regulations include HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, or HITECH, and their implementing regulations. HIPAA requires us to develop and maintain policies and procedures governing PHI that is used or disclosed, and to implement administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect PHI, including PHI maintained, used, and disclosed in electronic form. These safeguards include employee training, identifying business associates with whom covered entities need to enter into HIPAA-compliant contractual arrangements and various other measures. Ongoing implementation and oversight of these measures involves significant time, effort, and expense and we may have to dedicate additional time and resources to ensure compliance with HIPAA requirements. Additionally, it is not always possible to identify and deter misuse by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent noncompliance may not be effective in preventing all misuse, breaches, or violations. For example, as discussed above, in 2018, we experienced a credential stuffing attack in which malicious third parties used credentials compromised in data breaches suffered by other companies to access accounts on our platform and received notice that OCR would be investigating the incident and our compliance with the Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules and requesting certain information related to the incident and our compliance with the Privacy, Security, and Breach Notification Rules. We continue to work on a resolution with OCR. OCR enforcement activity can result in financial liability and reputational harm, and responses to such enforcement activity can consume significant internal resources.
HIPAA imposes mandatory civil and criminal penalties for certain violations. HIPAA also authorizes state attorneys general to file suit on behalf of their residents. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action that would allow individuals to sue in civil court for a HIPAA violation, its standards have been used as the basis for the duty of care in state civil suits, such as those for negligence or recklessness in misusing personal information.
Many states in which we operate and in which our customers reside also have laws that protect the privacy and security of health information, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts. For example, Washington has adopted the My Health My Data Act, a
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privacy law that imposes new state restrictions and requirements on the processing and sale of consumer health data and creates a private right of action, which will take effect as to the substantial majority of the legislation in March 31, 2024. Where state laws are more protective than HIPAA, we have to comply with the stricter provisions, absent statutory exemptions. Whether and how these exemptions will be applied under new laws such as the My Health My Data Act and the CCPA and CPRA is an unsettled area of law. In addition to fines and penalties imposed upon violators, some of these state laws also afford private rights of action to individuals who believe their personal information has been misused, such as the CCPA and CPRA.
In addition, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, or TCPA, imposes significant restrictions on the ability to make telephone calls or send text messages to mobile telephone numbers without the prior consent of the person being contacted. Claims that we have violated the TCPA could be costly to litigate, and if successful, expose us to substantial statutory damages.
Foreign privacy laws are also rapidly changing, have become more stringent in recent years, and may increase the costs and complexity of offering our offerings in new geographies. In Canada, where we operate, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, or PIPEDA, and various provincial laws require that companies give detailed privacy notices to consumers, obtain consent to use personal information, with limited exceptions, allow individuals to access and correct their personal information, and report certain data breaches. In addition, Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation, or CASL, prohibits email marketing without the recipient’s consent, with limited exceptions. Failure to comply with PIPEDA, CASL, or provincial privacy or data protection laws could result in significant fines and penalties or possible damage awards. In the European Economic Area, the General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, imposes strict obligations on the ability to collect, analyze, transfer, and otherwise process personal data and the UK has a similar law. The GDPR provides for monetary penalties and companies may also face civil claims including representative actions and other class action type litigation (where individuals have suffered harm), potentially amounting to significant compensation or damages liabilities, as well as associated costs, diversion of internal resources, and reputational harm. Furthermore, regulatory guidance is evolving and monitoring developments and compliance will lead to increased costs.
In addition, privacy advocates and industry groups have regularly proposed, and may propose in the future, self-regulatory standards by which we are legally or contractually bound. If we fail to comply with these contractual obligations or standards, we may face substantial liability or fines. Consumer resistance to the collection and sharing of the data used to deliver targeted advertising, increased visibility of consent or “do not track” mechanisms as a result of industry regulatory or legal developments, the adoption by consumers of browser settings or “ad-blocking” software, and the development and deployment of new technologies could materially impact our ability to collect data or reduce our ability to deliver relevant promotions or media, which could materially impair the results of our operations.
Further, we are subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (“PCI Standard”), which is a multifaceted security standard that is designed to protect credit card account data as mandated by payment card industry entities. We work with our merchant services providers to ensure PCI compliance across our payment processing channels. Despite our compliance efforts, in the event of a breach of the security of payment card data, we may become subject to claims that we have violated the PCI Data Security Standard, based on past, present, and future business practices, which could have an adverse impact on our business and reputation. In addition, we are subject to the risk of changes to or disruption in our providers’ service. Costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology such as those necessary to achieve compliance with the PCI Standard or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems could also disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. Any material interruptions or failures in our payment-related systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. If there are amendments to the PCI Standard, the cost of re-compliance could also be substantial and we may suffer loss of critical data and interruptions or delays in our operations as a result.
Compliance with these domestic, foreign, and any other applicable privacy and data security laws and regulations is a rigorous and time-intensive process, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the new data protection rules. Despite our efforts, we may not be successful in achieving compliance with the rapidly evolving privacy, data security, and data protection requirements discussed above. Emerging technologies we utilize, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, may also become subject to regulation under new laws or new applications of existing laws. While we strive to comply with applicable laws and regulations relating to privacy and data protection in all material respects, there is no assurance that we will not be subject to claims that we have violated applicable laws or codes of conduct, that we will be able to successfully defend against such claims or that we will not be subject to significant fines, penalties, or corrective action requirements in the event of non-compliance. Any actual or perceived non-compliance could result in litigation and proceedings against us by governmental entities, customers or others, fines and civil or criminal penalties, limited ability or inability to operate our
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business, offer services, or market our business in certain jurisdictions, negative publicity and harm to our brand and reputation, and reduced overall demand for our products and services. Such occurrences could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Our general liability insurance may not cover all potential claims to which we are exposed and may not be adequate to indemnify us for the full extent of our potential liabilities.
Our business could be adversely affected by legal challenges to our business model or by actions restricting our ability to provide the full range of our services in certain jurisdictions.
Providing telehealth services such as online vision testing through our Virtual Vision Test mobile app by Warby Parker mobile app are generally governed by state laws and regulations and are subject to extensive regulation and oversight by state governmental authorities. Our ability to conduct telehealth services in a particular jurisdiction is directly dependent upon the applicable laws and regulations governing remote care, the practice of medicine and healthcare delivery in general in such location, which are subject to changing political, regulatory, and other influences. The extent to which a jurisdiction considers particular actions or relationships to comply with the applicable standard of care is subject to change and to evolving interpretations by states medical boards and state attorneys general, among others, each with broad discretion. Accordingly, we must monitor our compliance with law in every jurisdiction in which we operate, on an ongoing basis, and we cannot provide assurance that our activities and arrangements, if challenged, will be found to be in compliance with the law. Although the COVID-19 pandemic led to the relaxation of certain Medicare and Medicaid requirements, some of which were extended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2023 until December 31, 2024, as well as certain state licensure restrictions on the delivery of telehealth services, it is uncertain how long the relaxed policies will remain in effect, and, there can be no guarantee that such restrictions will not be reinstated or changed in a way that adversely affects our business.
Additionally, it is possible that the laws and rules governing the practice of medicine, including remote care, in one or more jurisdictions may change in a manner deleterious to our business. For instance, a few states have imposed different, and, in some cases, additional, standards regarding the provision of services via telehealth. The unpredictability of this regulatory landscape means that sudden changes in policy regarding standards of care and reimbursement are possible. If a successful legal challenge or an adverse change in the relevant laws were to occur, and we were unable to adapt our business model accordingly, our operations in the affected jurisdictions would be disrupted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to reprimands, sanctions, probation, fines, suspension or revocation of licenses, or our ability to offer telehealth services will not be challenged. We may also be the subject of administrative complaints in the future.
Failure to adequately maintain and protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights could harm our brand, devalue our proprietary content, and adversely affect our ability to compete effectively.
Our success depends to a significant degree on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property rights, including those in our proprietary technologies, know-how, and brand. To protect our rights to our intellectual property, we rely on a combination of patent, trademark, copyright and trade secret laws, domain name registrations, confidentiality agreements, and other contractual arrangements with our employees, affiliates, clients, strategic partners, and others. However, the protective steps we have taken and plan to take may be inadequate to deter misappropriation or other violation of or otherwise protect our intellectual property rights. We may be unable to detect the unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Effective patent, trademark, copyright, and trade secret protection may not be available to us or available in every jurisdiction in which we offer or intend to offer our services. Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our brand, devalue our proprietary technology and content, and adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. Further, even if we are successful, defending our intellectual property rights could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors may gain access to our intellectual property and proprietary technology and develop and commercialize substantially identical offerings or technologies. Any patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights that we have or may obtain may be challenged or circumvented by others or invalidated or held unenforceable through administrative process, including re-examination, inter partes review, interference and derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g. opposition proceedings), or litigation. There can be no assurance that our patent applications will result in issued patents and we may be unable to obtain or maintain patent protection for our technology. In addition, any patents issued from pending or future patent applications or licensed to us in the future may not provide us with claims sufficiently broad to provide meaningful competitive advantages or may be successfully challenged by third parties. There is also no guarantee that our pending trademark applications for any mark will proceed to registration;
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our pending applications may be opposed by a third party prior to registration; and even those trademarks that are registered could be challenged by a third party, including by way of revocation or invalidity actions. For example, we have registrations in a number of foreign countries in which we are not currently offering goods or services, and those registrations could be subject to invalidation proceedings if we cannot demonstrate use of the marks by the applicable use deadlines in those countries. In addition, because patent applications in the United States are currently maintained in secrecy for a period of time prior to issuance, and patent applications in certain other countries generally are not published until more than 18 months after they are first filed, and because publication of discoveries in scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first creator of inventions covered by our pending patent applications or that we were the first to file patent applications on such inventions. To maintain a proprietary market position in foreign countries, we may seek to protect some of our proprietary inventions through foreign counterpart patent applications. Statutory differences in patentable subject matter may limit the protection we can obtain on some of our inventions outside of the United States. The diversity of patent laws may make our expenses associated with the development and maintenance of intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions more expensive than we anticipate. We probably will not be able to obtain the same patent protection in every market in which we may otherwise be able to potentially generate revenue. Further, the laws of some foreign countries may not be as protective of intellectual property rights as those in the United States, and mechanisms for enforcement of intellectual property rights may be inadequate. Moreover, policing unauthorized use of our technologies, trade secrets, and intellectual property may be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming. Despite our precautions, it may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy our offerings and capabilities and use information that we regard as proprietary to create offerings that compete with ours. Third parties may apply to register our trademarks or other trademarks similar to our trademarks in jurisdictions before us, thereby creating risks relating to our ability to use and register our trademarks in those jurisdictions. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark ownership or infringement claims brought by owners of other rights, including registered trademarks, in our marks or marks similar to ours. Any claims of infringement, brand dilution, or consumer confusion related to our brand (including our trademarks) or any failure to renew key license agreements on acceptable terms could damage our reputation and brand identity and substantially harm our business and results of operations. The value of our intellectual property could diminish if others assert rights in or ownership of our trademarks and other intellectual property rights, or trademarks that are similar to our trademarks. We may be unable to successfully resolve these types of conflicts to our satisfaction. In some cases, litigation or other actions may be necessary to protect or enforce our trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights. Litigation brought to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming, and distracting to management, and could result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property rights.
We generally enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants, as well as confidentiality agreements with other third parties, including suppliers and other partners. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our proprietary information, know-how, and trade secrets. Moreover, no assurance can be given that these agreements will be effective in controlling access to our proprietary information or the distribution, use, misuse, misappropriation, reverse engineering, or disclosure of our proprietary information, know-how, and trade secrets. Further, these agreements may not prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our offerings and capabilities. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach.
Domain names generally are regulated by internet regulatory bodies, and the regulation of domain names is subject to change. Regulatory bodies have and may continue to establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars, or modify the requirements for holding domain names. We may not be able to, or it may not be cost-effective to, acquire or maintain all domain names that utilize the name “Warby Parker” in all of the countries in which we currently conduct or intend to conduct business. If we lose the ability to use a domain name, we could incur significant additional expenses to market our products within that country, including the development of new branding. This could substantially harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.
We may incur costs to defend against, face liability or for being vulnerable to intellectual property infringement claims brought against us by others.
Third parties may assert claims against us alleging that we infringe upon, misappropriate, dilute or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights, particularly as we expand our business and the number of products we offer. These risks have been amplified by the increase in third parties whose sole or primary business is to assert such claims. We may be particularly vulnerable to such claims, as companies having a substantial online presence are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. As we gain an increasingly high public profile, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against us grows. Our competitors
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and others may now and in the future have significantly larger and more mature patent portfolios than us. We rely on contracts and releases for ownership of copyrighted materials and the right to use images of individuals on our webpage and marketing material, and we may be subject to claims that we did not properly obtain rights, consent, a release, or permission to use certain content or imagery. Many potential litigants have the ability to dedicate substantial resources to the assertion of their intellectual property rights. Any claim of infringement by a third party, even those without merit, could cause us to incur substantial costs defending against the claim, could distract our management from our business, could require us to cease use of such intellectual property, and could create ongoing obligations if we are subject to agreements or injunctions (stipulated or imposed) preventing us from engaging in certain acts. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, we risk compromising our confidential information during this type of litigation. Our defense of any claim, regardless of its merit, could be expensive and time consuming and could divert management resources. We cannot predict the outcome of lawsuits and cannot ensure that the results of any such actions will not have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Successful infringement claims against us could result in significant monetary liability or prevent us from selling some of our products. In addition, resolution of claims may require us to redesign or rebrand our products, license rights from third parties on potentially unfavorable terms, cease using certain brand names or other intellectual property rights altogether, make substantial payments for royalty or license fees, legal fees, settlement payments or other costs or damages, or admit liability. Such outcomes could encourage others to bring claims against us. To the extent we seek a license to continue offerings or operations found or alleged to infringe third-party intellectual property rights, such a license may be non-exclusive, and therefore our competitors may have access to the same technology licensed to us. In the event we are required to develop alternative, non-infringing technology, this could require significant time (during which we would be unable to continue to offer our affected offerings), effort and expense, and may ultimately not be successful. Any of these events could harm our business and cause our results of operations, liquidity, and financial condition to suffer.
Government regulation of the internet and e-commerce is evolving, and unfavorable changes or failure by us to comply with these regulations could substantially harm our business and results of operations.
We are subject to general business regulations and laws as well as regulations and laws specifically governing the internet and e-commerce. Existing and future regulations and laws could impede the growth of the internet, e-commerce or mobile commerce. These regulations and laws may involve taxes, tariffs, privacy and data security, anti-spam, content protection, electronic contracts and communications, consumer protection, and internet neutrality. It is not clear how existing laws governing issues such as property ownership, sales and other taxes, and consumer privacy apply to the internet as the vast majority of these laws were adopted prior to the advent of the internet and do not contemplate or address the unique issues raised by the internet or e-commerce. It is possible that general business regulations and laws, or those specifically governing the internet or e-commerce, may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices. We cannot be sure that our practices have complied, comply, or will comply fully with all such laws and regulations. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any of these laws or regulations could result in damage to our reputation, a loss in business and proceedings, or actions against us by governmental entities or others. Any such proceeding or action could hurt our reputation, force us to spend significant amounts in defense of these proceedings, distract our management, increase our costs of doing business, decrease the use of our sites by customers and suppliers, and may result in the imposition of monetary liability. We may also be contractually liable to indemnify and hold harmless third parties from the costs or consequences of non-compliance with any such laws or regulations. In addition, it is possible that governments of one or more countries may seek to censor content available on our website or may even attempt to completely block access to our website. Adverse legal or regulatory developments could substantially harm our business. In particular, in the event that we are restricted, in whole or in part, from operating in one or more countries, our ability to retain or increase our customer base may be adversely affected, and we may not be able to maintain or grow our net revenue and expand our business as anticipated.
Eyeglasses, contact lenses and visual acuity charts are regulated as medical devices by the FDA, and our failure, or the failure of any third-party manufacturers, to obtain and maintain the necessary marketing authorizations for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our products, including contact lenses, eyeglasses, sunglasses, and our Virtual Vision Test mobile application, among others, are regulated as medical devices in the United States by the FDA pursuant to the FDCA and FDA regulations. Before a manufacturer can market a new medical device, or a new use of, or other significant modification to an existing, marketed medical device, the device must first receive either clearance under Section 510(k) of the FDCA, approval of a premarket approval application, or PMA, or grant of a de novo classification request from the FDA, unless an exemption applies. For example, the FDA has required manufacturers of certain disposable and daily-wear contact
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lenses to obtain 510(k) clearances prior to marketing these products, while requiring manufacturers of certain extended-wear contact lenses to obtain approval of a PMA.
In the 510(k) clearance process, before a device may be marketed, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a legally marketed “predicate” device, which includes a device that has been previously cleared through the 510(k) process, a device that was legally marketed prior to May 28, 1976 (pre-amendments device), a device that was originally on the U.S. market pursuant to an approved PMA and later down-classified, or a 510(k)-exempt device. To be “substantially equivalent,” the proposed device must have the same intended use as the predicate device, and either have the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or have different technological characteristics and not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness than the predicate device. In the process of obtaining PMA approval, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is safe and effective for its intended use based, in part, on extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical trial, manufacturing, and labeling data. The PMA process is required for Class III devices, which are devices that are deemed to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting, or implantable devices. In the de novo classification process, a manufacturer whose novel device under the FDCA would otherwise be automatically classified as Class III and require the submission and approval of a PMA prior to marketing is able to request down-classification of the device to Class I or Class II on the basis that the device presents a low or moderate risk. If the FDA grants the de novo classification request, the applicant will receive authorization to market the device. The PMA approval, 510(k) clearance and de novo classification processes can be expensive, lengthy and uncertain. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process usually takes from three to 12 months, but can take longer. The process of obtaining a PMA is much more costly and uncertain than the 510(k) clearance process and generally takes from one to three years, or even longer, from the time the application is submitted to the FDA. In addition, a PMA generally requires the performance of one or more clinical trials. Clinical data may also be required in connection with an application for 510(k) clearance or a de novo request. Despite the time, effort, and cost, a device may not obtain marketing authorization by the FDA.
To date, we have not obtained authorization from the FDA to market any product in the United States, and we generally intend to manufacture 510(k)-exempt devices and/or rely on our third-party vendors and manufacturers, including Menicon, which produces our private label Scout by Warby Parker contact lenses, to have obtained and maintained the necessary marketing authorizations from the FDA for the products we sell.
We have not sought or obtained 510(k) clearance or other FDA marketing authorization for our Virtual Vision Test mobile app. We initially registered and marketed the Virtual Vision Test as a Class I 510(k)-exempt medical device. On April 28, 2021 the FDA notified us that a 510(k) premarket notification was required for our Virtual Vision Test mobile application, although the agency also stated that it did not intend to object to our continued marketing of the Virtual Vision Test mobile app without 510(k) clearance, so long as the conditions described in the FDA’s guidance “Enforcement Policy for Remote Ophthalmic Assessment and Monitoring Devices During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency,” or the Enforcement Policy Guidance, are met. Subsequently, on November 14, 2022, the FDA confirmed that the basis for its April 28, 2021 decision that a 510(k) was required for Virtual Vision Test no longer applied and that devices like the Virtual Vision Test are now 510(k)-exempt. Following the expiration of the Enforcement Policy Guidance in November 2023, we are currently marketing the Virtual Vision Test mobile application as a Class I, 510(k)-exempt device.
Our failure, or failure by our third party vendor or manufacturers, to obtain the proper FDA marketing authorizations for our products could lead to FDA enforcement actions, such as a Warning Letter, market withdrawals, product recalls or civil or criminal penalties that could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our products must be manufactured and distributed in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and we or our third-party manufacturers could be forced to recall our products or terminate production or be subject to enforcement action if we or they fail to comply with these regulations.
In the United States, the methods used in, and the facilities used for, the manufacture of medical devices must comply with the FDA’s design control requirements and current Good Manufacturing Practices for medical devices, known as the Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which is a complex regulatory scheme that covers the procedures and documentation of the design, testing, production, process controls, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, handling, storage, distribution, installation, servicing, and shipping of medical devices. Furthermore, manufacturers of medical devices are required to verify that their suppliers maintain facilities, procedures, and operations that comply with our quality standards and applicable regulatory requirements. The FDA enforces the QSR through periodic announced or unannounced inspections of medical device manufacturing facilities, which may include the facilities of subcontractors.
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Our products are also subject to similar state regulations and various laws and regulations of foreign countries governing manufacturing. Our third-party manufacturers may not take the necessary steps to comply with applicable regulations, which could cause delays in the delivery of our products.
In addition, we engage in certain relabeling and repackaging activities with respect to our frames and sunglasses products which subject us to direct oversight by the FDA under the FDCA and its implementing regulations. These regulations include the FDA’s Unique Device Identification System Final Rule, or UDI Final Rule. Among other things, the UDI final rule obligates device labelers to include unique device identifiers, or UDIs, on certain medical device labels and packages, and to submit certain data pertaining to device labeling to the FDA’s Global Unique Device Identification Database (GUDID), unless an exception applies. On July 25, 2022, the FDA issued a final guidance stating that the FDA does not intend to enforce the GUDID submission requirements for certain Class I devices considered “consumer health products”, which the FDA defined to include certain types of 510(k)-exempt Class I devices that are sold directly to consumers over-the-counter in brick-and-mortar and/or online stores.
We or our third-party manufacturers are also subject to FDA regulations with respect to medical devices relating to clinical trials, establishment registration and device listing, sales and distribution, recordkeeping, advertising and promotion, recalls and field safety corrective actions, postmarket surveillance, including reporting of deaths or serious injuries and malfunctions that, if they were to recur, could lead to death or serious injury, and import and export. The regulations to which we are subject are complex and have tended to become more stringent over time.
Certain of these requirements were waived for visual acuity charts such as the Virtual Vision Test during the COVID-19 public health emergency under the Enforcement Policy Guidance. This waiver under the Enforcement Policy Guidance expired in November 2023.
Failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements or later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products or manufacturing processes could result in, among other things: Warning Letters or untitled letters; fines, injunctions or civil penalties; suspension or withdrawal of approvals; seizures or recalls of our products; total or partial suspension of production or distribution; administrative or judicially imposed sanctions; the FDA’s refusal to grant pending or future clearances or approvals for medical devices; refusal to permit the import or export of our products; and criminal prosecution of us, our suppliers, or our employees. Any of these actions could significantly and negatively affect supply of our products. If any of these events occurs, our reputation could be harmed, we could be exposed to product liability claims and we could lose customers and experience reduced sales and increased costs.
In addition, the FDA and foreign regulatory bodies have the authority to require the recall of commercialized products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture of a product or in the event that a product poses an unacceptable risk to health. The FDA’s authority to require a recall must be based on a finding that there is reasonable probability that the device could cause serious adverse health consequences or death. Manufacturers may also choose to voluntarily recall a product if any material deficiency is found. A government mandated or voluntary recall by us could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, malfunctions, manufacturing defects, labeling or design deficiencies, packaging defects or other deficiencies or failures to comply with applicable regulations. Product defects or other errors may occur in the future. Depending on the corrective action the manufacturer takes to redress a product’s deficiencies or defects, the FDA may require the manufacturer to obtain new marketing authorizations prior to resuming marketing or distribution of the corrected device. Seeking such clearances or approvals may delay the ability to replace the recalled devices in a timely manner. Moreover, if we or our third-party manufacturers do not adequately address problems associated with our products, we may face additional regulatory enforcement action.
Companies are required to report certain voluntary recalls and corrections to FDA and to maintain certain records of recalls and corrections that are not reportable to the FDA. We or our third-party manufacturers may initiate voluntary withdrawals or corrections for our products that we or our third-party manufacturers determine do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with such determinations, it could require the relevant manufacturer to report those actions as recalls and levy enforcement action. A future recall announcement could harm our reputation with customers, potentially lead to product liability claims against us and negatively affect our sales. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, will require the dedication of our time and capital, distract management from operating our business, and may harm our reputation and financial results.
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Legislative or regulatory reforms may make it more difficult and costly for us or third-party manufacturers to obtain marketing authorizations for, or to manufacture, market, or distribute our products.
From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulation of medical devices. In addition, the FDA may change its policies, adopt additional regulations or revise existing regulations, or take other actions, which may prevent or delay marketing authorization of our products or impact our ability to modify any products for which we or our third-party manufacturers have already obtained marketing authorizations on a timely basis.
For example, in September 2019, the FDA issued revised final guidance describing an optional “safety and performance based” premarket review pathway for manufacturers of “certain, well-understood device types” to demonstrate substantial equivalence under the 510(k) clearance pathway by showing that such device meets objective safety and performance criteria established by the FDA, thereby obviating the need for manufacturers to compare the safety and performance of their medical devices to specific predicate devices in the clearance process. The FDA has identified soft (hydrophilic) daily-wear contact lenses as a device type appropriate for the “safety and performance based” pathway and in March 2023 issued a final guidance describing the testing performance criteria that could support a substantial equivalence determination with respect to certain soft (hydrophilic) daily-wear contact lenses, including the contract manufactured lenses we currently resell under our Scout by Warby Parker label. Under the March 2023 guidance, manufacturers of such contact lenses have the option to submit a 510(k) under the safety and performance-based pathway, rather than submitting a traditional 510(k) premarket notification.
In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Any new statutes, regulations, or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of any product candidates or make it more difficult to obtain marketing authorizations for, manufacture, market, or distribute any product candidate we are developing. For example, on January 31, 2024, the FDA issued a final rule to amend the QSR, which establishes current good manufacturing practice requirements for medical device manufacturers, to replace the existing QSR requirements with standards set by the International Organization for Standardization. Specifically, this final rule, which the FDA expects to go into effect on February 2, 2026, could impose additional or different regulatory requirements on us and our third-party manufacturers that could increase the costs of compliance or otherwise negatively affect our business.
We cannot determine what effect changes in regulations, statutes, legal interpretation or policies, when and if promulgated, enacted or adopted may have on our business in the future. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may be subject to enforcement action and we may not achieve or sustain profitability. Regulatory changes could result in restrictions on our ability to carry on or expand our operations, higher than anticipated costs, or lower than anticipated sales.
Failure to comply with laws, regulations, and enforcement activities or changes in statutory, regulatory, accounting, and other legal requirements could potentially impact our operating and financial results.
In addition to the vision care and healthcare laws and regulations discussed above, we are subject to numerous federal, state, local, and foreign laws and governmental regulations including those relating to environmental protection, personal injury, intellectual property, consumer product safety, building, land use and zoning requirements, workplace regulations, wage and hour, privacy and information security, consumer protection laws, anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, immigration, and employment law matters. If we fail to comply with existing or future laws or regulations, or if these laws or regulations are violated by importers, manufacturers or distributors, we may be subject to governmental or judicial fines or sanctions, as well as monetary judgment, injunctions, and loss of intellectual property rights in civil litigation, while incurring substantial legal fees and costs. In addition, our capital expenditures could increase due to remediation measures that may be required if we are found to be noncompliant with any existing or future laws or regulations.
Further, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, has authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act to investigate and prosecute practices that constitute “unfair trade practices,” “deceptive trade practices,” or “unfair methods of competition.” State attorneys general typically have comparable authority, and many states also permit private plaintiffs to bring actions on the basis of these laws. Federal and state consumer protection laws and regulations apply to our operations and retail offers.
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Our failure to comply with these laws can subject us to criminal and civil liabilities, or corrective action requirements. In connection with our philanthropic endeavors, we must also comply with additional federal, state, and local tax and other laws and regulations.
Our use of third-party open-source software could adversely affect our ability to offer our products and offerings and subjects us to possible litigation.
We use third-party open-source software in connection with the development and deployment of our software applications. From time to time, companies that use third-party open-source software have faced claims challenging the use of such open-source software and their compliance with the terms of the applicable open-source license. We may be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or claiming non-compliance with the applicable open-source licensing terms. Some open-source licenses require end-users who distribute or make available across a network software and services that include open-source software to make available all or part of such software, which in some circumstances could include valuable proprietary code. While we employ practices designed to monitor our compliance with the licenses of open-source software and try to ensure that we do not use any of the open-source software in a manner that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful. We cannot guarantee that all open-source software is reviewed prior to use in our platform, or that our developers have not incorporated (and will not in the future incorporate) open-source software into our products without our knowledge. Furthermore, there are an increasing number of open-source software license types, almost none of which have been tested in a court of law, resulting in a dearth of guidance regarding the proper legal interpretation of such licenses. As a result, there is a risk that open-source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide our products and services. If we were to receive a claim of non-compliance with the terms of any of our open-source licenses, we may be required to publicly release certain portions of our proprietary source code or expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer some or all of our software.
In addition, the use of third-party open-source software typically carries greater technical and legal risks than the use of third-party commercial software because open-source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, or controls on the functionality or origin of the software. To the extent that our platform depends upon the successful operation of open-source software, any undetected errors or defects could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our systems and injure our reputation. Use of open-source software may also present additional security risks because the public availability of such software may make it easier for hackers and other third parties to compromise our platform. Any of the foregoing could be harmful to our business, financial condition, or results of operations, and could help our competitors develop offerings that are similar to or better than ours.
We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal or civil liability and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, U.S. domestic bribery laws, and other anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly to generally prohibit companies, their employees, and their third-party intermediaries from authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. Our transactions with our suppliers and vendors operating in foreign jurisdictions, including China, Italy, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Japan and our quality assurance presence in China, may subject us to such anti-corruption laws. If we expand our international sales and business, we may engage with business partners and third-party intermediaries to obtain necessary permits, licenses, and other regulatory approvals. In addition, we or our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these third-party intermediaries, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities.
We cannot assure you that all of our third-party intermediaries, employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents will not take actions in violation of anti-corruption laws, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. As we expand our international business, our risks under these laws may increase.
Detecting, investigating, and resolving actual or alleged violations of anti-corruption laws can require a significant diversion of time, resources, and attention from senior management. In addition, noncompliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, or anti-money laundering laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, other civil or criminal penalties or injunctions,
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suspension or debarment from contracting with certain persons, reputational harm, adverse media coverage, and other collateral consequences. If any subpoenas or investigations are launched, or governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal proceeding, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.
We could incur significant liabilities related to, and significant costs in complying with, environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations.
Our operations are subject to various national, state, and local environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations that govern, among other things, the health and safety of our employees and the end-users of our products and the materials used in, and the recycling of, our products and their packaging. Non-compliance with, or liability related to, these laws and regulations, which tend to become more stringent over time, could result in substantial fines or penalties, injunctive relief, civil, or criminal sanctions, and could expose us to costs of investigation or remediation, as well as tort claims for property damage or personal injury.
In addition, a number of governmental authorities, both in the United States and abroad, have adopted, and others have considered, and are expected to consider, legislation aimed at reducing the amount of plastic non-recyclable waste. Programs have included banning certain types of products, mandating certain rates of recycling and/or the use of recycled materials, imposing deposits or taxes on single-use plastic bags, paper bags, reusable bags, and packaging materials. Such legislation, as well as stakeholder pressure or voluntary initiatives, aimed at reducing the level of plastic wastes could result in increased cost of packaging for our products or otherwise require us to alter our current packaging and bagging practices. Additional regulatory efforts addressing other environmental or safety concerns in the future could similarly impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings, regulatory disputes, and governmental inquiries that could cause us to incur significant expenses, divert our management’s attention, and materially harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.
From time to time, we may be subject to claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings involving products liability, competition and antitrust, intellectual property, privacy, false advertising, consumer protection, securities, tax, labor and employment, commercial disputes, and other matters that could adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. As we have grown, we have seen a rise in the number and significance of these disputes and inquiries. For example, in March 2023, a former employee on behalf of herself and a proposed class of California hourly employees, filed a complaint against us, alleging violations of various California wage and hour laws, and two additional follow on actions have been filed against us pursuant to California’s Private Attorneys General Act asserting largely overlapping claims. Litigation and regulatory proceedings may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict. Certain of these matters include speculative claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts of damages and include claims for injunctive relief. Additionally, our litigation costs could be significant. Adverse outcomes with respect to litigation or any of these legal proceedings may result in significant settlement costs or judgments, penalties and fines, or require us to modify our products or services, all of which could negatively affect our revenue growth. The results of litigation, investigations, claims, and regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, and determining accruals for pending litigation and other legal and regulatory matters requires significant judgment. There can be no assurance that our expectations will prove correct, and even if these matters are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties
We face risks associated with suppliers from whom our products are sourced and are dependent on a limited number of suppliers.
We purchase all of the inputs for our products, including glasses frames, cellulose acetate, prescription lenses, sun lenses, demo lenses, hinge and core kits and branded logos, packaging materials and other components, parts, and raw materials, directly or indirectly from domestic and international suppliers. For our business to be successful, our suppliers must be willing and able to provide us with inputs in substantial quantities, in compliance with regulatory requirements, at acceptable costs and on a timely basis. Our ability to obtain a sufficient selection or volume of inputs on a timely basis at competitive prices could suffer as a result of any deterioration or change in our supplier relationships or events that adversely affect our suppliers.
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We typically do not enter into long-term contracts with our suppliers and, as such, we operate without significant contractual assurances of continued supply, pricing or access to inputs. Any of our suppliers could discontinue supplying us with desired inputs in sufficient quantities or offer us less favorable terms on future transactions for a variety of reasons. The benefits we currently experience from our suppliers relationships could be adversely affected if our suppliers:
•discontinue selling inputs to us;
•enter into arrangements with competitors that could impair our ability to source their products, including by giving our competitors exclusivity arrangements or limiting our access to certain inputs;
•raise the prices they charge us;
•change pricing terms to require us to pay on delivery or upfront, including as a result of changes in the credit relationships some of our suppliers have with their various lending institutions; or
•lengthen their lead times.
Events that adversely impact our suppliers could impair our ability to obtain adequate and timely supplies. Such events include, among others, difficulties or problems associated with our suppliers’ business, the financial instability and labor problems (including with respect to human rights or working conditions) of suppliers, inputs quality and safety issues, natural or man-made disasters, inclement weather conditions, geopolitical events, war, acts of terrorism and other political instability, such as the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the conflicts in Israel and the Middle East, economic conditions, shipment issues, the availability of their raw materials, and increased production costs. Our suppliers may be forced to reduce their production, shut down their operations or file for bankruptcy. The occurrence of one or more of these events could impact our ability to get products to our customers, result in disruptions to our operations, increase our costs and decrease our profitability.
We also source inputs directly from suppliers outside of the United States, including China, Taiwan, Italy, Vietnam, and Japan. Global sourcing and foreign trade involve numerous factors and uncertainties beyond our control including increased shipping costs, the imposition of additional import or trade restrictions, including legal or economic restrictions on overseas suppliers’ ability to produce and deliver inputs, increased custom duties and tariffs, unforeseen delays in customs clearance of goods, more restrictive quotas, loss of a most favored nation trading status, currency exchange rates, transportation delays, port of entry issues and foreign government regulations, political instability and wars, and economic uncertainties in the countries from which we or our suppliers source our products. Our sourcing operations may also be hurt by health concerns regarding infectious diseases in countries in which our inputs are produced. Moreover, negative press or reports about internationally sourced inputs may sway public opinion, and thus customer confidence, away from the products sold in our stores. These and other issues affecting our international suppliers or internationally sourced inputs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Material changes in the pricing practices of our suppliers could negatively impact our profitability. Our suppliers may also increase their pricing if their raw materials become more expensive. The inputs used to manufacture our products are subject to availability constraints and price volatility. Our suppliers may pass the increase in sourcing costs to us through price increases, thereby impacting our margins.
In addition, some of our suppliers may not have the capacity to supply us with sufficient inputs to keep pace with our growth plans, especially if we plan to manufacture significantly greater amounts of inventory. In such cases, our ability to pursue our growth strategy will depend in part upon our ability to expand capacity with existing suppliers or develop new supplier relationships. One of our lens suppliers as well as a third-party optical laboratory we utilize are owned by a vertically integrated company with retail divisions that compete with us and, as such, we are exposed to the risk that these suppliers may not be willing, or may become unwilling, to sell their products or services to us on acceptable terms, or at all. We are continuously working to diversify sourcing and manufacturing capabilities. For example, we recently began to reallocate some manufacturing geographically to make us less dependent on our Chinese partners. However, these efforts may subject us to longer lead times, which could harm customer satisfaction and may adversely impact our results of operations in the short term.
We rely on a limited number of suppliers to supply the majority of the inputs to our products and are thus exposed to concentration of supplier risk. Approximately 18%, 19%, and 23% of cost of goods sold were from our top five suppliers for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. If we were to lose any significant supplier, we may be unable to establish additional or replacement sources for our products that meet our quality controls and standards in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Further, as a few major vendors dominate the contact lenses market, the risks associated with finding alternative sources to the contact lenses we source from them may be exacerbated.
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We rely on a limited number of contract manufacturers and logistics partners for our products. A loss of any of these partners could negatively affect our business.
We rely on a limited number of third-party suppliers and contract manufacturers for the components that go into the manufacturing of our products. In particular, over half of the cellulose acetate used to produce our frames is provided by a single supplier. We also assemble and fulfill glasses at our optical laboratories as well as at a limited number of third-party optical laboratories. Further, we rely on a single logistics partner to fulfill orders for our Home Try-On program and a limited number of other logistics partners to transport and deliver our products. Our reliance on a limited number of contract manufacturers and logistics partners for our products increases our risks of being unable to deliver our products in a timely and cost-effective manner. In the event of interruption from any of our contract manufacturers or our own fulfillment capabilities, we may not be able to increase capacity from other sources or develop alternate or secondary sources without incurring material additional costs and substantial delays. Our business could be adversely affected if one or more of our manufacturers is impacted by a natural disaster, an infectious disease outbreak, or other interruption at a particular location.
If we experience a significant increase in demand for our products that cannot be satisfied adequately through our existing manufacturing channels, or if we need to replace an existing manufacturer, we may be unable to supplement or replace them on terms that are acceptable to us, which may undermine our ability to deliver our products in a timely manner. For example, if we require additional manufacturing support, it may take a significant amount of time to identify a manufacturer that has the capability and resources to build our products to our specifications in sufficient volume. Identifying suitable manufacturers and logistics partners is an extensive process that requires us to become satisfied with their quality control, technical capabilities, responsiveness and service, financial stability, regulatory compliance, and labor and other ethical practices. Accordingly, a loss of any of our contract manufacturers or logistics partners could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
We rely on third parties for elements of the payment processing infrastructure underlying our business. If these third-party elements become unavailable or unavailable on favorable terms, our business could be adversely affected.
The convenient payment mechanisms provided by our business are key factors contributing to the development of our business. We rely on third parties, including Stripe, Affirm, Inc., PayPal, and Moneris Solutions (in Canada), for elements of our payment processing infrastructure to accept payments from customers and Coupa, in connection with our banking partners, to remit payments to suppliers. These third parties may refuse to renew our agreements with them on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If these companies become unwilling or unable to provide these services to us on acceptable terms or at all, our business may be disrupted. For certain payment methods, including credit and debit cards and Apple Pay®, we generally pay interchange fees and other processing and gateway fees, and such fees result in significant costs. In addition, online payment providers are under continued pressure to pay increased fees to banks to process funds, and there is no assurance that such online payment providers will not pass any increased costs on to us. If these fees increase over time, our operating costs will increase, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Future failures of the payment processing infrastructure underlying our business could cause customers to lose trust in our payment operations and could cause them to instead turn to our competitors’ products and services. If the quality or convenience of our payment processing infrastructure declines as a result of these limitations or for any other reason, the attractiveness of our business to customers could be adversely affected. If we are forced to migrate to other third-party payment service providers for any reason, the transition would require significant time and management resources, and may not be as effective, efficient, or well-received by our customers.
Our business relies on Amazon Web Services, and any disruption of, or interference with, our use of Amazon Web Services could adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Amazon Web Services, or AWS, is a third-party provider of cloud infrastructure services. We outsource substantially all of our core architecture to AWS. AWS provides the cloud computing infrastructure we use to host our website and mobile applications, serve our customers and support our operations and many of the internal tools we use to operate our business. Our website, mobile applications and internal tools use computing, storage, data transfer, and other functions and services provided by AWS. We do not have control over the operations of the facilities of AWS that we use. AWS’ facilities may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, cybersecurity attacks, terrorist attacks, power losses, telecommunications failures, and other events beyond our control. In the event that AWS’ or any other third-party provider’s systems or service abilities are hindered by any of the
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events discussed above, particularly in a region where our website is mainly hosted, our ability to operate our business may be impaired. A decision to close the facilities without adequate notice or other unanticipated problems or disruptions could result in lengthy interruptions to our business. All of the aforementioned risks may be exacerbated if our business continuity and disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate.
Additionally, data stored with AWS may experience threats or attacks from computer malware, ransomware, viruses, social engineering (including phishing attacks), denial of service or other attacks, employee theft or misuse, and general hacking. Any of these security incidents could result in unauthorized access to, damage to, disablement or encryption of, use or misuse of, disclosure of, modification of, destruction of, or loss of our data or our customers’ data or disrupt our ability to provide our products and services, including due to any failure by us to properly configure our AWS environment. Our business’ continuing and uninterrupted performance is critical to our success. Customers may become dissatisfied by any system failure that interrupts our ability to provide our products and services to them. We may not be able to easily switch our AWS operations to another cloud or other data center provider if there are disruptions or interference with our use of AWS, and, even if we do switch our operations, other cloud and data center providers are subject to the same risks. Sustained or repeated system failures would reduce the attractiveness of our products and services, thereby reducing net revenue. Moreover, negative publicity arising from these types of disruptions could damage our reputation and may adversely impact our business.
Our customer agreement with AWS remains in effect until (i) terminated for convenience, which we may do for any reason by providing AWS notice and closing our account and which AWS may do for any reason by providing us at least 30 days’ notice or (ii) terminated for cause, which either party may do if the other party has an uncured material breach and which AWS may do immediately upon notice. AWS does not have an obligation to renew its agreements with us on terms acceptable to us. Although alternative data center providers could host our business on a substantially similar basis to AWS, transitioning the cloud infrastructure currently hosted by AWS to alternative providers could potentially be disruptive, and we could incur significant one-time costs. If we are unable to renew our agreement with AWS on commercially acceptable terms, our agreement with AWS is prematurely terminated, or we add additional infrastructure providers, we may experience costs or downtime in connection with the transfer to, or the addition of, new data center providers. If AWS or other infrastructure providers increase the costs of their services, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
We depend on marketing, advertising and promotional efforts, including search engines, social media platforms, digital application stores, content-based online advertising, and other online sources to attract consumers to and promote our website and our mobile applications, which may be affected by third-party interference beyond our control and as we grow our customer acquisition costs may continue to rise.
Our success depends, in a large degree, on our ability to attract consumers to our website, mobile applications, and select application partners and convert them into customers in a cost-effective manner. We depend, in large part, on search engines, social media platforms, digital application stores, content-based online advertising, and other online sources for traffic to our website, mobile applications, and select application partners.
With respect to search engines, we are included in search results as a result of both paid search listings, where we purchase specific search terms that result in the inclusion of our advertisement, and free search listings, which depend on algorithms used by search engines. For paid search listings, if one or more of the search engines or other online sources on which we rely for purchased listings modifies or terminates its relationship with us, our expenses could rise, we could lose consumers and traffic to our website could decrease, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, our competitors bid on terms like “Warby Parker” as paid keywords, and consumers searching for us could instead by directed to a third-party’s website, which could lead to reduced traffic to our website, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. For free search listings, if search engines on which we rely for algorithmic listings modify their algorithms, our websites may appear less prominently or not at all in search results, which could result in reduced traffic to our websites.
Our ability to maintain and increase the number of consumers directed to our products from digital platforms is not entirely within our control. Search engines, social media platforms, and other online sources often revise their algorithms and introduce new advertising products. If one or more of the search engines or other online sources on which we rely for traffic to our website and our mobile app were to modify its general methodology for how it displays our advertisements or keyword search results, resulting in fewer consumers clicking through to our website and our mobile applications, our business and operating results are likely to suffer. For example, Apple has moved to “opt-in”
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privacy models, requiring consumers to expressly consent to receiving targeted ads, which may reduce the value of inventory on its iOS mobile application platform. In addition, if our online display advertisements are no longer effective or are not able to reach certain consumers due to consumers’ use of ad-blocking software, our business and operating results could suffer. Furthermore, changes in consumer acceptance or usage of our online sources for traffic could adversely impact the effectiveness of our advertising.
Additionally, changes in regulations could limit the ability of search engines and social media platforms, including, but not limited to, Google, Meta, and TikTok, to collect data from users and engage in targeted advertising, making them less effective in disseminating our advertisements to our target customers. If the costs of advertising on search engines and social media platforms increase, we may incur additional marketing expenses or be required to allocate a larger portion of our marketing spend to other channels and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.
The marketing of our products depends on our ability to cultivate and maintain cost-effective and otherwise satisfactory relationships with digital application stores. As we grow, we may struggle to maintain cost-effective marketing strategies, and our customer acquisition costs could rise substantially, particularly if our customer mix skews towards fewer repeat purchases by existing customers and more new customers that require higher costs to acquire. Furthermore, because many of our customers access our products through our mobile applications, we depend on the Apple App Store and Google Play to distribute our mobile applications. Apple and Google have broad discretion to change their respective terms and conditions applicable to the distribution of our mobile applications, to interpret their respective terms and conditions in ways that may limit, eliminate or otherwise interfere with our ability to distribute mobile app through their stores, the features we provide and the manner in which we market in-application products. We cannot assure you that Apple or Google will not limit, eliminate or otherwise interfere with the distribution of our mobile applications, the features we provide and the manner in which we market our mobile applications. To the extent it does so, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We rely primarily on third-party insurance policies to insure our operations-related risks. If our insurance coverage is insufficient for the needs of our business or our insurance providers are unable to meet their obligations, we may not be able to mitigate the risks facing our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
We procure third-party insurance policies to cover various operations-related risks including employment practices liability, workers’ compensation, property and business interruptions, cybersecurity and data breaches, crime, directors’ and officers’ liability, and general business liabilities. We rely on a limited number of insurance providers, and should such providers discontinue or increase the cost of coverage, we cannot guarantee that we would be able to secure replacement coverage on reasonable terms or at all. If our insurance carriers change the terms of our policies in a manner not favorable to us, our insurance costs could increase. Further, if the insurance coverage we maintain is not adequate to cover losses that occur, or if we are required to purchase additional insurance for other aspects of our business, we could be liable for significant additional costs. Additionally, if any of our insurance providers becomes insolvent, it would be unable to pay any operations-related claims that we make.
If the amount of one or more operations-related claims were to exceed our applicable aggregate coverage limits, we would bear the excess, in addition to amounts already incurred in connection with deductibles, self-insured retentions, co-insurance, or otherwise paid by our insurance policy. Insurance providers have raised premiums and deductibles for many businesses and may do so in the future. As a result, our insurance and claims expense could increase, or we may decide to raise our deductibles or self-insured retentions when our policies are renewed or replaced. Our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected if the cost per claim, premiums, the severity of claims, or the number of claims significantly exceeds our historical experience and coverage limits; we experience a claim in excess of our coverage limits; our insurance providers fail to pay on our insurance claims; we experience a claim for which coverage is not provided; or the number of claims under our deductibles or self-insured retentions differs from historical averages.
Risks Related to Taxation Matters
Our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes to offset taxable income or taxes may be limited.
As of December 31, 2023, we had a federal net operating loss carryforward of $196.9 million, $127.4 million of which is available for indefinite use, and the remainder of which will begin to expire in 2031. Furthermore, we had state net operating loss carryforwards of $126.7 million, which will begin to expire in 2031. Portions of these net operating loss
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carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. U.S. federal net operating losses incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal net operating losses in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, is limited. In addition, the use of state net operating loss carryforwards for applicable state income tax purposes may be suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.
Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” (very generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in the corporation’s equity ownership by certain shareholders or groups of shareholders over a rolling three-year period), the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. We have conducted an analysis under Section 382 of the Code through December 31, 2022 and determined that, as of that date, none of our NOLs were subject to a limitation under Section 382. However, we may have experienced an ownership change since that date or we may experience an ownership change in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control. The Company has not performed a formal Internal Revenue Code Section 382 study to determine if an annual limitation may apply as of December 31, 2023. If we undergo an ownership change, we may incur limitations on our ability to utilize our NOLs existing at the time of the ownership change. Future regulatory changes could also limit our ability to utilize our NOLs. To the extent we are not able to offset future taxable income with our NOLs, our cash flows may be adversely affected.
Changes in our effective tax rate or liability may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.
We are subject to income taxes in the United States and Canada. Our effective tax rate could be adversely affected due to several factors, including:
•changes in the relative amounts of income before taxes in the various jurisdictions in which we operate that have differing statutory tax rates;
•changes in the United States or foreign tax laws, tax treaties, and regulations or the interpretation of them;
•changes to our assessment about our ability to realize our deferred tax assets that are based on estimates of our future results, the prudence and feasibility of possible tax planning strategies, and the economic and political environments in which we do business;
•the outcome of current and future tax audits, examinations, or administrative appeals; and
•limitations or adverse findings regarding our ability to do business in some jurisdictions.
As and if we expand the scale of our international business activities, any changes in the United States or foreign taxation of such activities may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In particular, new income or other tax laws or regulations could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws and regulations could be interpreted, modified, or applied adversely to us. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, among other changes, introduced a 15% corporate minimum tax on certain United States corporations and a 1% excise tax on certain stock redemptions by United States corporations. Proposals have been made by the current United States presidential administration and by Congress to make other changes to the U.S. federal income tax rules applicable to corporations. We are currently unable to predict whether further changes will occur and, if so, the scope of such changes and the ultimate impact on our business. To the extent that such changes have a negative impact on us, our suppliers or our customers, including as a result of related uncertainty, these changes may materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
Changes in tax treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce may adversely affect the commercial use of our sites and our financial results.
Due to the global nature of the internet, it is possible that various states, municipalities or foreign countries might, as a consequence of their review of the appropriate treatment of companies engaged in e-commerce and digital services, attempt to impose additional or new regulation on our business or levy additional or new sales, income, or other taxes on us or our customers. For example, following the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2018 decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair Inc., which held, among other things, that a state may require an out-of-state seller with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales taxes on goods the seller ships to consumers in the state, many states have adopted Wayfair laws requiring remote sellers to collect and pay sales tax based on transactions that take place in their jurisdiction. Other new or revised taxes and, in particular, digital taxes, sales taxes, VAT, and similar taxes could increase the cost
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of doing business online and decrease the attractiveness of selling products over the internet. New taxes and related rulings and regulations could also create significant increases in internal costs necessary to capture data and collect and remit taxes. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.
Risks Related to Our Existence as Public Benefit Corporation
As a public benefit corporation, our duty to balance a variety of interests may result in actions that do not maximize stockholder value.
We have elected to be classified as a public benefit corporation under Delaware law. As a public benefit corporation, our board of directors has a duty to balance (i) the pecuniary interest of our stockholders, (ii) the best interests of those materially affected by our conduct, and (iii) specific public benefits identified in our charter documents. While we believe our public benefit designation and obligation will benefit our stockholders, in balancing these interests, our board of directors may take actions that do not maximize stockholder value. Any benefits to stockholders resulting from our public benefit purposes may not materialize within the timeframe we expect or at all and may have negative effects. For example:
•we may choose to revise or implement policies in ways that we believe will be beneficial to our stakeholders, including suppliers, employees, and local communities, even though the changes may be costly;
•we may be influenced to pursue programs and services to demonstrate our commitment to the communities to which we serve even though there is no immediate return to our stockholders; and
•in responding to a possible proposal to acquire the company, our board of directors may be influenced by the interests of our stakeholders, including suppliers, employees, and local communities, whose interests may be different from the interests of our stockholders.
Our status as a public benefit corporation may not result in the benefits that we anticipate.
As a public benefit corporation, we are required to balance the financial interests of our stockholders, the best interests of those materially affected by our conduct, and the specific public benefits set forth in our current certificate of incorporation. There is no assurance that the expected positive impact from being a public benefit corporation will be realized. Accordingly, being a public benefit corporation and complying with our related obligations could negatively impact our ability to provide the highest possible return to our stockholders.
As a public benefit corporation, we are required to disclose to stockholders a statement at least biennially as to our promotion of the public benefits identified in our current certificate of incorporation and of the best interests of those materially affected by our conduct and such statement shall include, among other things, our assessment of our success in achieving our specific public benefit purpose. If we are not timely or are unable to provide this statement, or if the report is not viewed favorably by parties doing business with us or regulators or others reviewing our credentials, or we fail to make progress towards our specific public benefit purpose, our reputation and status as a public benefit corporation may be harmed.
Our directors have a fiduciary duty to consider not only our stockholders’ pecuniary interests, but also our specific public benefit and the best interests of stakeholders materially affected by our actions. If a conflict between such interests arises, there is no guarantee such a conflict would be resolved in favor of our stockholders.
While directors of traditional corporations are required to make decisions they believe to be in the best interests of their stockholders, directors of a public benefit corporation have a fiduciary duty to consider not only the stockholders’ pecuniary interests, but also the company’s specific public benefit and the best interests of stakeholders materially affected by the company’s actions. Under Delaware law, directors are shielded from liability for breach of these obligations if they make informed and disinterested decisions that are not such that no person of ordinary, sound judgment would approve. Thus, unlike traditional corporations which must focus exclusively on stockholder value, our directors are not merely permitted, but obligated, to consider our specific public benefits and the interests of other stakeholders. See “Description of Capital Stock—Public Benefit Corporation Status.” In the event of a conflict between the interests of our stockholders and the interests of our specific public benefits or our other stakeholders, our directors must only make informed and disinterested decisions that are not such that no person of ordinary, sound judgment would approve; thus, there is no guarantee such a conflict would be resolved in favor of our stockholders,
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which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.
As a public benefit corporation, we may be subject to increased derivative litigation concerning our duty to balance stockholder and public benefit interests, the occurrence of which may have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations.
Stockholders of a Delaware public benefit corporation (if they, individually or collectively, own the lesser of 2% of its outstanding capital stock or shares of at least $2 million in market value) are entitled to file a derivative lawsuit claiming that its directors failed to balance stockholder and public benefit interests. This potential liability does not exist for traditional corporations. Therefore, we may be subject to the possibility of increased derivative litigation, which would require the attention of management and, as a result, may adversely impact management’s ability to effectively execute our strategy. Any such derivative litigation may be costly and have an adverse impact on our business operations, financial conditions, and results of operations.
Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock
The trading price of our Class A common stock has been volatile and could decline significantly and rapidly.
The trading price of our Class A common stock has been volatile and has fluctuated significantly since our direct listing and may continue to fluctuate or decline in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:
•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations;
•the number of shares of our Class A common stock made available for trading;
•changes in financial markets or macroeconomic conditions, including, for example, due to the effects of recession or slow economic growth in the United States and abroad, rising inflation and interest rates, fuel prices, international currency fluctuations, corruption and political instability and geopolitical events;
•changes in the financial projections we may provide to the public or our failure to meet these projections;
•failure of securities analysts to initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;
•changes in costs of our inputs;
•actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to that of our competitors;
•changes in the anticipated future size or growth rate of our addressable markets;
•announcements of new products, or of acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital-raising activities or commitments, by us or by our competitors;
•additions or departures of board members, management, or key personnel;
•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;
•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business, including those related to data privacy and cybersecurity in the United States or globally;
•lawsuits threatened or filed against us, including as may result from government inquiries or proceedings;
•geopolitical events and security issues (including incidents of terrorism, armed hostilities, and political conflicts, including those involving China or responses to these events), international trade disputes or disruptions, and similar events;
•disruptions from natural or human-caused disasters (including health epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, influenza, and other highly communicable diseases or viruses) or extreme weather (including as a result of climate change); and
•sales or expectations with respect to sales of shares of our Class A common stock by us or our security holders.
In addition, stock markets with respect to newly public companies, particularly companies in the retail and technology industry, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the stock prices of these companies. Stock prices of many companies, including retail and technology companies, have fluctuated in a manner often unrelated to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the trading price for their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the
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attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Our Co-Founders and Co-CEOs, Neil Blumenthal and Dave Gilboa, if they choose to act together and if they exercise and/or settle their options and restricted stock units that will exercise or settle into Class B common stock, have the ability to exercise significant influence over all matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including exercising significant control over the outcome of director elections.
Our Class A common stock, which is listed on the NYSE, has one vote per share, our Class B common stock has ten votes per share, and our Class C common stock has no voting rights (except as required by law). The multi-class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with our Class B common stockholders, who are our Co-Founders and Co-CEOs. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between our Class B and Class A common stock, our Co-Founders and Co-CEOs collectively control a significant percentage of the combined voting power of our common stock and therefore are able to exercise significant influence, and will be able to exercise significant control in the future, if they exercise and/or settle their options and restricted stock units that will exercise or settle into Class B common stock, over all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval until the date of automatic conversion (described further below), when all outstanding shares of Class B common stock will convert automatically into shares of Class A common stock. This concentration of ownership may limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders. The Co-Founders and Co-CEOs also have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. Corporate action might be taken even if other stockholders oppose them.
Future transfers by either of our Co-Founders and Co-CEOs of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. In addition, each share of Class B common stock will convert automatically into one share of Class A common stock upon the earlier of (i) the transfer of such share to a person not in the same Permitted Ownership Group (as defined in our certificate of incorporation) as the holder, (ii) October 1, 2031 or (iii) with respect to the shares held by any person in Neil Blumenthal’s Permitted Ownership Group, (A) such time as Neil Blumenthal is removed or resigns from the Board of Directors, or otherwise ceases to serve as a Director on the Board of Directors, (B) such time as Neil Blumenthal ceases to be either an employee, officer or consultant of the Company or any of our subsidiaries, or (C) the date that is 12 months after the death or disability of Neil Blumenthal, (2) with respect to any shares held by any person in David Gilboa’s Permitted Ownership Group, (A) such time as David Gilboa is removed or resigns from the Board of Directors, or otherwise ceases to serve as a Director on the Board of Directors, (B) such time as David Gilboa ceases to be either an employee, officer or consultant of the Company or any of our subsidiaries, or (C) the date that is 12 months after the death or disability of David Gilboa. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of the Co-Founder and Co-CEO who retains their shares over the long term.
Pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, we are authorized to issue 150,000,000 shares of Class C common stock, none of which were outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Although we have no current plans to issue any shares of Class C common stock, in the future, we may issue shares of Class C common stock for a variety of corporate purposes, including financings, acquisitions, investments, dividends and equity incentives to our employees, consultants and directors. Under our certificate of incorporation, our board of directors has the authority, without stockholder approval except as required by the listing standards of the NYSE, to issue additional shares of our capital stock. Because the Class C common stock carries no voting rights, is not convertible into any other capital stock and is not listed for trading on an exchange or registered for sale with the SEC, shares of Class C common stock may be less liquid and less attractive to any future recipients of these shares than shares of Class A common stock, although we may seek to list the Class C common stock for trading and register shares of Class C common stock for sale in the future. In addition, if we issue shares of Class C common stock in the future, such issuances would have a dilutive effect on the economic interests of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock.
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We cannot predict the effect our multi-class structure may have on the trading price of our Class A common stock.
We cannot predict whether our multi-class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A common stock, in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have in the past announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indexes. For example, from July 2017 to April 2023, S&P Dow Jones excluded companies with multiple share classes from the S&P Composite 1500 (composed of the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400 and S&P SmallCap 600). Indices have discretion to reassess and implement such policies with respect to multi-class differing voting right structures. Under any such policies, our multi-class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in any of these indices. In addition, several stockholder advisory firms have announced their opposition to the use of multiple class structures. As a result, the multi-class structure of our capital stock may prevent the inclusion of our Class A common stock in these indices and may cause stockholder advisory firms to publish negative commentary about our corporate governance practices or otherwise seek to cause us to change our capital structure. Any such exclusion from indices could result in a less active trading market for our Class A common stock. Any actions or publications by stockholder advisory firms critical of our corporate governance practices or capital structure could also adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock.
The multi-class structure of our common stock additionally has the effect of concentrating voting control with our Class B common stockholders, who are our Co-Founders and Co-CEOs. This concentrated control could delay, defer, or prevent a change of control, merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination involving us that you, as a stockholder, may otherwise support, and could allow us to take actions that some of our stockholders do not view as beneficial, which could reduce the trading price of our Class A common stock. Furthermore, this concentrated control could also discourage a potential investor from acquiring our Class A common stock due to the limited voting power of such stock relative to the Class B common stock and might harm the trading price of our Class A common stock. Any issuance of Class C common stock could also cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to decline.
Our business and financial performance may differ from any projections that we disclose or any information that may be attributed to us by third parties.
From time to time, we may provide guidance via public disclosures regarding our projected business or financial performance. However, any such projections involve risks, assumptions, and uncertainties, and our actual results could differ materially from such projections. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified in the Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, some or all of which are not predictable or within our control. Other unknown or unpredictable factors also could adversely impact our performance, and we undertake no obligation to update or revise any projections, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. In addition, various news sources, bloggers, and other publishers often make statements regarding our historical or projected business or financial performance, and you should not rely on any such information even if it is attributed directly or indirectly to us.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We expect to retain future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination to pay dividends on our capital stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, you must rely on the sale of your Class A common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gain on your investment.
Additional stock issuances could result in significant dilution to our stockholders and cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to decline. Sales of substantial amounts of our Class A common stock could also negatively impact the trading price of our Class A common stock.
We may issue our capital stock or securities convertible into our capital stock from time to time in connection with a financing, acquisition, investments, or otherwise. Additional issuances of our stock will result in dilution to existing holders of our stock. Also, to the extent outstanding stock options to purchase our stock are exercised or RSUs settle, there will be further dilution. The amount of dilution could be substantial depending upon the size of the issuance or exercise. Any such issuances could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to decline.
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In addition, sales of a substantial number of shares of our Class A common stock into the public market, particularly sales by our Co-Founders, directors, executive officers, and principal stockholders, or the perception that these sales might occur in large quantities, could cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to decline. None of our securityholders are subject to any contractual lock-up or other contractual restriction on the transfer or sale of their shares. In addition, certain of our stockholders have rights, subject to some conditions, to require us to file registration statements for the public resale of shares of our Class A common stock (including shares of our Class B common stock upon conversion of such shares into Class A common stock) or to include such shares in registration statements that we may file for us or other stockholders. Any registration statement we file to register additional shares, whether as a result of registration rights or otherwise, could cause the trading price of our Class A common stock to decline or be volatile.
As a result of being a public company, we are obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, and any failure to maintain the adequacy of these internal controls may adversely affect investor confidence in our company and, as a result, the value of our Class A common stock.
We are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment must include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our compliance with Section 404 requires that we incur substantial expenses and expend significant management efforts. We have hired, and will continue to hire, additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge and compile the system and process documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404.
In addition to the unremediated material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described below, subsequent testing by us or our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal additional deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses. During the evaluation and testing process of our internal controls, if we identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, we will be unable to certify that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. We cannot assure you that there will not be additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations. If we are unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have additional material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our Class A common stock could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.
We identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If our remediation of such material weaknesses is not effective, or if we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be materially and adversely affected.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
Management identified two material weaknesses related to (i) information technology general controls over our key accounting, reporting, and proprietary systems, and (ii) certain process, application and management review controls within our financial reporting processes to enforce segregation of duties, validate completeness and accuracy of data and information used to reconcile and analyze certain key accounts, and perform the review of manual journal entries. We have concluded that these material weaknesses arose because we did not have the necessary business
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processes, systems, personnel, and related internal controls necessary to satisfy our accounting and financial reporting requirements.
As part of our plan to remediate these material weaknesses, we have made progress in the following areas, among others: designed and implemented IT general controls to manage access and program changes across our key systems and improve IT-dependent and application controls within our proprietary systems; implemented the general ledger, supply chain, and inventory management components of a market leading ERP system, which will help prevent and detect errors, enforce segregation of duties, permit controls around the review of manual journal entries; and reduce our reliance on proprietary systems; engaged expert Sarbanes-Oxley (“SOX”) consultants to assist in the coordination, development, and testing of our control environment and deficiency remediation efforts; conducted trainings for control owners covering proper control design, execution and review documentation, and source data validation; improved review controls and processes, documentation of the completeness and accuracy of source data, and timeliness of account reconciliations; and continued hiring of additional qualified accounting and financial reporting personnel with public company SOX experience. The delay in transitioning to our new ERP system could negatively affect our ability to timely remediate our existing material weaknesses.
We cannot assure you that the measures that we have taken, and that will be taken, to remediate these material weaknesses will, in fact, remedy the material weaknesses or will be sufficient to prevent future material weaknesses from occurring. We also cannot assure you that we have identified all of our existing material weaknesses.
If we are unable to remediate our existing material weakness or identify additional material weaknesses, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our Class A common stock could be negatively affected, and we could become subject to investigations by the NYSE, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.
Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, and Delaware law may prevent or hinder attempts by our stockholders to change our management or to acquire a controlling interest in us, and the trading price of our Class A common stock may be lower as a result.
There are provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law applicable to us as a public benefit corporation, that may make it difficult for a third-party to acquire, or attempt to acquire, control of our company, even if a change in control were considered favorable by our stockholders. These anti-takeover provisions include:
•authorization of the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that our board of directors could use to implement a stockholder rights plan;
•a staggered board of directors so that not all members of our board of directors are elected at one time;
•a requirement that our directors may only be removed for cause;
•the ability of our board of directors to determine the number of directors and to fill any vacancies and newly created directorships;
•an inability of our stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders;
•a prohibition on stockholder actions by written consent, thereby requiring that all stockholder actions be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;
•the requirement for advance notification of stockholder nominations and proposals;
•a prohibition on cumulative voting for directors;
•the ability of our board of directors to amend our bylaws without stockholder consent;
•the requirement of the approval of a super-majority to amend certain provisions in our restated certificate of incorporation and restated bylaws; and
•a multi-class common stock structure in which holders of our Class B common stock, which has ten votes per share, have the ability to control the outcome of matters requiring stockholder approval, even if they own significantly less than a majority of the outstanding shares of our Class A common stock, Class B common stock and Class C common stock, including the election of directors and significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of our company or its assets.
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, which prohibit an interested stockholder, defined as, among other things, a person who owns 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock, from entering into a business combination with us for a three-year period following the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless: (1) prior to such time the board of directors approved either the business combination or the transaction which resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; (2) upon consummation of the transaction which resulted in the
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stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of our voting stock outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, excluding certain shares for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding; or (3) at or subsequent to such time the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock which is not owned by the interested stockholder. Any provision in our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws, or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our Class A common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our Class A common stock.
Also, as a public benefit corporation, our board of directors is required by the DGCL to manage or direct our business and affairs in a manner that balances the pecuniary interests of our stockholders, the best interests of those materially affected by our conduct, and the specific public benefits identified in our certificate of incorporation. Any of the foregoing provisions could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Class A common stock, and they could deter potential acquirers of our company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you would receive a premium for your shares of our Class A common stock in an acquisition.
Our certificate of incorporation designates the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States of America as the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.
Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless the Company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware, or the Court of Chancery, is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions, suits or proceedings: any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by a current or former director, officer or other employee or stockholder of the Company, any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim against us arising under the DGCL, our certificate of incorporation, or our bylaws (as either may be amended or restated) or as to which the DGCL confers exclusive jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery, and any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. If the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction thereof, such actions, suits or proceedings shall be brought in the federal district court of the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware. This provision would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our certificate of incorporation further provides that the federal district courts of the United States of America will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal courts of the United States have exclusive jurisdiction. While the Delaware courts have determined that such choice of forum provisions are facially valid, a stockholder may nevertheless seek to bring a claim in a venue other than those designated in the exclusive forum provisions. In such instance, we would expect to vigorously assert the validity and enforceability of the exclusive forum provisions of our certificate of incorporation. This may require significant additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions and there can be no assurance that the provisions will be enforced by a court in those other jurisdictions.
These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could seriously harm our business.
General Risk Factors
Changes in general economic conditions could reduce consumer demand for our products and services and otherwise negatively impact our business.
Our business depends on consumer demand for our products and services and, consequently, is sensitive to a number of macroeconomic factors that influence consumer confidence and spending, such as general economic conditions, inflation, consumer disposable income, energy and fuel prices, recession and fears of recession, unemployment,
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minimum wages, availability of consumer credit, consumer debt levels, conditions in the housing market, interest rates, tax rates and policies, inflation, consumer confidence in future economic conditions and political conditions, war and fears of war, inclement weather, natural disasters, terrorism, outbreak of viruses or widespread illness, and consumer perceptions of personal well-being and security.
Economic disruption and uncertainty resulting from these factors can negatively impact our business, resulting in:
•inflation and increased price pressure for our products and services;
•increased cost to manufacture and sell our products and services;
•reduced consumer spending power;
•reduced demand for our products and services, delays in shipment of orders or increases in order cancellation;
•increased risk of excess and obsolete inventory; and
•delays in payment for our products and services.
Prolonged or pervasive economic downturns could also slow the pace of new retail store openings or cause current locations to close.
The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention, and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the listing standards of the NYSE, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. The requirements of these rules and regulations have increased and will likely continue to increase our legal, accounting, and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time-consuming and costly, and place significant strain on our personnel, systems, and resources. Furthermore, several members of our management team do not have prior experience in running a public company. For example, the Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations. As a result of the complexity involved in complying with the rules and regulations applicable to public companies, our management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Although we have already hired additional employees to assist us in complying with these requirements, we may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants, which will increase our operating expenses. In addition, changing laws, regulations, and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs, and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations, and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest substantial resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations, and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from business operations to compliance activities. If our efforts to comply with new laws, regulations, and standards differ from the activities intended by regulatory or governing bodies due to ambiguities related to their application and practice, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us and our business may be harmed. Being a public company that is subject to these new rules and regulations has made it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or continue to incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors, particularly members who can serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers. As a result of the disclosure obligations required of a public company, our business and financial condition is more visible since becoming a public company, which may result in an increased risk of threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be harmed, and even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, would divert the resources of our management and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We base our estimates on historical experience and on
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various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as provided in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, and equity, and the amount of revenue and expenses. Significant estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to (i) the valuation of inventory, including the determination of the net realizable value, (ii) the determination of deferred income taxes, including related valuation allowances, and (iii) assumptions related to the valuation of stock-based compensation. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our Class A common stock.
Changing climate and weather patterns leading to severe weather and disasters may cause significant business interruptions and expenditures.
Severe weather conditions and other natural phenomena resulting from changing weather patterns and rising sea levels or other causes, including hurricanes, floods, fires, landslides, extreme temperatures, significant precipitation, and earthquakes, may result in temporary closure of, or damage to our stores or other facilities and unavailability of our workforce. Additionally, shifts in weather patterns caused by climate change are expected to increase the frequency, severity or duration of certain adverse weather conditions, which could cause more significant business interruptions that result in increased costs, increased liabilities, and decreased revenues. Such losses could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Climate change may also have indirect effects on our business, including for example, leading to increased costs (or unavailability) of property or other insurance policies. Additionally, governmental authorities have proposed, and are likely to continue to propose, legislation and regulation to reduce or mitigate the impacts of climate change, or to require substantial disclosures regarding same. For more detail, see our risk factor titled “Environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) matters may adversely impact our business and reputation.” As we may take steps to voluntarily mitigate our impact on climate change, such as to improve the energy efficiency of our stores and other facilities, we may experience increases in energy-related costs, operating expenses, capital expenditures or insurance premiums and deductibles. Any assessment of the potential impact of future climate change legislation, regulations or industry standards, as well as any international treaties and accords, is uncertain given the wide scope of potential regulatory change in the countries in which we, or our suppliers, operate or conduct business.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program intended to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information. Our cybersecurity risk management program includes a cybersecurity incident response plan.
We design and assess our program based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework 1.1 (NIST CSF). This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use the NIST CSF as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.
Our cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our overall enterprise risk management program, and shares common methodologies, reporting channels and governance processes that apply across the enterprise risk management program to other legal, compliance, strategic, operational, and financial risk areas.
Our cybersecurity risk management program includes:
•Risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;
•A security team principally responsible for managing (1) our cybersecurity risk assessment processes, (2) our security protocols and controls, and (3) our response to cybersecurity incidents;
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•The use of external service providers, where appropriate, to assess, test or otherwise assist with aspects of our security protocols and controls;
•Cybersecurity awareness training of our employees, incident response personnel, and senior management;
•A cybersecurity incident response plan that includes procedures for assessing and responding to cybersecurity incidents; and
•A third-party risk management process for service providers, suppliers, and vendors who have access to our critical systems and information.
We have not identified risks from known cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any prior cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our operations, business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. See Item 1A. “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We rely heavily on our information technology systems, as well as those of our third-party vendors, business partners, and service providers, for our business to effectively operate and to safeguard confidential information; any significant failure, inadequacy, interruption, or cybersecurity incident could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operations.”
Cybersecurity Governance
Our Board considers cybersecurity risk as part of its risk oversight function and has delegated to our Audit Committee oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks. Our Audit Committee oversees management’s implementation of our cybersecurity risk management program.
Our Audit Committee receives reports from management on our cybersecurity risks on at least a quarterly basis, and more frequently as needed. In addition, management updates the Audit Committee, as necessary, regarding any material cybersecurity incidents, as well as any incidents with lesser impact potential.
Our Audit Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities, including those related to cybersecurity. The full Board also receives an annual briefing from management on our cyber risk management program. Board members receive presentations on cybersecurity topics from the Chief Technology Officer and the Senior Director of Information Security.
Our management team, including our Chief Technology Officer (“CTO”) and Senior Director of Information Security, are responsible for assessing and managing our material risks from cybersecurity threats, and our Chief Financial Officer and General Counsel are responsible for associated materiality assessments. Our CTO and cybersecurity team have primary responsibility for our overall cybersecurity risk management program and supervise both our internal cybersecurity personnel and our retained external cybersecurity consultants. Their experience includes decades spent managing the security programs of publicly traded corporations, formal cybersecurity education programs from accredited academic institutions, and numerous security certifications such as CISSP, CCSP, CySA+ and AWS Architect & Security Specializations.
Our management team supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate, and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment. The Company annually purchases a cybersecurity risk insurance policy that would help defray the costs associated with a covered cybersecurity incident if it occurred.
Item 2. Properties
Our corporate headquarters is located in New York, New York, where we lease approximately 79,474 square feet of space under a lease that expires in January 2025. We also maintain other offices in Nashville, Tennessee, principally for our customer experience employees, where we lease approximately 21,867 square feet of space under a lease that expires in August 2026, as well an additional 11,074 square feet of space in an adjoining building under a lease that expires in 2027. We operate optical laboratories in Sloatsburg, New York, where we lease approximately 51,803 square feet of space under a lease that expires in June 2026, and Las Vegas, Nevada, where we lease approximately 69,580 square feet of space under a lease that expires in August 2031.
As of December 31, 2023, we operated 232 retail stores across the United States and five retail stores in Canada. All of our retail properties are leased or licensed from third parties under agreements expiring at various dates from 2024 to
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2033, and the average size of our retail stores is approximately 1,700 square feet as of December 31, 2023. The following table summarizes our domestic retail store locations by state, as of December 31, 2023:

State |  | Retail Store Count |  | State |  | Retail Store Count
Alabama |  | 2 |  | Missouri |  | 4
Arizona |  | 5 |  | Nebraska |  | 1
Arkansas |  | 1 |  | Nevada |  | 1
California |  | 32 |  | New Jersey |  | 12
Colorado |  | 5 |  | New Mexico |  | 1
Connecticut |  | 5 |  | New York |  | 20
District of Columbia |  | 5 |  | North Carolina |  | 7
Florida |  | 18 |  | Ohio |  | 5
Georgia |  | 6 |  | Oklahoma |  | 2
Illinois |  | 10 |  | Oregon |  | 2
Indiana |  | 2 |  | Pennsylvania |  | 7
Iowa |  | 1 |  | Rhode Island |  | 2
Kansas |  | 2 |  | South Carolina |  | 2
Kentucky |  | 2 |  | Tennessee |  | 4
Louisiana |  | 2 |  | Texas |  | 19
Maryland |  | 7 |  | Utah |  | 2
Massachusetts |  | 12 |  | Virginia |  | 7
Michigan |  | 5 |  | Washington |  | 4
Minnesota |  | 5 |  | Wisconsin |  | 2
Mississippi |  | 1 |  |  |  |

We believe our facilities are adequate and suitable for our current needs, and that should it be needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
See Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies” in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for information regarding legal proceedings, which discussion is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Part II.
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “WRBY” and began trading on September 29, 2021. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our Class A common stock. There is no public trading market for our Class B common stock, par value $0.0001 per share.
Holders
As of February 26, 2024, there were 7 holders of record of our Class A common stock and 13 holders of record of our Class B common stock.
Dividends
We have not paid dividends in the past and have no current plans to pay dividends on our common stock.
Use of Proceeds and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
None.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
None.
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Performance Graph
The following performance graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under the Securities Act or Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate it by reference into such filing.
The following graph depicts the total cumulative stockholder return on our Class A common stock from September 29, 2021, the first day of trading of our Class A common stock on the NYSE, through December 31, 2023, relative to the performance of the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Apparel, Accessories & Luxury Index. The graph assumes an initial investment of $100.00 at the close of trading on September 29, 2021 and that all dividends paid by companies included in these indices have been reinvested. The performance shown in the graph below is not intended to forecast or be indicative of future stock price performance.
Item 6. Reserved
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion And Analysis Of Financial Condition And Results Of Operations
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”). This discussion and other parts of this Form 10-K contain forward-looking statements, such as those relating to our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions, and beliefs, which involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the sections titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Overview
We are a mission-driven, lifestyle brand that operates at the intersection of design, technology, healthcare, and social enterprise.
Since day one, our focus on delighting customers and doing good has created a foundation for continuous innovation:
•We aim to provide customers with the highest-quality product possible by designing glasses at our headquarters in New York City, using custom materials, and selling direct to the customer. By cutting out the middleman, we are able to sell our products at a lower price than many of our competitors and pass the savings on to our customers. In addition to lower prices, we introduced simple, unified pricing (glasses starting at $95, including prescription lenses) to the eyewear market.
•We’ve built a seamless shopping experience that meets customers where and how they want to shop, whether that’s on our website, on our mobile app, or in our 237 retail stores as of December 31, 2023.
•We’ve crafted a holistic vision care offering that extends beyond glasses to include contacts, vision tests and eye exams, vision insurance, and beyond. We leverage leading (and in many cases proprietary) technology to enhance our customers’ experiences, whether it’s to help them find a better-fitting frame using our Virtual Try-On tool, or to update their prescription from home using Virtual Vision Test, our telehealth app.
•We recruit and retain highly engaged, motivated team members who are driven by our commitment to scaling a large, growing business while making an impact and are excited to connect their daily work back to our mission.
•We are a public benefit corporation focused on positively impacting all stakeholders, and hope to inspire other entrepreneurs and businesses to think along the same lines. Working closely with our nonprofit partners, we have distributed glasses to people in need in more than 80 countries globally and many parts of the United States. Over 15 million more people now have the glasses they need to learn, work, and achieve better economic outcomes through our Buy a Pair, Give a Pair program.
We generate revenue through selling our wide array of prescription and non-prescription eyewear, including glasses, sunglasses, and contact lenses. We also generate revenue from providing eye exams and vision tests, and selling eyewear accessories. We maintain data across the entire customer journey that allows us to develop deep insights, informing our innovation priorities and enabling us to create a highly personalized, brand-enhancing experience for our customers. We have built an integrated, multichannel presence that we believe deepens our relationship with existing customers while broadening reach and accessibility. And while we have the ability to track where our customers transact, we’re channel agnostic to where the transaction takes place and find that many of our customers engage with us across both digital and physical channels; for example, many customers who check out online also visit a store throughout their customer journey, while others choose to browse online before visiting one of our stores.
Financial Highlights
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:
•we generated net revenue of $669.8 million, $598.1 million, and $540.8 million, respectively;
•we generated gross profit of $365.2 million, $341.1 million, and $317.7 million, respectively, representing a gross profit margin of 55%, 57%, and 59%, respectively;
•we generated net loss of $63.2 million, $110.4 million, and $144.3 million, respectively; and
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•we generated adjusted EBITDA of $52.4 million, $27.2 million, and $24.9 million, respectively.
For a definition of adjusted EBITDA, a non-GAAP measure, and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, see the section titled “Key Business Metrics and Certain Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”
Direct Listing
On September 29, 2021, we completed a direct listing of our Class A common stock (the “Direct Listing”) on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). We incurred fees related to financial advisory service, audit, and legal services in connection with the Direct Listing of $28.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 which are recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses.
Factors Affecting Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations
We believe that our performance and future success depend on a variety of factors that present significant opportunities for our business but also present risks and challenges that could adversely impact our growth and profitability, including those discussed below and in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this Annual Report.
Overall economic environment
The nature of our business, which involves the sale of products and services that are a medical necessity for many consumers, provides some insulation from swings in consumer sentiment and general economic conditions. However, our performance and growth are still impacted by these factors. Elevated inflation and interest rates, changing consumer commuting habits, and other negative economic factors may impact consumer spending habits as well as our cost of attracting and our ability to attract new customers. For example, during 2023, we continued to see lower overall sales growth rates than we have historically experienced as consumer activity within the optical industry has not recovered to pre-pandemic growth level. We believe our business model, focused on providing an exceptional value and experience to our customers, will help mitigate the impact of many of these macroeconomic factors, however, the extent of such mitigation and the impact on future results is uncertain. We also continue to diversify and expand our supply chain network, both internationally with our frame manufacturers and domestically with our wholly owned and partner optical laboratories, which we believe has helped to insulate us from supply chain disruption and allowed us to continue to meet growing customer demand over the last several years while maintaining our exceptional quality and customer satisfaction standards.
Key Business Metrics and Certain Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the measures presented in our consolidated financial statements, we use the following key business metrics and certain non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our business, measure our performance, develop financial forecasts, and make strategic decisions. The following table summarizes our key performance indicators and non-GAAP financial measures for the periods presented, which are unaudited.

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Active Customers (in millions) | 2.33 |  |  | 2.28 |  |  | 2.20 |
Store Count(1) | 237 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 161 |
Adjusted EBITDA(2) (in thousands) | $ | 52,352 |  |  | $ | 27,202 |  |  | $ | 24,861 |
Adjusted EBITDA margin(2) | 7.8 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 4.6 | %

__________________
(1)Store Count number at the end of the period indicated.
(2)Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin are non-GAAP financial measures. For more information regarding our use of these measures and a reconciliation of net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, to adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin, see the section titled "Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin”
Active Customers
The number of Active Customers is a key performance measure that we use to assess the reach of our physical retail stores and digital platform as well as our brand awareness. We define an Active Customer as a unique customer that has made at least one purchase in the preceding 12-month period. We determine our number of Active Customers by counting the total number of customers who have made at least one purchase in the preceding 12-month period, measured from the last date of such period. Given our definition of a customer is a unique customer that has made at
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least one purchase, it can include either an individual person or a household of more than one person utilizing a single account.
Store Count
Store Count is a key performance measure that we use to reach consumers and generate incremental demand for our products. We define Store Count as the total number of retail stores open at the end of a given period. We believe our retail stores embody our brand, drive brand awareness, and serve as efficient customer acquisition vehicles. Our results of operations have been and will continue to be affected by the timing and number of retail stores that we operate.
We have thoughtfully expanded our retail store footprint over the past several years. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we opened 40, 40, and 35 new retail stores, respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, 194 out of our 237 retail stores offered in-person eye exams.
Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin
We define adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest and other income (loss), taxes, and depreciation and amortization as further adjusted for asset impairment costs, stock-based compensation expense and related employer payroll taxes, amortization of cloud-based software implementation costs, non-cash charitable donations, and non-recurring costs such as restructuring costs, major system implementation costs, and direct listing or other transaction costs. We define adjusted EBITDA margin as adjusted EBITDA divided by net revenue. We caution investors that amounts presented in accordance with our definitions of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by our competitors, because not all companies and analysts calculate adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin in the same manner. We present adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin because we consider these metrics to be important supplemental measures of our performance and believe they are frequently used by securities analysts, investors, and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in our industry. Management believes that investors’ understanding of our performance is enhanced by including these non-GAAP financial measures as a reasonable basis for comparing our ongoing results of operations.
Management uses adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin:
•as a measurement of operating performance because they assist us in evaluating the operating performance of our business on a consistent basis, as they remove the impact of items not directly resulting from our core operations;
•for planning purposes, including the preparation of our internal annual operating budget and financial projections;
•to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of our operational strategies; and
•to evaluate our capacity to expand our business.
By providing these non-GAAP financial measures, together with a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, we believe we are enhancing investors’ understanding of our business and our results of operations, as well as assisting investors in evaluating how well we are executing our strategic initiatives. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation, or as an alternative to, or a substitute for net loss or other financial statement data presented in our consolidated financial statements as indicators of financial performance. Some of the limitations are:
•such measures do not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements for capital expenditures, or contractual commitments;
•such measures do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
•such measures do not reflect the interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our debt;
•such measures do not reflect our tax expense or the cash requirements to pay our taxes;
•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future and such measures do not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements; and
•other companies in our industry may calculate such measures differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.
Due to these limitations, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered as measures of discretionary cash available to us to invest in the growth of our business. We compensate for these limitations by
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relying primarily on our GAAP results and using these non-GAAP measures only supplementally. Each of the adjustments and other adjustments described in this paragraph and in the reconciliation table below help management with a measure of our core operating performance over time by removing items that are not related to day-to-day operations.
The following table reconciles adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, which is net loss:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| ($ in thousands)
Net loss | $ | (63,197) |  |  | $ | (110,393) |  |  | $ | (144,271) |
Adjusted to exclude the following: |  |  |  |  |
Interest and other income (loss), net | (9,232) |  |  | (1,307) |  |  | 347 |
Provision for income taxes | 433 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 263 |
Depreciation and amortization expense | 38,554 |  |  | 31,864 |  |  | 21,643 |
Asset impairment charges | 3,230 |  |  | 1,647 |  |  | 317 |
Stock-based compensation expense(1) | 71,065 |  |  | 98,655 |  |  | 110,543 |
Non-cash charitable donations(2) | 3,191 |  |  | 3,770 |  |  | 7,757 |
Transaction costs(3) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28,262 |
Amortization of cloud-based software implementation costs(4) | 2,895 |  |  | 247 |  |  | — |
ERP implementation costs(5) | 4,413 |  |  | 687 |  |  | — |
Restructuring and other costs(6) | 1,000 |  |  | 1,535 |  |  | — |
Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 52,352 |  |  | $ | 27,202 |  |  | $ | 24,861 |
Adjusted EBITDA margin | 7.8 | % |  | 4.5 | % |  | 4.6 | %

__________________
(1) Represents expenses related to the Company’s equity-based compensation programs and related employer payroll taxes, which may vary significantly from period to period depending upon various factors including the timing, number, and the valuation of awards granted, vesting of awards including the satisfaction of performance conditions, and the impact of repurchases of awards from employees. Included in stock-based compensation expense for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2023 is $2.2 million of liability based awards resulting from accrued bonuses that will be settled in equity in the first quarter of 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the amount includes $0.6 million, $0.6 million, and $3.4 million of employer payroll costs associated with releases of RSUs and option exercises, respectively.
(2) Represents charitable expense recorded in connection with the donation of 56,938 shares of Class A common stock to charitable donor advised funds in June 2023 and 178,572 shares of Class A common stock in both August 2023 and May 2022 to the Warby Parker Impact Foundation, and a donation of 34,528 shares of Class A common stock to third-party charitable donor advised funds in November 2022.
(3) Represents (i) costs directly attributable to the preparation for our Direct Listing and (ii) expenses incurred in connection with the cash tender offer completed in June 2021.
(4) Represents the amortization of costs capitalized in connection with the implementation of cloud-based software.
(5) Represents internal and external non-capitalized costs related to the implementation of our new Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system which went live in 2023.
(6) Represents employee severance and related costs for our restructuring plan that was executed in August 2022 and other non-recurring costs, including charges for legal matters.
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Results of Operations
The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The following tables set forth our results of operations for the periods presented in dollars and as a percentage of net revenue:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| ($ in thousands)
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |  |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 669,765 |  |  | $ | 598,112 |  |  | $ | 540,798 |
Cost of goods sold | 304,541 |  |  | 257,050 |  |  | 223,049 |
Gross profit | 365,224 |  |  | 341,062 |  |  | 317,749 |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | 437,220 |  |  | 452,265 |  |  | 461,410 |
Loss from operations | (71,996) |  |  | (111,203) |  |  | (143,661) |
Interest and other income (loss), net | 9,232 |  |  | 1,307 |  |  | (347) |
Loss before income taxes | (62,764) |  |  | (109,896) |  |  | (144,008) |
Provision for income taxes | 433 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 263 |
Net loss | $ | (63,197) |  |  | $ | (110,393) |  |  | $ | (144,271) |

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
| % of Net Revenue |  |
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net revenue | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | 45.5 | % |  | 43.0 | % |  | 41.2 | % |  |  |  |
Gross profit | 54.5 | % |  | 57.0 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  |  |  |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | 65.3 | % |  | 75.6 | % |  | 85.3 | % |  |  |  |
Loss from operations | (10.8) | % |  | (18.6) | % |  | (26.5) | % |  |  |  |
Interest and other income (loss), net | 1.4 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  | (0.1) | % |  |  |  |
Loss before income taxes | (9.4) | % |  | (18.4) | % |  | (26.6) | % |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | — | % |  | 0.1 | % |  | — | % |  |  |  |
Net loss | (9.4) | % |  | (18.5) | % |  | (26.6) | % |  |  |  |

Components of Results of Operations
Net Revenue
We primarily derive revenue from the sales of eyewear products, optical services, and accessories. We sell products and services through our retail stores, website, and mobile apps. Revenue generated from eyewear products includes the sales of prescription and non-prescription optical glasses and sunglasses and contact lenses. Revenue is recognized when the customer takes possession of the product, either at the point of delivery or in-store pickup, and is recorded net of returns and discounts. Revenue generated from services consists of in-person eye exams and prescriptions issued through the Virtual Vision Test app. The Company also sells eyewear accessories and charges customers for optional expedited shipping. Revenue is recognized when the service is rendered and is recorded net of discounts.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold includes the costs incurred to acquire materials, assemble, and sell our finished products. Such costs include (i) product costs held at the lesser of cost and net realizable value, (ii) freight and import costs, (iii) optical laboratory costs, (iv) customer shipping, (v) occupancy and depreciation costs of retail stores, and (vi) employee-related
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costs associated with eye exams and optical laboratories, which includes salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation. We expect our cost of goods sold to fluctuate as a percentage of net revenue primarily due to product mix, customer preferences and resulting demand, the cost and management of inventory, shipping costs, laboratory utilization, and the scaling of our eye exam and contacts businesses. Cost of goods sold also may change as we open or close retail stores because of the resulting change in related occupancy and depreciation costs.
Gross Profit and Gross Margin
We define gross profit as net revenues less cost of goods sold. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of net revenues. Our gross margin has remained steady historically, but may fluctuate in the future based on a number of factors, including the cost at which we can obtain, transport, and assemble our inventory, the rate at which we open new retail stores, the mix of products we sell, and how effective we can be at controlling costs, in any given period.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general, and administrative expenses, or SG&A, primarily consist of employee-related costs including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation for our corporate and retail employees, marketing, information technology, credit card processing fees, donations in connection with our Buy a Pair, Give a Pair program, facilities, legal, and other administrative costs associated with operating the business. Marketing costs, which consist of both online and offline advertising, include sponsored search, online advertising, marketing and retail events, and other initiatives. SG&A also includes administrative costs associated with our Home Try-On program, which provides customers the opportunity to sample eyewear at home prior to purchase. We expect SG&A to increase in absolute dollars over time and to fluctuate as a percentage of revenue due to the anticipated growth of our business, intentional investments in marketing, and changing prices of goods and services caused by inflation and other macroeconomic factors. SG&A is expensed in the period in which it is incurred.
Interest and Other Income (Loss), Net
Interest and other income (loss), net, consists primarily of interest generated from our cash and cash equivalents balances net of interest incurred on borrowings and fees on our undrawn line of credit, and are recognized as incurred. We expect our interest and other income costs to fluctuate based on our future bank balances, credit line utilization, and the interest rate environment.
Provision for Income Taxes
Provision for income taxes consists of income taxes related to foreign and domestic federal and state jurisdictions in which we conduct business, adjusted for allowable credits, deductions, and valuation allowance against deferred tax assets.
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Net Revenue

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 669,765 |  |  | $ | 598,112 |  |  | $ | 71,653 |  |  | 12.0 | %

Net revenue increased $71.7 million, or 12.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The growth in net revenue was primarily driven by an increase in average revenue per customer, to $287 from $263 in the prior year period, as well as a 2.5% increase in Active Customers. Average revenue per customer growth was driven by an increase in units per order as customers took advantage of our bundling promotions and also purchased contacts or eye exams along with glasses in the same transaction.
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Cost of Goods Sold, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | $ | 304,541 |  |  | $ | 257,050 |  |  | $ | 47,491 |  |  | 18.5 | %
Gross profit | 365,224 |  |  | 341,062 |  |  | 24,162 |  |  | 7.1 | %
Gross margin | 54.5 | % |  | 57.0 | % |  |  |  | (2.5) | %

Cost of goods sold increased by $47.5 million, or 18.5%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, and increased as a percentage of revenue over the same period by 250 basis points, from 43.0% of revenue to 45.5% of revenue. The increase in cost of goods sold was primarily driven by increased product and fulfillment costs associated with the growth in our contact lens offering and optical laboratory utilization, as well as an increase in store occupancy costs, including depreciation, and prescription services expenses due to new retail stores and optical exam rooms that opened in 2023.
Gross profit, calculated as net revenue less cost of goods sold, increased by $24.2 million, or 7.1%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, primarily due to the increase in net revenue over the same period.
Gross margin, expressed as a percentage and calculated as gross profit divided by net revenue, decreased by 250 basis points for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease in gross margin was primarily driven by the sales growth of contact lenses which are sold at a lower margin than our other eyewear, increased doctor salaries, as the number of stores with offering eye exams grew, and increases in store occupancy costs as a percent of revenue as we grew our store base from 200 stores as of December 31, 2022 to 237 stores as of December 31, 2023. These impacts were partially offset by increased progressives penetration, increased efficiencies in our owned optical laboratories, and lower outbound customer shipping costs as a percent of revenue.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | $ | 437,220 |  |  | $ | 452,265 |  |  | $ | (15,045) |  |  | (3.3) | %
As a percentage of net revenue | 65.3 | % |  | 75.6 | % |  |  |  | (10.3) | %

Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased $15.0 million, or 3.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. This decrease was primarily driven by a $27.7 million decrease in stock-based compensation, mostly related to the Founders Grant (as described in Note 7 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K), and lower marketing costs, including costs associated with our Home Try-On program, in the first half of the year, which decreased to 12% of revenue in the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to 14% in the same period of 2022. The decrease was partially offset by increased technology costs, mainly driven by the implementation of our new ERP system, and higher compensation costs from growth in our retail workforce.
Interest and Other Income, Net

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Interest and other income, net | $ | 9,232 |  |  | $ | 1,307 |  |  | $ | 7,925 |  |  | 606.4 | %
As a percentage of net revenue | 1.4 | % |  | 0.2 | % |  |  |  | 1.2 | %

Interest and other income, net increased by $7.9 million, or 606.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher interest rates on our cash and cash equivalents balance.
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Provision for Income Taxes

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | (64) |  |  | (12.9) | %
As a percentage of net revenue | — | % |  | 0.1 | % |  |  |  | (0.1) | %

Provision for income taxes decreased $0.1 million, or 12.9%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to the 2022 establishment of a valuation allowance on our Canadian subsidiary, partially offset by higher state tax expense in 2023.
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021
Net Revenue

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Net revenue | $ | 598,112 |  |  | $ | 540,798 |  |  | $ | 57,314 |  |  | 10.6 | %

Net revenue increased $57.3 million, or 10.6%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The growth in net revenue was primarily driven by an increase in our Active Customer base to 2.28 million customers, or a 3.6% increase, an increase in average order value (“AOV”), defined as net revenue for a given period divided by the number of orders during the same period, and adding new customers, which elevated average revenue per customer to $263, or a 6.9% increase. AOV increased primarily due to a higher mix of purchases of glasses with progressive lenses which increased our average price per unit sold, while our average units per order remained stable year-over-year.
Cost of Goods Sold, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Cost of goods sold | $ | 257,050 |  |  | $ | 223,049 |  |  | $ | 34,001 |  |  | 15.2 | %
Gross profit | 341,062 |  |  | 317,749 |  |  | 23,313 |  |  | 7.3 | %
Gross margin | 57.0 | % |  | 58.8 | % |  |  |  | (1.8) | %

Cost of goods sold increased by $34.0 million, or 15.2%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, and increased as a percentage of revenue over the same period by 180 basis points, from 41.2% of revenue to 43.0% of revenue. The increase in cost of goods sold was primarily driven by increased product and fulfillment costs associated with the growth in our contact lens offering, as well as an increase in store occupancy, store depreciation, and prescription services expenses due to new retail stores opened in 2022 and a full-year of expense from new retail stores opened throughout 2021.
Gross profit, calculated as net revenue less cost of goods sold, increased by $23.3 million, or 7.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to the increase in net revenue over the same period.
Gross margin, expressed as a percentage and calculated as gross profit divided by net revenue, decreased by 180 basis points for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. The decrease in gross margin was primarily driven by the increased penetration of contact lenses which are sold at a lower margin than glasses, reflecting Warby Parker’s strategy to grow its contact lens offering, increases in store occupancy costs as a percent of revenue primarily due to increased depreciation and rent expense as we grew our store base to 200 stores as of December 31, 2022, and increased prescription services costs as we scale our eye exam offering across our fleet, to 150 exam locations as of December 31, 2022, up from 102 as of December 31, 2021. The impacts were partially offset
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by the scaling of higher margin progressive lenses and leverage from our in-house optical laboratory network, including our Las Vegas laboratory which opened in the fourth quarter of 2021.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | $ | 452,265 |  |  | $ | 461,410 |  |  | $ | (9,145) |  |  | (2.0) | %
As a percentage of net revenue | 75.6 | % |  | 85.3 | % |  |  |  | (9.7) | %

Selling, general, and administrative expenses decreased $9.1 million, or 2.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. This decrease was primarily driven by a decrease in professional costs incurred in 2021 related to our Direct Listing and tender offer that were not recurring in 2022, as well as decreased marketing, stock-based compensation charges and related employer payroll taxes, and Home Try-On program costs. The stock-based compensation charges incurred in 2021 primarily related to the satisfaction of the performance based vesting condition for RSUs and Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”) in connection with our Direct Listing. These decreases were partially offset by higher compensation costs, primarily from growth in our retail workforce, increased insurance costs related to operating as a public company, and increased depreciation and amortization costs, mainly related to capitalized software and office build-outs.
Interest and Other Income (Loss), Net

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Interest and other income (loss), net | $ | 1,307 |  |  | $ | (347) |  |  | $ | 1,654 |  |  | 476.7 | %
As a percentage of net revenue | 0.2 | % |  | (0.1) | % |  |  |  | 0.3 | %

Interest and other income (loss), net increased by $1.7 million, or 476.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily driven by significantly higher interest rates on our cash balance in the fourth quarter of 2022 and the impact of fair value adjustments to outstanding warrants that were exercised in 2021 that was not repeated in 2022.
Provision for Income Taxes

| Year Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
| ($ in thousands) |  |  |  |
Provision for income taxes | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | 89.0 | %
As a percentage of net revenue | 0.1 | % |  | — | % |  |  |  | 0.1 | %

Provision for income taxes increased $0.2 million, or 89.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the same period in 2021 primarily due to the establishment of a valuation allowance on our Canadian subsidiary.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily from net proceeds from the sale of redeemable convertible preferred stock and cash flows from operating activities. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $216.9 million, which was primarily held for working capital purposes, and an accumulated deficit of $666.8 million.
We expect that operating losses could continue in the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in the expansion of our business. We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents, funds available under our existing credit facility, and cash flows from operating activities will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months.
However, our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to, growth in the number of retail stores, the needs of our optical laboratories and distribution network, expansion of our product
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offerings or service capabilities, and the timing of investments in technology and personnel to support the overall growth in our business. To the extent that current and anticipated future sources of liquidity are insufficient to fund our future business activities and requirements, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing. The sale of additional equity would result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of debt financing would result in debt service obligations and the instruments governing such debt could provide for additional operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. There can be no assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital. In the event that additional financing is required from outside sources, we may not be able to negotiate terms acceptable to us or at all. In particular, rising interest and inflation rates, geopolitical unrest, and other macroeconomic factors have caused disruption in the global financial markets, which could reduce our ability to access capital and negatively affect our liquidity in the future. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required, or if we cannot expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities because we lack sufficient capital, our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows would be adversely affected.
Credit Facility
2022 Credit Facility
In September 2022, the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Warby Parker Retail, Inc. (together, the “Borrowers”), entered into a Credit Agreement with Comerica Bank and the lenders from time to time party thereto (as amended, the “2022 Credit Facility”). The 2022 Credit Facility consisted of a $100.0 million five-year revolving credit facility with sublimits of $15.0 million for letters of credit and $5.0 million for swing line notes. The 2022 Credit Facility included an option for the Company to increase the available amount by up to $75.0 million, for a maximum borrowing capacity of $175.0 million, subject to the consent of the lenders funding the increase and certain other conditions.
In February 2024, the 2022 Credit Facility was terminated and replaced by the 2024 Credit Facility. Upon termination of the 2022 Credit Facility, the Company was required to cash collateralize letters of credit of $4.3 million originally issued under the 2022 Credit Facility that are used to secure certain leases in lieu of a cash security deposit. Other than such letters of credit of $4.3 million and $4.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, there were no borrowings outstanding under the 2022 Credit Facility.
2024 Credit Facility
In February 2024, the Borrowers entered into a Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and the lenders party thereto (the “2024 Credit Facility”), which replaced the 2022 Credit Facility. The 2024 Credit Facility consists of a $120.0 million five-year revolving credit facility with sublimits of $15.0 million for letters of credit and $10.0 million for swingline loans. The 2024 Credit Facility includes an option for the Company to increase the available amount by up to $55.0 million, for a maximum borrowing capacity of $175.0 million, subject to the consent of the lenders funding the increase and certain other conditions. Proceeds of the borrowings under the 2024 Credit Facility are expected to be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes in the ordinary course of business. The Company is permitted to repay borrowings under the 2024 Credit Facility at any time, in whole or in part, without penalty.
Under the 2024 Credit Facility, borrowings under the revolving credit facility bear interest on the principal amount outstanding, at the Company’s election, at (a) the greater of the prime rate (as defined in the credit agreement) or 2.5%, plus an applicable margin of 0.65% to 0.90% depending on the Company’s leverage ratio or (b) adjusted SOFR (as defined in the credit agreement), plus an applicable margin of 1.65% to 1.90% depending on the Company’s leverage ratio. The Company is charged an unused commitment fee of 0.20% to 0.25% depending on the Company's leverage ratio. Both interest on principal and commitment fees are included in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
The 2024 Credit Facility contains a financial maintenance covenant which only applies while total borrowings exceed $30.0 million, which requires the Company to maintain a maximum consolidated senior net leverage ratio of 3:1. The 2024 Credit Facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including limits on indebtedness, liens, capital expenditures, asset sales, investments and restricted payments, in each case subject to negotiated exceptions and baskets, as well as representations, warranties and event of default provisions. The obligations of the Borrowers under the 2024 Credit Agreement are secured by first-lien security interests in substantially all of the assets of the Borrowers. In addition, the obligations are required to be guaranteed in the future by certain additional domestic subsidiaries of the Company.
There are no borrowings outstanding under the 2024 Credit Facility.
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Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

| Year Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |
| ($ in thousands)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 60,991 |  |  | $ | 10,370 |  |  | $ | (31,994) |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in investing activities | (54,671) |  |  | (60,181) |  |  | (48,513) |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 2,871 |  |  | 3,291 |  |  | 22,999 |  |  |  |  |
Effect of exchange rates on cash | (882) |  |  | (1,311) |  |  | (161) |  |  |  |  |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | 8,309 |  |  | $ | (47,831) |  |  | $ | (57,669) |  |  |  |  |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $61.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, consisting of a net loss of $63.2 million, adjusted for $118.4 million of non-cash expenses and $5.8 million of net cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash charges included $70.5 million of stock-based compensation, $38.6 million of depreciation and amortization, $3.2 million of non-cash charitable contributions, $3.2 million of non-cash impairment charges, and $2.9 million of amortization of cloud-based implementation costs. The changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily driven by decreased inventory and other non-current assets, and increased deferred revenue from sales growth, net lease liabilities in connection with retail leases entered into in 2023, and accounts payable, partially offset by a decrease in accrued expenses and an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $10.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, consisting of a net loss of $110.4 million, adjusted for $135.5 million of non-cash expenses and $14.7 million of net cash used as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities. The non-cash charges included $98.0 million of stock-based compensation, $31.9 million of depreciation and amortization, $3.8 million of non-cash charitable contributions, $1.6 million of non-cash impairment charges, and $0.2 million of amortization of cloud-based implementation costs. The changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily driven by increases in net inventory to support the growth of our business, prepaid expenses and other assets, other non-current assets, and a net decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, partially offset by increases in net lease liabilities in connection with net retail leases entered into in 2022 and deferred revenue.
Net cash used in operating activities was $32.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, consisting of a net loss of $144.3 million, adjusted for $136.8 million of non-cash expenses and $24.5 million of net cash used as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities. Net loss includes $28.3 million of costs related to the Direct Listing. The non-cash charges included $107.1 million of stock-based compensation, $21.6 million of depreciation and amortization, $7.8 million of non-cash charitable contributions, and $0.3 million of non-cash impairment charges. The changes in operating assets and liabilities were primarily driven by an increase in net inventory to support the growth of our business and prepaid expenses and other assets, decreases in accounts payable, deferred revenue, partially offset by increases in accrued expenses and deferred rent.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $54.7 million related to purchases of property and equipment to support our growth, primarily related to the build-out of new retail stores and capitalized software development costs, and an investment in a private optical equipment company.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $60.2 million related to purchases of property and equipment to support our growth, primarily related to the build-out of new retail stores, as well as investments in our supply chain infrastructure and capitalized software development costs.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash used in investing activities was $48.5 million related to purchases of property and equipment to support our growth, primarily related to the build-out of new retail stores, as well as investments in our supply chain infrastructure and capitalized software development costs.
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Cash Flows from Financing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was $2.9 million, which was primarily related to proceeds from shares issued in connection with our Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) and stock option exercises.
For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was $3.3 million, which was primarily related to proceeds from shares issued in connection with our ESPP and stock option exercises.
For the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was $23.0 million, which was primarily related to proceeds from repayments of related party loans and proceeds from stock option exercises, partially offset by repurchases of stock during the period, including shares repurchased in connection with our tender offer and tax withholdings on exercises and releases of employee equity awards.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2023:

| Payments Due by Period
| Total |  | Less than 1 year |  | 1 to 3 years |  | 3 to 5 years |  | More than 5 years
| ($ in thousands)
Operating leases | $ | 208,531 |  |  | $ | 33,382 |  |  | $ | 73,479 |  |  | $ | 61,873 |  |  | $ | 39,797 |
Total | $ | 208,531 |  |  | $ | 33,382 |  |  | $ | 73,479 |  |  | $ | 61,873 |  |  | $ | 39,797 |

For additional discussion on our operating lease obligations, see Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies” in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Subsequent to December 31, 2023, we entered into 2 operating lease agreements and extended the terms of 5 existing operating lease agreements for retail space in the U.S. Total commitments under the new agreements are approximately $2.3 million.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K for a description of recently adopted accounting pronouncements and recently issued accounting pronouncements not yet adopted.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, the reported revenue generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods, and related disclosures. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, and any such differences may be material. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.
Inventory
Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a weighted average cost basis. We continuously evaluate the composition of our inventory and make adjustments when the cost of inventory is not expected to be fully recoverable. The estimated net realizable value of inventory is determined based on an analysis of historical sales trends, the impact of market trends and economic conditions, forecasts of future demand, and estimated timing of product retirements. Adjustments for damaged inventory are recorded primarily based on actual damaged inventory. Adjustments for inventory shrink, representing the physical loss of inventory, are estimated based on historical experience and are adjusted based upon physical inventory counts. Actual results may differ from estimates due to the quantity and mix of products in inventory, consumer preferences, and economic and market conditions. Our historical estimates of these costs and the related provisions have not differed materially from actual results. However, unforeseen adverse future economic and market conditions, such as those resulting from disease pandemics and other catastrophic events, could result in our actual results differing materially from our estimates.
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Stock-Based Compensation
We recognize compensation expense for stock-based awards based on the grant date fair value, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of the outstanding stock awards. Compensation expense for performance awards is recognized when it is determined that it is probable that the vesting conditions will be satisfied.
In June 2021, the Company granted 4,397,688 PSUs and 1,884,724 RSUs to the co-CEOs, in the aggregate, under the 2019 Plan (the “Founders Grant”). The PSUs vest upon two performance conditions, (i) a qualified public offering and (ii) the price of the Company’s Class A common stock reaches stock price hurdles over a period of ten years, as defined by the terms of the award. The PSUs are subject to the co-CEOs’ continued employment with the Company through the applicable vesting date.
The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the grant-date fair value of the PSUs of $128.8 million. Since the PSUs contain a performance and market condition, the stock-based compensation expense will be recognized when it becomes probable that the performance condition will be met using the accelerated attribution method. Stock-based compensation will be recognized over the period of time the market condition for each tranche is expected to be met (i.e., the derived service period). The derived service period over which the expense is expected to be recognized is 3.8 years. The qualified public offering performance condition was satisfied at September 29, 2021 by the Company’s Direct Listing, and the Company began recording expense at that time.
The Founders Grant RSUs vest in equal monthly installments over a period of five years, subject to the co-CEOs’ continued employment with the Company through the applicable vesting date and conditioned upon the completion of a qualified public offering. The grant-date fair value of the RSUs is $66.9 million. Since the RSUs contain a performance condition, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method when it becomes probable that the performance condition will be met. The performance condition was satisfied on September 29, 2021 by the Company’s Direct Listing, and the Company began recording expense at that time.
Income Taxes
Management makes estimates, assumptions, and judgments to determine our provision for income taxes, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. We utilize the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as operating loss, capital loss, and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that they will not be realized.
Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties expense, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position because of adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily a result of exposure resulting from potential changes in currency rates, interest rates, or inflation.
Foreign Exchange Risk
We are exposed to changes in foreign currency rates as a result of our foreign operations and international suppliers from whom we purchase in Japanese yen and euros. Revenue and income generated by our operations in Canada and our cost of goods sold will increase or decrease compared to prior periods as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not believe that foreign exchange rates have a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
Interest Rate Risk
Our cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 consisted of $216.9 million in cash and money-market funds. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. The goals of our investment policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate exposure. We believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of these assets as a result of changes in interest rates due to the short-term nature of our cash and cash equivalents.
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Inflation Risk
We believe that inflation, including from geopolitical unrest and other macroeconomic factors, has had a limited impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Inflation may, however, have an impact on raw materials, transportation, labor, construction, rent, and other costs which materially impact operations. If our costs become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs with increased revenue. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Warby Parker Inc.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) | 75
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 79
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss | 80
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) | 81
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 82
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 83
Note 1 | Description of Business | 83
Note 2 | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 83
Note 3 | Property and Equipment, Net | 90
Note 4 | Accrued Expenses | 91
Note 5 | Income Taxes | 91
Note 6 | Stockholders’ Equity | 93
Note 7 | Stock-Based Compensation | 94
Note 8 | Leases | 99
Note 9 | Defined Contribution Retirement Plan | 100
Note 10 | Commitments and Contingencies | 100
Note 11 | Earnings Per Share | 102
Note 12 | Related-Party Transactions | 102
Note 13 | Subsequent Events | 102

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Warby Parker Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Warby Parker Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 28, 2024 expressed an adverse opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.
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| Excess and Obsolete Inventory
Description of the Matter | As discussed in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements, net inventory totaling $62.2 million as of December 31, 2023 is stated at the lower of its cost or net realizable value. The Company records adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory when it is not expected to be fully recoverable. Auditing management's estimates of the net realizable value of its inventory, specifically for excess and obsolete inventory, involved a higher degree of auditor judgment as the estimate is dependent on expectations about current and expected market trends and economic conditions, forecasts of future demand, and estimated timing of product retirements.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | Our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating management’s expectations about future product sales, testing the accuracy and completeness of the underlying data used in management's calculation of the net realizable value of excess and obsolete inventory, and recalculating the recorded amount. To evaluate management’s expectation of current and expected market trends and economic conditions, forecasts of future demand, and estimated timing of product retirements, we performed inquiries of sales and operations personnel, assessed historical accuracy of management’s estimates and performed sensitivity analysis on significant assumptions. We compared the estimated future sales to actual results as well as evaluated sales trends and considered observable market-specific data. We also considered relevant internal communications made by the Company regarding business results and forecasts for matters that supported or contradicted the estimate, and we compared actual sales in the period subsequent to year end to the sales forecasts used in the estimate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.
New York, New York
February 28, 2024
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Warby Parker Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Warby Parker Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weaknesses described below on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Warby Parker Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in management’s assessment. Management has identified material weaknesses in the Company’s information technology general controls and controls within financial reporting processes.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders' equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 and the related notes. These material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2023 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated February 28, 2024, which expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become
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inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
New York, New York
February 28, 2024
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 216,894 |  |  | $ | 208,585 |
Accounts receivable, net | 1,779 |  |  | 1,435 |
Inventory | 62,234 |  |  | 68,848 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 17,712 |  |  | 15,700 |
Total current assets | 298,619 |  |  | 294,568 |
Property and equipment, net | 152,332 |  |  | 138,628 |
Right-of-use lease assets | 122,305 |  |  | 127,014 |
Other assets | 7,056 |  |  | 8,497 |
Total assets | $ | 580,312 |  |  | $ | 568,707 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 22,456 |  |  | $ | 20,791 |
Accrued expenses | 46,320 |  |  | 58,222 |
Deferred revenue | 31,617 |  |  | 25,628 |
Current lease liabilities | 24,286 |  |  | 22,546 |
Other current liabilities | 2,411 |  |  | 2,370 |
Total current liabilities | 127,090 |  |  | 129,557 |
Non-current lease liabilities | 150,171 |  |  | 150,832 |
Other liabilities | 1,264 |  |  | 1,672 |
Total liabilities | 278,525 |  |  | 282,061 |
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 10) |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value; Class A: 750,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and 2022, 98,368,239 and 96,115,202 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively; Class B: 150,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2023 and 2022, 19,788,682 and 19,223,572 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, convertible to Class A on a one-to-one basis | 12 |  |  | 12 |
Additional paid-in capital | 970,135 |  |  | 890,915 |
Accumulated deficit | (666,831) |  |  | (603,634) |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | (1,529) |  |  | (647) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 301,787 |  |  | 286,646 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 580,312 |  |  | $ | 568,707 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss
(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net revenue | $ | 669,765 |  |  | $ | 598,112 |  |  | $ | 540,798 |
Cost of goods sold | 304,541 |  |  | 257,050 |  |  | 223,049 |
Gross profit | 365,224 |  |  | 341,062 |  |  | 317,749 |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | 437,220 |  |  | 452,265 |  |  | 461,410 |
Loss from operations | (71,996) |  |  | (111,203) |  |  | (143,661) |
Interest and other income (loss), net | 9,232 |  |  | 1,307 |  |  | (347) |
Loss before income taxes | (62,764) |  |  | (109,896) |  |  | (144,008) |
Provision for income taxes | 433 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 263 |
Net loss | $ | (63,197) |  |  | $ | (110,393) |  |  | $ | (144,271) |
Deemed dividend upon redemption of redeemable convertible preferred stock | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (13,137) |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders | $ | (63,197) |  |  | $ | (110,393) |  |  | $ | (157,408) |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | (0.54) |  |  | $ | (0.96) |  |  | $ | (2.21) |
Weighted average shares used in computing net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | 117,389,012 |  |  | 114,942,019 |  |  | 71,249,257 |
Other comprehensive loss |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment | $ | (882) |  |  | $ | (663) |  |  | $ | (93) |
Total comprehensive loss | $ | (64,079) |  |  | $ | (111,056) |  |  | $ | (144,364) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
(Amounts in thousands)

| Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock |  |  | Common Stock |  | Class A and Class B Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) |  |  |  |  |
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 54,042 |  |  | $ | 506,510 |  |  |  | 53,944 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 127,179 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | (325,390) |  |  | $ | (198,097) |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock option and warrant exercises | 22 |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 931 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,309 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,827 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20,827 |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock unit releases | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 128 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,035 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock repurchases and retirement | (266) |  |  | (1,506) |  |  |  | (64) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,578) |  |  | (6,578) |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from repayment of related party loans | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,184 |  |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | — |  |  | 14,789 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,789 |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107,148 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 107,148 |  |  |  |  |  |
Tender offer repurchase and share retirement | (477) |  |  | (3,561) |  |  |  | (362) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17,002) |  |  | (17,002) |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-cash charitable contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,757 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,757 |  |  |  |  |  |
Conversion of common stock to Class A and Class B common stock in connection with direct public offering | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | (56,940) |  |  | (5) |  |  | 56,940 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to Class A common stock in connection with direct public offering | (53,321) |  |  | (501,518) |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 53,321 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 501,512 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 501,518 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (93) |  |  | — |  |  | (93) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (144,271) |  |  | (144,271) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 113,621 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 779,212 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | (493,241) |  |  | $ | 285,998 |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock option exercises | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 627 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,066 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,066 |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock unit releases | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 684 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued in connection with employee stock purchase plan | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 189 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,744 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,744 |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from repayment of related party loans | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,032 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98,032 |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-cash charitable contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 213 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,770 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,770 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (663) |  |  | — |  |  | (663) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (110,393) |  |  | (110,393) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 115,339 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 890,915 |  |  | $ | (647) |  |  | $ | (603,634) |  |  | $ | 286,646 |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock option exercises | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 809 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,903 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,903 |  |  |  |  |  |
Restricted stock unit releases | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,275 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Shares issued in connection with employee stock purchase plan | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,835 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,835 |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,291 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68,291 |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-cash charitable contributions | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 235 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,191 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,191 |  |  |  |  |  |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (882) |  |  | — |  |  | (882) |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (63,197) |  |  | (63,197) |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 117,849 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 970,135 |  |  | $ | (1,529) |  |  | $ | (666,831) |  |  | $ | 301,787 |  |  |  |  |  |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands)

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (63,197) |  |  | $ | (110,393) |  |  | $ | (144,271) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 38,554 |  |  | 31,864 |  |  | 21,551 |
Stock-based compensation | 70,509 |  |  | 98,032 |  |  | 107,148 |
Non-cash charitable contribution | 3,191 |  |  | 3,770 |  |  | 7,757 |
Asset impairment charges | 3,230 |  |  | 1,647 |  |  | 317 |
Amortization of cloud-based software implementation costs | 2,895 |  |  | 247 |  |  | — |
Change in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net | (345) |  |  | (451) |  |  | (392) |
Inventory | 6,614 |  |  | (11,794) |  |  | (18,624) |
Prepaid expenses and other assets | (3,276) |  |  | (10,534) |  |  | (6,887) |
Accounts payable | 1,633 |  |  | (7,943) |  |  | (11,114) |
Accrued expenses | (8,898) |  |  | 2,748 |  |  | 9,486 |
Deferred revenue | 5,989 |  |  | 3,583 |  |  | (4,478) |
Other current liabilities | 41 |  |  | 537 |  |  | 579 |
Deferred rent | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,547 |
Right-of-use lease assets and current and non-current lease liabilities | 4,459 |  |  | 7,385 |  |  | — |
Other liabilities | (408) |  |  | 1,672 |  |  | (1,613) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 60,991 |  |  | 10,370 |  |  | (31,994) |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment | (53,671) |  |  | (60,181) |  |  | (48,513) |
Investment in optical equipment company | (1,000) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities | (54,671) |  |  | (60,181) |  |  | (48,513) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from stock option and warrant exercises | 1,036 |  |  | 456 |  |  | 20,035 |
Employee tax withholding remitted in connection with exercise or release of equity awards | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,532) |
Proceeds from repayment of related party loans | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | 31,612 |
Proceeds from shares issued in connection with ESPP | 1,835 |  |  | 2,744 |  |  | — |
Repurchase of stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (8,085) |
Payment for tender offer | — |  |  | — |  |  | (18,031) |
Net cash provided by financing activities | 2,871 |  |  | 3,291 |  |  | 22,999 |
Effect of exchange rates on cash | (882) |  |  | (1,311) |  |  | (161) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | 8,309 |  |  | (47,831) |  |  | (57,669) |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |
Beginning of year | 208,585 |  |  | 256,416 |  |  | 314,085 |
End of year | $ | 216,894 |  |  | $ | 208,585 |  |  | $ | 256,416 |
Supplemental disclosures |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 419 |  |  | $ | 536 |  |  | $ | 356 |
Cash paid for interest | 227 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 150 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities | 37,126 |  |  | 29,647 |  |  | — |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses | 3,647 |  |  | 3,968 |  |  | 4,158 |
Related party loans issued in connection with stock option exercises | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13,827 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
1. Description of Business
Warby Parker Inc., a public benefit corporation founded in 2010 (together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, the “Company”), is a founder-led, mission-driven lifestyle brand that sits at the intersection of technology, design, healthcare, and social enterprise. The Company offers holistic vision care by selling eyewear products and providing optical services directly to consumers through its retail stores and e-commerce platform. For every pair of glasses or sunglasses sold, the Company helps distribute a pair of glasses to someone in need through its Buy a Pair, Give a Pair program. The Company is headquartered in New York, New York.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The Company’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared and are presented in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Warby Parker Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The Company has consolidated certain entities meeting the definition of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) as the Company concluded that it is the primary beneficiary of the entities. The inclusion of these entities does not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP. These principles require management to make certain estimates and assumptions during the preparation of its consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Management’s estimates are based on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Significant estimates underlying the accompanying consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to (i) the valuation of inventory, including the determination of the net realizable value, (ii) the useful lives and recoverability of long-lived assets, (iii) the determination of deferred income taxes, including related valuation allowances, and (iv) assumptions related to the valuation of common stock and determination of stock-based compensation.
Segment Information
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), who makes decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance. The Company defines its CODM as its co-Chief Executive Officers. The Company has identified one operating segment. When evaluating the Company’s performance and allocating resources, the CODM relies on financial information prepared on a consolidated basis.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Major Suppliers
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in various accounts, which, at times, may exceed the limits insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation of $250 thousand per institution and the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation of $100 thousand Canadian dollars. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, uninsured cash balances were approximately $215.6 million and $207.0 million, respectively. The Company has not experienced any concentration losses related to its cash and cash equivalents to date. The Company seeks to minimize its credit risk by maintaining its cash and cash equivalents with high-quality financial institutions and monitoring the credit standing of such institutions.
The Company’s top five inventory suppliers accounted for approximately 18%, 19%, and 23% of cost of goods sold for each of the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Interest Rate and Foreign Currency Risk
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2023 consisted of cash and money-market funds. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. The goals of the Company’s investment
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
policy are liquidity and capital preservation. The Company does not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage its interest rate exposure.
The Company is exposed to changes in foreign currency rates as a result of its foreign operations and international suppliers from whom it purchases in Japanese yen and euros. Revenue and income generated by the Company’s operations in Canada as well as the Company’s cost of goods sold will increase or decrease compared to prior periods as a result of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company does not enter into currency hedges.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less to be a cash equivalent. Cash and cash equivalents include both deposits with banks and financial institutions and receivables from credit card issuers, which are typically converted into cash within two to four days of capture. As such, these receivables are recorded as a deposit in transit as a component of cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance of cash and cash equivalents for these items was $15.0 million and $11.1 million, respectively.
Accounts Receivable, Net
The Company primarily sells directly to U.S. and Canadian consumers where payment is processed upon order approval or product shipment. In some instances, customers can utilize vision insurance benefits to cover the cost of their purchase. For these orders, the Company submits claims directly to the vision insurance carrier and receives reimbursement directly from the carrier. Accounts receivable primarily represents amounts due from insurance carriers. Receivables from customers and insurance carriers are typically collected within 30 days of the transaction and are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The accounts receivable are net of an allowance for credit losses, which is established based on management’s best estimate of probable credit losses after considering several relevant factors such as counterparty creditworthiness, historical collections, receivable terms, and the size of the individual receivables when determining the reserve. The Company’s allowance for credit losses was $1.5 million and $1.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Inventory
Inventory consists of approximately $13.3 million and $16.1 million of finished goods, including ready-to-wear sun frames, contact lenses, and eyeglass cases, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and approximately $48.9 million and $52.7 million of component parts, including optical frames and prescription optical lenses, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined on a weighted average cost basis.
The Company continuously evaluates the composition of its inventory and makes adjustments when the cost of inventory is not expected to be fully recoverable. The estimated net realizable value of inventory is determined based on an analysis of historical sales trends, the impact of market trends and economic conditions, a forecast of future demand, and the estimated timing of product retirements. Adjustments for damaged inventory are recorded primarily based on actual damaged inventory. Adjustments for inventory shrink, representing the physical loss of inventory, includes estimates based on historical experience, and are adjusted based upon physical inventory counts. However, unforeseen adverse future economic and market conditions could result in actual results differing materially from estimates.
Investments
In August 2023, the Company invested $1.0 million in a private optical equipment company. As part of this investment, the Company will automatically receive shares of the entity or cash based on a conversion price dependent upon an ultimate conversion event. The investment is recorded within other assets on the consolidated balance sheet and is measured at cost less impairment, if any. No impairment has been recorded for the year ended December 31, 2023.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Repairs and maintenance and any gains or losses on dispositions are recognized as incurred. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and a gain or loss on disposition is reflected in current operations. Depreciation is recorded on a straight-line basis over the following estimated
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
useful lives:

Asset Category |  | Depreciation Period
Computer equipment |  | 3 years
Leasehold improvements |  | 2 - 10 years (lesser of lease term and useful life of the asset)
Furniture and fixtures |  | 7 years
Capitalized software |  | 1 - 3 years
Equipment |  | 5 - 7 years

Capitalized Software
The Company capitalizes as property and equipment certain qualified costs incurred in connection with the development of internal-use software. Capitalization of internal-use software begins when the preliminary project stage is completed, management with relevant authority authorizes and commits to funding the software project, and it is probable that the project will be completed and software will be used to perform the function intended. Capitalized internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software, not to exceed three years, beginning when the software is put into service. Capitalized software costs, net of accumulated amortization, totaled $12.3 million and $11.3 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Cloud-Based Software Implementation Costs
The Company has entered into cloud-based software hosting arrangements for which it incurs implementation costs. Certain costs incurred during the application development stage are capitalized and included within prepaid expenses and other current assets or other assets, depending on the long or short-term nature of such costs, in line with the Company's policy on the accounting for prepaid software hosting arrangements. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage and post-implementation stage are expensed as incurred. Capitalized cloud-based software implementation costs are amortized, beginning on the date the related software or module is ready for its intended use, on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the hosting arrangement as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses, the same line item as the expense for the associated hosting arrangement.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $13.1 million of gross capitalized cloud-based software implementation costs and $3.1 million of related accumulated amortization, for a net balance of $10.0 million, made up of $4.0 million recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets and $6.0 million recorded within other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $11.1 million of gross capitalized cloud-based software implementation costs and $0.3 million of related accumulated amortization, for a net balance of $10.8 million, made up of $2.6 million recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets and $8.2 million recorded within other assets on the consolidated balance sheet.
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred $2.9 million and $0.3 million of amortization of capitalized cloud-based software implementation costs, respectively.
Leases
The Company records a lease liability and corresponding right-of-use (“ROU”) asset at lease commencement. The lease liability is measured at the present value of non-cancellable future lease payments over the lease term, minus expected tenant improvement allowances (“TIAs”) determined to be lease incentives. The ROU asset is measured at the lease liability amount, adjusted for prepaid lease payments, TIAs expected to be received, and any initial direct costs.
When calculating the present value of future lease payments, the Company utilizes an incremental borrowing rate, which incorporates several factors including the lease term, U.S. Treasury bond rates, financial ratios related to earnings and cash flows, and other comparisons with similarly sized companies.
Many of the Company’s leases contain TIA provisions, which represent contractual amounts receivable from a lessor for improvements to the leased property made by the Company which are determined to represent lease incentives. The Company considers the collection of TIAs to be reasonably certain, and includes them in the
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
present value calculation when determining the lease liabilities for new leases. The benefit from a TIA is amortized through rent expense over the term of the related lease.
The amortization of ROU assets for an operating lease commences on the date at which control and possession of the property is obtained. Rent expense is calculated by recognizing total fixed minimum rental payments, net of any TIAs or other rental concessions, on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Some of the Company’s retail leases contain percent of sales rent or similar provisions, which is recognized as incurred as variable rent. Retail, optical laboratory, and distribution center rent expense is recognized as a component of cost of goods sold and all other rent expense is recognized as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment, ROU assets, and capitalized cloud-based software implementation costs, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of asset groups to be held and used is evaluated by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If the carrying amount of an asset group exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses in the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset group. The Company considers each store location to be its own asset group when evaluating for impairment.
Asset impairment charges are $3.2 million, $1.6 million, and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and are recorded as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses. Asset impairment charges primarily related to the write-off of assets in connection with retail store closures and impairments, and the write-off of capitalized software and related cloud-based software implementation costs no longer being used.
Income Taxes
The Company utilizes the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, as well as operating loss, capital loss, and tax credit carryforwards. Valuation allowances are established against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that they will not be realized.
The Company assess its income tax positions and records tax benefits for all years subject to examination based upon its evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company records the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit has been recognized in the financial statements. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties expense, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.
The Company has elected to treat taxes due on future U.S. inclusions in taxable income related to Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) as a current period expense when incurred using the period cost method.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability, or the exit price, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Inputs used to measure fair value are classified in the following hierarchy:
•Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical instruments.
•Level 2: Quoted prices in active markets for similar instruments or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the instrument.
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the instrument.
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
The Company endeavors to utilize the best available information in measuring fair value. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The Company’s material financial instruments consists primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable, and accrued expenses, which are measured at fair value using Level 1 inputs. The fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, net, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are approximately equal to their carrying values based on the short-term nature of these items.
Commitments and Contingencies
Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties, and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the assessment can be reasonably estimated.
Foreign Currency
The Company’s foreign operations in Canada have a functional currency of Canadian dollars. Assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using the current exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, while revenues and expenses are translated at the average exchange rates during the period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheets. Foreign currency impact on the consolidated statements of cash flows is translated to U.S. dollars using average exchange rates for the period, which approximates the timing of cash flows. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are remeasured at period end using the period-end exchange rate. Gains and losses resulting from remeasurement are recorded in interest and other income (loss), net on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
Revenue Recognition
The Company primarily derives revenue from the sales of eyewear products, optical services and accessories. The Company sells products and services through its stores, website, and mobile apps. Revenue generated from eyewear products includes the sales of prescription and non-prescription optical glasses and sunglasses and contact lenses. Revenue generated from services consists of in-person eye exams and prescriptions issued through the Virtual Vision Test app. The Company also sells eyewear accessories and charges customers for optional expedited shipping. All revenue is reported net of sales taxes collected from customers on behalf of taxing authorities and variable consideration, including returns and discounts.
Revenue is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied through either the transfer of control of promised goods or the rendering of services to the Company's customers. Control transfers once a customer has the ability to direct the use of, and obtain substantially all of the benefits from, the product, generally determined to be the point of delivery or upon rendering of the service in the case of eye exams. This includes the transfer of legal title, physical possession, the risks and rewards of ownership, and customer acceptance. In the normal course of business, payment may be collected from the customer prior to recognizing revenue and such cash receipts are included in deferred revenue until the order is delivered to the customer. Substantially all of the deferred revenue included on the balance sheet at December 31, 2022 was recognized as revenue in the first quarter of 2023 and the Company expects substantially all of the deferred revenue at December 31, 2023 to be recognized as revenue in the first quarter of 2024.
The Company’s sales policy allows customers to return merchandise for any reason within 30 days of receipt for an exchange or refund. An allowance is recorded within other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets for expected future customer returns which the Company estimates using historical return patterns and its expectation of future returns. Any difference between the actual returns and previous estimates is adjusted in the period in which such returns occur. Historical return estimates have not materially differed from actual returns in any of the periods presented. The allowance for returns was $2.2 million at both December 31, 2023 and 2022, and is included in other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
The Company offers non-expiring gift cards to its customers. Proceeds from the sale of gift cards are initially deferred and recognized within deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheets, and are recognized as revenue when the product is received by the customer after the gift card has been tendered for payment. Based on historical experience, and to the extent there is no requirement to remit unclaimed card balances to government agencies under unclaimed property laws, an estimate of the gift card balances that will never be
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
redeemed is recognized as revenue in proportion to gift cards which have historically been redeemed. While the Company will continue to honor all gift cards presented for payment, management may determine the likelihood of redemption to be remote for certain card balances due to, among other things, long periods of inactivity.
The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue by product:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Eyewear Products | $ | 627,605 |  |  | $ | 568,733 |  |  | $ | 522,959 |
Services and Other | 42,160 |  |  | 29,379 |  |  | 17,839 |
Total Revenue | $ | 669,765 |  |  | $ | 598,112 |  |  | $ | 540,798 |

The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue by channel:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
E-commerce | $ | 226,705 |  |  | $ | 233,956 |  |  | $ | 249,345 |
Retail | 443,060 |  |  | 364,156 |  |  | 291,453 |
Total Revenue | $ | 669,765 |  |  | $ | 598,112 |  |  | $ | 540,798 |

Shipping and Handling Fees and Costs
The Company pays for shipping and handling costs which are generally not charged to the customer, except in the case of customer requested expedited shipments. These costs associated with shipping goods to customers are recorded as cost of goods sold. Shipping and handling fees billed to customers related to expedited shipments are recorded as revenue. Shipping and handling fees included in revenue were $4.0 million, $4.1 million, and $2.8 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, while shipping and handling costs included in cost of goods sold were $22.0 million, $22.1 million, and $21.2 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold includes the costs incurred to acquire materials, assemble, and sell finished products. Such costs include (i) product costs held at the lesser of cost and net realizable value, (ii) freight and import costs, (iii) optical laboratory costs, (iv) customer shipping, (v) occupancy and depreciation costs of retail stores, and (vi) employee-related costs associated with eye exams.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general, and administrative expenses primarily consists of employee-related costs including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation for corporate and retail employees, marketing, Home Try-On program costs, information technology, credit card processing fees, charitable donations, facilities, legal, and other administrative costs associated with operating the business. Marketing costs, which consist of both online and offline advertising, include sponsored search, online advertising, marketing and retail events, and other initiatives.
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred, and were approximately $76.1 million, $76.9 million, and $87.0 million in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation is recorded as a component of both cost of goods sold and selling, general, and administrative expenses and follows the classification of the related employee. The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock-based awards based on the grant date fair value, on either (i) a straight-line basis for awards with only a service condition, or (ii) an accelerated attribution basis for awards with a performance condition, over the requisite service period of the awards, which is generally the vesting term of the outstanding stock awards. Compensation expense for awards with a performance condition is recognized when it is determined that it is probable that the vesting conditions will be satisfied.
The Company estimates the fair value of options and Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) purchase rights on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which utilizes assumptions subject to management
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
estimate. These assumptions include estimating the expected term, the estimated volatility of the Company’s common stock price over the expected term, the fair value of the Company’s stock, the risk-free interest rate, and the expected dividend yield. Changes in these assumptions can materially affect the estimate of fair value of stock-based awards. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.
Prior to the Direct Listing, the fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) was determined by the board of directors with input from management and independent third-party valuation specialists, as there was no public market for the Company’s common stock. Subsequent to the Direct Listing, the grant date fair value is determined by the closing price of the Company’s Class A common stock as reported on the date of grant.
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock awards with market-based or performance-based vesting conditions are measured based on the fair value of the awards granted. The Company determines the grant date fair value using equity valuation models, such as the Monte Carlo simulation, using assumptions and judgements made by management and third-party valuation specialists. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for performance-based awards using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period.
Stock Repurchase
The Company may repurchase common stock which may be held as treasury stock or retired at the time of repurchase. The terms and conditions of these repurchase agreements are subject to approval by the Company’s board of directors. See Note 6, Stockholders’ Equity, for a discussion of stock repurchase activity.
Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders
Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Under the two-class method, net loss is attributed to common stockholders and participating securities based on their participation rights. The holders of the redeemable convertible preferred stock did not have a contractual obligation to share in the losses of the Company. As such, the Company’s net losses attributable to common stockholders were not allocated to these participating securities when they were outstanding.
Payment in excess of the carrying value upon the redemption of redeemable convertible preferred stock is accounted for as a deemed dividend to the redeemable convertible preferred stockholder whereby the difference between the amount paid upon redemption and the carrying value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock is deducted from net loss to arrive at net loss available to common stockholders.
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding during a given period.
The diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the resulting net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of fully diluted common shares outstanding. The Company uses the if-converted method for its redeemable convertible preferred stock which requires assuming that the conversion occurred as of the later of the beginning of the period or the original date of issuance. During periods when there is a net loss attributable to common stockholders, potentially dilutive common stock equivalents are excluded as their effect is anti-dilutive. The Company uses the treasury stock method for its employee equity awards and ESPP purchase rights to determine if any incremental shares should be included in diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders. If the effect of a conversion of an instrument is neutral to earnings per share, the Company considers the security to be dilutive. The Company excludes contingently exercisable instruments and unvested employee awards when the vesting is contingent on a performance or market condition that is not met as of the evaluation date.
Restructuring Activities
In August 2022, the Company initiated and completed a restructuring plan to reduce the Company’s costs and drive long-term operational efficiencies that resulted in a reduction in workforce of 63 positions at the Company’s corporate offices. The Company incurred total cash charges for employee severance and related costs of $1.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 which were recognized as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting. The guidance requires additional disclosures of significant segment expense categories and the amount and description of other segment items beyond the significant segment expenses. The ASU also allows for the disclosure of multiple measures of a segment’s profit or loss for each reportable segment if the CODM utilizes more than one measure to assess performance and allocate resources. Lastly, the ASU clarifies that all of the disclosures required in the segments guidance, including disclosing a measure of segment profit or loss and reporting significant segment expenses and other segment items, apply to all public entities, including those with a single operating or reportable segment. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company expects the adoption of the standard with the 2024 Form 10-K to result in additional disclosures related to a measure of profit or loss, significant segment expenses, and other segment items for its single reportable segment.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes. The guidance requires public entities to annually disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The company expects the adoption of the standard within the 2025 Form 10-K to result in additional disclosures related to the rate reconciliation.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
There are no recently adopted accounting pronouncements that have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
3. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Leasehold improvements | $ | 161,720 |  |  | $ | 139,421 |
Computers and equipment | 35,738 |  |  | 31,928 |
Furniture and fixtures | 29,405 |  |  | 23,849 |
Capitalized software | 23,750 |  |  | 18,876 |
Construction in process | 17,555 |  |  | 12,924 |
| 268,168 |  |  | 226,998 |
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (115,836) |  |  | (88,370) |
Property and equipment, net | $ | 152,332 |  |  | $ | 138,628 |

Depreciation and amortization expense consisted of the following:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cost of goods sold | $ | 26,136 |  |  | $ | 20,685 |  |  | $ | 15,589 |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | 12,418 |  |  | 11,179 |  |  | 6,054 |
Total depreciation and amortization expense | $ | 38,554 |  |  | $ | 31,864 |  |  | $ | 21,643 |

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4. Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses consists of the following:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Payroll related | $ | 13,575 |  |  | $ | 11,149 |
Product and fulfillment | 8,786 |  |  | 9,291 |
Marketing | 6,619 |  |  | 8,353 |
Charitable contribution | 4,458 |  |  | 6,001 |
Unvested early exercised stock options | 2,917 |  |  | 7,784 |
Retail related | 2,800 |  |  | 4,121 |
Professional services | 2,159 |  |  | 4,494 |
Other | 5,006 |  |  | 7,029 |
Total accrued expenses | $ | 46,320 |  |  | $ | 58,222 |

5. Income Taxes
Loss before income taxes consists of the following:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
United States | $ | (63,211) |  |  | $ | (110,407) |  |  | $ | (144,388) |
Foreign | 447 |  |  | 511 |  |  | 380 |
Loss before income taxes | $ | (62,764) |  |  | $ | (109,896) |  |  | $ | (144,008) |

The provision for income taxes consists of the following:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1) |  |  | $ | 5 |
State | 362 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 156 |
Foreign | 71 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 272 |
Deferred |  |  |  |  |
Federal | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Foreign | — |  |  | 272 |  |  | (170) |
Total provision for income taxes | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 497 |  |  | $ | 263 |

The Company recorded a total provision for income taxes of $0.4 million, $0.5 million, and $0.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
A summary reconciliation of the effective tax rate is as follows:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
U.S. federal statutory rate | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | % |  | 21.0 | %
Non-deductible stock-based compensation | (20.1) |  |  | (13.5) |  |  | (5.0) |
Change in valuation allowance | 2.3 |  |  | (3.6) |  |  | (16.0) |
Deferred tax and other adjustments | (3.9) |  |  | (4.4) |  |  | — |
Effective tax rate | (0.7) | % |  | (0.5) | % |  | — | %

Deferred income taxes, included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, reflects the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The approximate tax effect of the significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Inventory | $ | 3,706 |  |  | $ | 3,953 |
Charitable contribution carryforward | 10,270 |  |  | 9,055 |
Stock-based compensation | 3,259 |  |  | 4,533 |
Net operating loss carryforward | 49,155 |  |  | 55,176 |
Lease liabilities | 49,312 |  |  | 46,232 |
Other | 6,765 |  |  | 5,669 |
Total deferred tax assets | 122,467 |  |  | 124,618 |
Valuation allowance | (69,379) |  |  | (70,823) |
Net deferred tax assets | 53,088 |  |  | 53,795 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Property and equipment, net | (20,631) |  |  | (20,236) |
Right-of-use lease assets | (32,457) |  |  | (33,559) |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (53,088) |  |  | (53,795) |
Deferred tax assets, net | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had a net operating loss carryforward (“NOL”) of $323.6 million which represents the impact of current and historic operating losses available to reduce future income taxes. The NOL for federal income tax purposes of $196.9 million and state income tax purposes of $126.7 million will begin to expire at various points beginning in 2031, however, $127.4 million of the federal NOL is available for indefinite use.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $69.4 million and $70.8 million, respectively, against its net deferred tax assets because it cannot be reasonably assured that deductible temporary differences and NOLs can be realized through future taxable income due to the Company’s history of losses. The Company will continue to assess the realizability of the deferred tax assets in each of the applicable jurisdictions going forward and assess the valuation allowance accordingly.
As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no uncertain tax positions. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was subject to federal, state, and provincial income taxes in the United States and Canada. The
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, or foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2020. It is the Company’s policy to record interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. No interest or penalties were recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, or 2021.
On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) was enacted. The CARES Act provides relief to U.S. Corporations through financial assistance programs and modifications to certain income tax provisions. In connection with the CARES Act, the Company deferred $4.4 million of employer social security payroll taxes in 2020 which was repaid equally in 2021 and 2022.
In 2023 and 2022, the Company calculated the impact of the mandatory capitalization and amortization of research and development expenses, as required by the Tax Act. In previous years the Company was able to immediately deduct these expenses, covered under Section 174 of the Internal Revenue Code. The December 31, 2023 and 2022 effective tax rate includes the impact of the mandatory capitalization requirement, and this change did not have a material impact on the Company’s effective tax rate or cash tax liabilities. During 2023, the IRS released additional guidance related to the mandatory capitalization and amortization of research and development expenses; these changes did not have a material impact on the research and development expenses capitalized in 2023.
As a result of the Tax Act, the Company's undistributed foreign earnings through 2017 were deemed to have been repatriated to the United States. The Company's intent is to indefinitely reinvest its foreign earnings generated outside of the United States starting in 2018. The Company's non-U.S. subsidiary will use any cash generated to finance foreign operations. If the Company decides at a later date to repatriate these earnings, the Company could be subject to additional income taxes. The income taxes applicable to such earnings and other outside basis differences are not readily determinable or practicable to calculate.
6. Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
As of both December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s Twelfth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 1,050,000,000 shares of common stock, par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 750,000,000 shares are designated Class A common stock, 150,000,000 shares are designated Class B common stock, and 150,000,000 shares are designated Class C common stock. Common stock is not redeemable at the option of the holder.
Voting Rights
Class A common stock receives one vote per share, Class B common stock receives ten votes per share, and Class C common stock has no voting rights except as required by Delaware law. The number of authorized shares of Class A, B, or C common stock may be increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power of the Company’s stock entitled to vote.
Dividends
The holders of Class A, B, and C common stock shall be entitled to receive dividends in any fiscal year, when, as, and if declared by the board of directors, out of any assets at the time legally available therefore, with the holders of common stock and any then outstanding preferred stock sharing on a pari passu basis in such dividends. Through December 31, 2023, no dividends have been declared.
Liquidation
Upon the dissolution or liquidation of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of common stock will be entitled to receive assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders ratably in proportion to the number of shares held by them, subject to the preferential rights of any then outstanding preferred stock.
Conversion of Class B Common Stock
A total of 145,228 and 67,096 shares of Class B common stock were converted to Class A common stock during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
Voluntary Conversion
Each share of Class B common stock is convertible into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder thereof with the prior written consent of the Company.
Automatic Conversion
Shares of Class B common stock are only held by Neil Blumenthal and Dave Gilboa, the Company’s co-CEOs, and their permitted ownership group (as defined in the Certificate of Incorporation). Such shares will automatically convert into shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis upon the earlier of (i) October 1, 2031, (ii) transfer of shares to a person or entity that is not in the transferor’s permitted ownership group, (iii) the date the holder is (a) no longer a member of the Board of Directors, or (b) no longer an employee, officer, or consultant of the Company or its subsidiaries, or (iv) 12 months following the death or disability of the holder.
Outstanding Shares
As of December 31, 2023, outstanding shares of common stock as well as shares of common stock attributable to equity awards are as follows:

| Class A |  | Class B |  | Class C
Common stock outstanding(1) | 98,222,431 |  |  | 19,626,820 |  |  | — |
Employee stock options – outstanding | 572,893 |  |  | 1,583,380 |  |  | — |
Restricted stock units – outstanding | 2,195,312 |  |  | 1,734,462 |  |  | — |
Performance stock units – outstanding | — |  |  | 4,397,688 |  |  | — |
Employee stock plans – available | 24,924,274 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares of Class A common stock issuable upon conversion of all outstanding Class B common stock, options, RSUs, and PSUs | 27,342,350 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total common stock – outstanding or issuable | 153,257,260 |  |  | 27,342,350 |  |  | — |
Authorized | 750,000,000 |  |  | 150,000,000 |  |  | 150,000,000 |
Common stock available for future issuance | 596,742,740 |  |  | 122,657,650 |  |  | 150,000,000 |

__________________
(1) Common stock outstanding excludes 145,808 Class A common stock and 161,862 Class B common stock related to unvested early exercised stock options and stock restricted due to loans outstanding.
Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2023, 50,000,000 preferred shares were authorized and no shares were outstanding.
Stock Donations
In June 2023, the Company donated 56,938 shares of Class A common stock to charitable donor advised funds, and in August 2023, the Company issued 178,572 shares of Class A common stock to the Warby Parker Impact Foundation (“WPIF”), a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. In May 2022, the Company issued 178,572 shares of Class A common stock to WPIF, and in November 2022, the Company issued 34,528 shares of Class A common stock to charitable donor advised funds. The Company recognized $3.2 million and $3.8 million of charitable expense during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, representing the fair value of the shares on the date they were issued, which is recorded as a component of selling, general, and administrative expenses. Three of the Company’s directors serve on the board of directors of WPIF.
7. Stock-Based Compensation
Plans and Awards
The Company’s eligible employees participate in various stock-based compensation plans, which are provided by the Company directly.
In August 2021, the board of directors approved the 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the “2021 Plan”). The 2021 Plan became effective on September 28, 2021, the day prior to the Direct Listing of the Company’s Class A common stock, and the Company no longer grants equity awards under any prior equity plan. Upon the 2021 Plan becoming effective, there were 11,076,515 shares of Class A common stock authorized under the 2021 Plan, and the remaining shares available for issuance under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, 2011 Stock Plan, 2012 Milestone
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
Stock Plan, and 2019 Founder Stock Plan (collectively, the “Prior Plans” and, collectively with the 2021 Plan, the “Plans”) were also made available for issuance under the 2021 Plan. The shares authorized under the 2021 Plan will increase annually, beginning on January 1, 2022 and continuing through 2031, by the lesser of (i) 5% of the outstanding common stock (on an as converted basis) as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, or (ii) a smaller amount as agreed by the board of directors. Awards granted under the 2021 Plan generally vest over four years. In addition, the shares authorized under the 2021 Plan will increase, among other things, to the extent that an award (including an award under the Prior Plans) terminates, expires, or lapses for any reason or an award is settled in cash without the delivery of shares.
At December 31, 2022, 16,323,025 shares of Class A common stock remained available for future issuance pursuant to new awards under the 2021 Plan.
In February 2023, the board of directors approved an annual increase of 5,766,938 shares to the shares authorized for issuance under the 2021 Plan, and 20,788,216 shares remained available for future issuance pursuant to new awards as of December 31, 2023.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In August 2021, the board of directors adopted and the stockholders of the Company approved the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”). The ESPP initially reserved and authorized the issuance of up to 2,215,303 shares of Class A common stock, and such reserve will be increased annually on the first day of each fiscal year beginning in 2022 and ending in 2031, by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 1% of the shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding (on an as converted basis) on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year and (ii) such number of shares of common stock as determined by the board of directors; provided, however, no more than 16,614,772 shares of common stock may be issued under the ESPP.
At December 31, 2022, there were 3,173,733 shares available for future issuance pursuant to ESPP purchases. In January 2023, the board of directors approved an annual increase of 1,153,387 shares to the ESPP, bringing the total to 4,515,782 shares authorized as of December 31, 2023. There were 4,136,058 shares available for future issuance pursuant to ESPP purchases as of December 31, 2023.
With the exception of the first offering period, offering periods begin on May 15 and November 15 of each year and consist of four six-month purchase periods. Eligible employees may contribute up to 20% of their base wages and the purchase price of shares of Class A common stock under an offering will be 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of Class A common stock on (i) the first day of the offering period, and (ii) the applicable purchase date. If such fair market value decreases from the first day of the offering period to the applicable purchase date, the offering period will terminate after the purchase of shares and all participants will be automatically enrolled in the next offering period (a “rollover event”). The initial offering period began on October 30, 2021 and ended on May 14, 2022 after the first purchase was completed as a result of a rollover event.
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, 191,062 and 188,662 shares were purchased under the ESPP, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Company recognized $2.7 million, $2.9 million, and $0.4 million of stock-based compensation expense in connection with the ESPP, respectively, and withheld $1.8 million, $2.7 million, and $0.8 million of contributions from employees, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation costs associated with the ESPP was $1.4 million and is expected to be amortized over a weighted average period of 0.7 years.
Stock-based Compensation Expense
Stock-based compensation expense consisted of the following for the periods presented:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cost of goods sold | $ | 1,035 |  |  | $ | 880 |  |  | $ | 997 |
Selling, general, and administrative expenses | 69,474 |  |  | 97,152 |  |  | 106,151 |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 70,509 |  |  | $ | 98,032 |  |  | $ | 107,148 |

Stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes $44.1 million related to the 2021 Founders Grant, as described below, $18.2 million from the vesting of RSUs, $3.3 million from the vesting of
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
stock options, $2.7 million related to the ESPP, and $2.2 million from liability based awards resulting from accrued bonuses that will be settled in equity in the first quarter of 2024.
Stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes $73.0 million related to the 2021 Founders Grant, as described below, $17.6 million from the vesting of RSUs, $4.6 million from the vesting of stock options, and $2.9 million related to the ESPP.
Stock-based compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes $52.1 million related to the 2021 Founders Grant, as described below, $25.3 million in connection with RSUs with a performance-based vesting condition that was satisfied by the Company’s Direct Listing, and $9.2 million related to the tender offer.
Stock Options
The fair value for stock options and ESPP purchase rights granted under the Plans are estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. No stock options were granted in 2023 or 2022.
The following range of assumptions was used for ESPP purchase rights granted:

| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Stock options |  |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rates | n/a |  | n/a |  | 0.1% - 0.6%
Expected dividend yield | n/a |  | n/a |  | —
Expected term | n/a |  | n/a |  | 0.25 - 6.25 years
Volatility | n/a |  | n/a |  | 60%
ESPP purchase rights |  |  |  |  |
Risk-free interest rates | 4.0% - 5.4% |  | 1.5% - 4.6% |  | 0.1% - 0.5%
Expected dividend yield | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Expected term | 0.5 - 2.0 years |  | 0.5 - 2.0 years |  | 0.5 - 2.0 years
Volatility | 52% - 60% |  | 53% - 60% |  | 55%

The risk-free interest rates were estimated based on the yield curve in effect at the time of grant for zero-coupon U.S. Treasury notes with terms consistent with the expected term of the option awards. The expected dividend yield is zero as the Company has never declared or paid cash dividends and do not have plans to do so in the foreseeable future. The expected term for ESPP purchase rights is the actual purchase periods and for stock options is calculated using the simplified method using the vesting term and the contractual term of the options, as the Company's historical option exercise experience does not provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. Stock options expire ten years from the date of the grant. The volatility rate is determined based on an analysis of the Company’s and comparable public company historical volatilities adjusted based on the Company’s stage of development.
Because the Company’s common stock was not yet publicly traded when the options were granted, the Company estimated the fair value of common stock. The board of directors considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of the Company’s common stock at each meeting in which awards are approved. The factors considered included, but were not limited to: (i) the results of contemporaneous independent third-party valuations of the Company’s common stock; (ii) the prices, rights, preferences, and privileges of the Company’s redeemable convertible preferred stock relative to those of its common stock; (iii) the lack of marketability of the Company’s common stock; (iv) actual operating and financial results; (v) current business conditions and projections; (vi) the likelihood of achieving a liquidity event, such as a qualified public offering or sale of the Company, given prevailing market conditions; and (vii) contemporaneous transactions involving the Company’s common shares. The board of directors utilized third-party valuations which were performed in accordance with the guidance outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Accounting and Valuation Guide, Valuation of Privately Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation.
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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

| Number of Stock Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted average contractual term (years) |  | Aggregate intrinsic value
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 2,965,144 |  |  | $ | 7.23 |  |  | 4.5 |  | $ | 21,243 |
Options granted | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Options exercised | (808,871) |  |  | 7.30 |  |  |  |  |
Options forfeited | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 2,156,273 |  |  | $ | 7.20 |  |  | 4.0 |  | $ | 16,541 |
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023 | 2,156,273 |  |  | $ | 7.20 |  |  | 4.0 |  | $ | 16,541 |
Vested as of December 31, 2023 | 1,927,074 |  |  | 5.84 |  |  | 3.6 |  |
Unvested as of December 31, 2023 | 229,199 |  |  | $ | 18.65 |  |  | 7.5 |  |

The total value of unrecognized stock compensation expense related to options granted under the Plans was $2.3 million as of December 31, 2023, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.5 years.
Additional information about stock options is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the year | n/a |  | n/a |  | $ | 24.75 |
Total fair value of options that vested during the year | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 187 |  |  | $ | 11,868 |
Aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised during the year | $ | 4,926 |  |  | $ | 7,728 |  |  | $ | 167,387 |

In August 2021, the board of directors approved a grant of 387,277 fully vested short-term options to purchase 40,766 of Series A common stock and 346,511 of Series B common stock, to certain directors and employees. The options had an exercise price of $24.53 per share and expired 90 days after the grant date. The Company recognized $6.8 million of stock-based compensation on the date of grant which represents the grant date fair value, as measured by the Black-Scholes model. The Company received $10.0 million in cash in connection with the exercise of these options during 2021.
Restricted Stock and Performance Stock Units
A summary of RSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

| Number of Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2021 | 3,314,420 |  |  | $ | 29.06 |
Granted | 1,707,384 |  | 13.26 |
Forfeited | (405,637) |  | 21.31 |
Released | (1,275,034) |  | 22.55 |
Vested and not yet released | (291,105) |  | 28.17 |
Unvested as of December 31, 2022 | 3,050,028 |  |  | $ | 24.05 |

The total value of unrecognized stock compensation expense related to outstanding RSUs and PSUs granted under the Plans was $39.9 million and $16.1 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years and 0.5 years, respectively.
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
Additional information about RSUs is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Weighted-average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during the year | $ | 13.26 |  |  | $ | 16.71 |  |  | $ | 35.61 |
Total fair value of RSUs that vested during the year | $ | 19,664 |  |  | $ | 11,746 |  |  | $ | 61,728 |
Aggregate intrinsic value of RSUs released during the year | $ | 14,939 |  |  | $ | 12,098 |  |  | $ | 59,100 |

In June 2021, the Company granted 4,397,688 PSUs and 1,884,724 RSUs to the co-CEOs, in the aggregate, under the 2019 Plan (the “Founders Grant”). The PSUs vest upon two performance conditions, (i) a qualified public offering, which was satisfied upon the Company’s Direct listing in September 2021, and (ii) the price of the Company’s Class A common stock reaches stock price hurdles over a period of ten years, as defined by the terms of the award. The PSUs are subject to the co-CEOs continued employment with the Company through the applicable vesting date. If the PSUs vest, the Company will deliver one share of Class B common stock for each PSU on the settlement date. Unvested PSUs expire in ten years from the date of grant. The terms of the PSUs granted are described further below.
The PSUs are divided into eight substantially equal tranches, each one vesting on the date the 90-day trailing volume-weighted average trading price of our Class A common stock exceeds the stock price hurdle, as set forth in the table below, provided that no PSUs may vest prior to the six month anniversary of the Direct Listing.

Tranche |  | Number of PSUs |  | Stock Price Hurdle
1 |  | 549,712 |  |  | $ | 47.75 |
2 |  | 549,710 |  |  | $ | 55.71 |
3 |  | 549,712 |  |  | $ | 63.67 |
4 |  | 549,710 |  |  | $ | 71.63 |
5 |  | 549,712 |  |  | $ | 79.59 |
6 |  | 549,710 |  |  | $ | 87.55 |
7 |  | 549,712 |  |  | $ | 95.50 |
8 |  | 549,710 |  |  | $ | 103.46 |

The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the grant-date fair value of the PSUs of $128.8 million. Since the PSUs contain a performance and market condition, the stock-based compensation expense will be recognized when it becomes probable that the performance condition will be met using the accelerated attribution method. Stock-based compensation will be recognized over the period of time the market condition for each tranche is expected to be met (i.e., the derived service period). The derived service period over which the expense is expected to be recognized is 3.8 years. The qualified public offering performance condition was satisfied at September 29, 2021 by the Direct Listing, and the Company began recording expense at that time.
The Founders Grant RSUs will vest in equal monthly installments over a period of five years, subject to the co-CEOs continued employment with the Company through the applicable vesting date and conditioned upon the completion of a qualified public offering. The grant-date fair value of the RSUs is $66.9 million. Since the RSUs contain a performance condition, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method when it becomes probable that the performance condition will be met. The performance condition was satisfied on September 29, 2021 by the Direct Listing, and the Company began recording expense at that time.
Shares underlying vested PSUs and RSUs will be issued to the co-CEOs on a specified quarterly date following the second anniversary of the vesting date, except for an amount necessary to cover any taxes due in connection with the vesting, which will be withheld or sold to cover, or issued to offset, such taxes. Any PSUs subject to the award that have not vested by the tenth anniversary of the grant date will be forfeited.
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
Much of the RSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2023 vest upon the satisfaction of both a service and a performance condition. Prior to the Direct Listing, the Company had concluded that it was not probable that the performance condition would be satisfied as the closing of a qualified public offering or change in control is not deemed probable until consummated. Accordingly, prior to the Direct Listing, the Company had not recorded stock-based compensation expense for RSUs with the exception of (i) $1.8 million recognized in June 2021 associated with RSUs that were repurchased in connection with the tender offer, and (ii) $2.3 million recognized in August 2021 associated with fully vested RSUs issued to certain directors. Upon the Direct Listing on September 29, 2021, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for the service condition satisfied through such date and began recording stock-based compensation expense using the accelerated attribution method as the service conditions are met. RSUs issued after the Direct Listing only contain a service condition and are recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.
8. Leases
The Company leases retail, office, optical laboratory, and distribution center space under operating leases from third parties. As of December 31, 2023, the initial lease terms of the various leases range from 1 to 10 years. The leases generally contain renewal options and rent escalation clauses, and from time to time include contingent rent provisions. Renewal options are exercisable at the Company’s sole discretion and are included in the lease term if they are reasonably certain to be exercised. In general it is not reasonably certain that lease renewals will be exercised at lease commencement and as such, lease renewals are not included in the lease term.
The following table details the Company’s net lease expense:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Operating lease expense | $ | 30,133 |  |  | $ | 25,817 |
Variable lease expense(1) | 1,831 |  |  | 3,498 |
Net lease expense | $ | 31,964 |  |  | $ | 29,315 |

(1) Variable lease expense primarily consists of contingent rent.
The following table presents the future maturity of lease liabilities:

| Operating Leases(1)
2023 | $ | 33,382 |
2024 | 37,194 |
2025 | 36,285 |
2026 | 33,320 |
2027 | 28,553 |
Thereafter | 39,797 |
Total undiscounted lease cash flows | 208,531 |
Impact of discounting | 34,074 |
Present value of lease payments | $ | 174,457 |

(1) The year 2024 includes $10.0 million of expected cash inflows from TIAs. Operating lease payments exclude $14.7 million of legally binding minimum lease payments related to executed leases for which the Company has not yet taken possession of the leased premises.
The following tables present other relevant lease information:

| December 31, 2023
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) | 5.7
Weighted average discount rate | 5.0 | %

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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
9. Defined Contribution Retirement Plan
The Company maintains a defined contribution retirement plan covering substantially all employees based on plan defined age and service requirements. The Company provides discretionary employer-provided matching contributions based on a percentage of employee contributions. Costs are accrued and funded on a current basis. Total expense charged to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the plan was $3.9 million, $3.4 million, and $2.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.
10. Commitments and Contingencies
Rent expense for the Company’s operating leases prior to the adoption of ASC 842 consists of the following:

| 2021
Minimum rent | $ | 23,976 |
Contingent rent | 1,542 |
Total rent expense | $ | 25,518 |

2022 Credit Facility
In September 2022, the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Warby Parker Retail, Inc. (together, the “Borrowers”), entered into a Credit Agreement with Comerica Bank and the lenders from time to time party thereto (as amended, the “2022 Credit Facility”). The 2022 Credit Facility consisted of a $100.0 million five-year revolving credit facility with sublimits of $15.0 million for letters of credit and $5.0 million for swing line notes. The 2022 Credit Facility included an option for the Company to increase the available amount by up to $75.0 million, for a maximum borrowing capacity of $175.0 million, subject to the consent of the lenders funding the increase and certain other conditions.
In February 2024, the 2022 Credit Facility was terminated and replaced by the 2024 Credit Facility. Upon termination of the 2022 Credit Facility, the Company was required to cash collateralize letters of credit of $4.3 million originally issued under the 2022 Credit Facility that are used to secure certain leases in lieu of a cash security deposit. Other than letters of credit of $4.3 million and $4.2 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, there were no borrowings outstanding under the 2022 Credit Facility.
2024 Credit Facility
In February 2024, the Borrowers entered into a Credit Agreement with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and the lenders party thereto (the “2024 Credit Facility”), which replaced the 2022 Credit Facility. The 2024 Credit Facility consists of a $120.0 million five-year revolving credit facility with sublimits of $15.0 million for letters of credit and $10.0 million for swingline loans. The 2024 Credit Facility includes an option for the Company to increase the available amount by up to $55.0 million, for a maximum borrowing capacity of $175.0 million, subject to the consent of the lenders funding the increase and certain other conditions. Proceeds of the borrowings under the 2024 Credit Facility are expected to be used for working capital and other general corporate purposes in the ordinary course of business. The Company is permitted to repay borrowings under the 2024 Credit Facility at any time, in whole or in part, without penalty.
Under the 2024 Credit Facility, borrowings under the revolving credit facility bear interest on the principal amount outstanding, at the Company’s election, at (a) the greater of the prime rate (as defined in the credit agreement) or 2.5%, plus an applicable margin of 0.65% to 0.90% depending on the Company’s leverage ratio or (b) adjusted SOFR (as defined in the credit agreement), plus an applicable margin of 1.65% to 1.90% depending on the Company’s leverage ratio. The Company is charged an unused commitment fee of 0.20% to 0.25% depending on the Company's leverage ratio. Both interest on principal and commitment fees are included in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
The 2024 Credit Facility contains a financial maintenance covenant which only applies while total borrowings exceed $30.0 million, which requires the Company to maintain a maximum consolidated senior net leverage ratio of 3:1. The 2024 Credit Facility contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, including limits on indebtedness, liens, capital expenditures, asset sales, investments and restricted payments, in each case subject to negotiated exceptions and baskets, as well as customary representations, warranties and event of default provisions. The obligations of the Borrowers under the 2024 Credit Agreement are secured by first-lien security
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
interests in substantially all of the assets of the Borrowers. In addition, the obligations are required to be guaranteed in the future by certain additional domestic subsidiaries of the Company.
There are no borrowings outstanding under the 2024 Credit Facility.
Litigation
During the normal course of business, the Company may become subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation. Such matters are subject to many uncertainties and outcomes are not predictable with assurance. Accruals for loss contingencies are recorded when a loss is probable, and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated.
On March 13, 2023, a former employee, on behalf of herself and a proposed class of California hourly employees, filed a complaint against the Company, alleging violations of various California wage and hour laws, seeking wages, statutory penalties and attorneys’ fees. The matter (captioned Pham v. Warby Parker Inc., et al., Case No. 5:23-cv-01884-NC; N.D. Cal.) is currently pending in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. On June 16, 2023, another former employee filed a related representative action (captioned Chery v. Warby Parker Inc., et al., Case No. 23CV417693; Cal. Super. Ct.) in the Santa Clara County Superior Court of California pursuant to California’s Private Attorneys General Act, asserting largely overlapping claims, seeking civil penalties on behalf of the state. Since that time, one additional follow on Private Attorneys General Act lawsuit has been filed (captioned Jacobsen, et al. v. Warby Park Inc., et al., Case No. 23CV421588; Cal. Super. Ct.). The Company denies the allegations and intends to oppose the certification of any class or award of civil penalties, and to defend each litigation vigorously. While the litigation is still in the early stage, the Company determined that a loss is probable and has accrued a reasonable estimate of the loss during the fourth quarter of 2023. The current estimated liability and range of potential loss is immaterial. While the estimated liability represents the Company’s best estimate of the probable loss based on the information currently available, it is subject to significant judgment and estimates. The results of legal proceedings are inherently uncertain, and upon final resolution of these matters, it is possible that the actual loss may differ from the Company’s estimate.
In addition to the matters described above, as of December 31, 2023, the Company is currently involved in other legal proceedings which, in the opinion of the Company’s management, will not materially affect the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows should such litigation be resolved unfavorably.
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
11. Earnings Per Share
The computation of net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the years presented is as follows:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Numerator |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | (63,197) |  |  | $ | (110,393) |  |  | $ | (144,271) |
Less: deemed dividend upon redemption of redeemable convertible preferred stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (13,137) |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders - basic and diluted | $ | (63,197) |  |  | $ | (110,393) |  |  | $ | (157,408) |
Denominator |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares, basic and diluted | 117,389,012 |  |  | 114,942,019 |  |  | 71,249,257 |
Earnings Per Share |  |  |  |  |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | (0.54) |  |  | $ | (0.96) |  |  | $ | (2.21) |

The following potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the years presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

| Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Stock options to purchase common stock | 2,156,273 |  |  | 2,965,144 |  |  | 3,623,377 |
Unvested restricted stock units | 3,050,028 |  |  | 3,314,420 |  |  | 3,527,167 |
Unvested performance stock units | 4,397,688 |  |  | 4,397,688 |  |  | 4,397,688 |
ESPP purchase rights | 501,735 |  |  | 410,403 |  |  | 203,095 |

12. Related-Party Transactions
As a private company, the Company issued secured promissory notes collateralized by the stock purchased by certain Company executives in relation to the exercise of employee stock options. As the promissory notes are secured by the underlying shares they have been treated as non-recourse notes in the consolidated financial statements. The promissory notes were issued with a term of 8.5 years and an interest rate equal to the minimum applicable federal mid-term rate in the month the loan was issued. The secured promissory notes were recorded as a reduction to equity offsetting the amount in additional paid-in-capital related to the exercised options funded by the notes.
The loans had a balance of $2.5 million at both December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. No loans are outstanding with any of our executive officers and no new promissory notes were issued during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The loans outstanding had a weighted average remaining term of 5.6 years at December 31, 2023.
During the year ended December 31, 2023, the outstanding loan balance increased by an immaterial amount due to interest. During the year ended December 31, 2022, $0.5 million of employee loans were settled through a share surrender, $0.1 million of employee loans were repaid, and the outstanding loan balance increased by an immaterial amount due to interest.
13. Subsequent Events
Lease Obligations
Subsequent to December 31, 2023, the Company entered into 2 operating lease agreements and extended the terms of 5 existing operating lease agreements for retail space in the U.S., with terms ranging from 1 to 7 years. Total commitments under the new agreements are approximately $2.3 million, payable over the terms of the related agreements.
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Warby Parker Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
Equity Awards
In January and February 2024, the board of directors approved grants of 1,549,317 RSUs for Class A common stock to employees under the 2021 Plan, the vast majority of which will vest over four years. The total grant date fair value of these awards was $21.5 million and will be recognized as stock-based compensation, net of forfeitures as incurred, over the vesting period.
Credit Facility
In February 2024, the Company entered into the 2024 Credit Facility, which replaced the 2022 Credit Facility. See Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies” for additional details of the new credit facility.
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Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Limitations on effectiveness of controls and procedures
In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.
Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
Our management, with the participation of our co-principal executive officers and principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on that evaluation, and as a result of the material weaknesses described below, our co-principal executive officers and principal financial officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 based on the guidelines established in the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 framework) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on that evaluation, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2023 because of the material weaknesses described below.
Material Weaknesses
A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual and interim financial statements will not be detected or prevented on a timely basis.
Management identified two material weaknesses related to (i) information technology general controls over our key accounting, reporting, and proprietary systems and (ii) certain process, application and management review controls within our financial reporting processes to enforce segregation of duties, validate completeness and accuracy of data and information used to reconcile and analyze certain key accounts, and perform the review of manual journal entries. We have concluded that these material weaknesses arose because we did not have the necessary business processes, systems, personnel, and related internal controls necessary to satisfy our accounting and financial reporting requirements.
Remediation Measures
In order to remediate these material weaknesses, we have invested significantly in our IT environment and added critical resources to our team. We have made progress in the following areas, among others, during 2023:
•designed and implemented IT general controls to manage access and program changes across our key systems and improve IT-dependent and application controls within our proprietary systems;
•implemented the general ledger, supply chain, and inventory management components of a market leading ERP system, which will help prevent and detect errors, enforce segregation of duties, permit controls around the review of manual journal entries, and reduce our reliance on proprietary systems;
•engaged expert SOX consultants to assist in the coordination, development, and testing of our control environment and deficiency remediation efforts;
•conducted trainings for control owners covering proper control design, execution and review documentation, and source data validation;
•improved review controls and processes, documentation of the completeness and accuracy of source data, and timeliness of account reconciliations; and
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•continued hiring of additional qualified accounting and financial reporting personnel with public company SOX experience.
Despite this progress, we will not be able to fully remediate these material weaknesses until all of these steps have been completed and have been operating effectively for a sufficient period of time. We have incurred significant costs in connection with these remediation efforts, and expect these efforts to require significant additional time, expense, and demands on our financial and operational resources. At this time, we cannot provide an estimate of the total costs expected to be incurred in connection with these remediation efforts. Therefore, in connection with the audit of our 2023 consolidated financial statements, management, and our independent registered public accounting firm, concluded that the material weaknesses noted above remain present as of December 31, 2023.
Furthermore, we cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, and actions we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses. Our current controls and any new controls that we develop may become inadequate because of changes in conditions in our business. Further, weaknesses in our disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting may be discovered in the future. Any failure to develop or maintain effective controls or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement could harm our operating results or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and may result in a restatement of our financial statements for prior periods.
Changes in internal control over financial reporting
Other than the remediation measures described in “Remediation Measures” above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an audit report on our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 9B. Other Information
(a)
None.
(b) Securities Trading Plans of Directors and Executive Officers
Except as described below, during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, no director or officer, as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act, adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) or a “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.
On November 22, 2023, Dave Gilboa, our Co-Chief Executive Officer and director, modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement originally adopted on September 14, 2023. The modified trading arrangement is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) and provides for the sale of up to an aggregate of 1,209,080 shares of our Class A common stock. The modified trading arrangement will expire on December 31, 2024 or earlier if all transactions under the trading arrangement are completed.
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections
Not applicable.
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Part III.
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information regarding our directors, executive officers and corporate governance is incorporated herein by reference from our Definitive Proxy Statement for the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (“2024 Proxy”) to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
Code of Conduct
We have adopted a written code of conduct (the “Code of Conduct”), which applies to all of our directors, officers, and employees, including our principal executive officers and our principal financial and accounting officer. Our Code of Conduct is available on our website, www.warbyparker.com, under “Governance” in the “Investors” section. In addition, we intend to post on our website all disclosures that are required by law or New York Stock Exchange rules concerning any amendments to, or waivers from, any provision of our Code of Conduct. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
Information on executive compensation is incorporated herein by reference from our 2024 Proxy to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Information on security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters is incorporated herein by reference from our 2024 Proxy to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Information on certain relationships and related transactions and director independence is incorporated herein by reference from our 2024 Proxy to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
Information on principal accountant fees and services is incorporated herein by reference from our 2024 Proxy to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A within 120 days after the close of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
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Part IV.
Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1) Financial Statements.
The financial statements required by this item are listed in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” herein.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules.
All financial statement schedules are omitted because the information required to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.
(a)(3) Exhibits.
The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

|  |  |  | Incorporated by Reference |  | Filed / Furnished Herewith
Exhibit Number |  | Exhibit Description |  | Form |  | File No. |  | Exhibit |  | Filing Date |
3.1 |  | Twelfth Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Warby Parker Inc. |  | S-8 |  | 333-259704 |  | 4.2 |  | 9/22/2021 |  |
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Warby Parker Inc. |  | S-8 |  | 333-259704 |  | 4.3 |  | 9/22/2021 |  |
4.1 |  | Specimen Class A common stock certificate of Warby Parker Inc. |  | S-1 |  | 333-259035 |  | 4.1 |  | 8/24/2021 |  |
4.2 |  | Specimen Class B common stock certificate of Warby Parker Inc. |  | 10-Q |  | 001-40825 |  | 4.2 |  | 5/16/2022 |  |
4.3 |  | Eighth Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders, dated August 12, 2020 |  | S-1 |  | 333-259035 |  | 4.2 |  | 8/24/2021 |  |
4.4 |  | Description of Securities |  | 10-K |  | 001-40825 |  | 4.3 |  | 3/18/2022 |  |
10.1† |  | Warby Parker Inc. 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and related form agreements |  | S-1 |  | 333-259035 |  | 10.2 |  | 8/24/2021 |  |
10.2† |  | Warby Parker Inc. Amended and Restated 2011 Stock Plan and related form agreements |  | S-1 |  | 333-259035 |  | 10.3 |  | 8/24/2021 |  |
10.3† |  | Warby Parker Inc. 2012 Milestone Stock Plan and related form agreements |  | S-1 |  | 333-259035 |  | 10.4 |  | 8/24/2021 |  |
10.4† |  | Warby Parker Inc. 2019 Founder Stock Plan and related form agreements |  | S-1 |  | 333-259035 |  | 10.5 |  | 8/24/2021 |  |
10.5† |  | Warby Parker Inc. 2021 Incentive Award Plan and related form agreements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
10.6† |  | Warby Parker Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
10.7† |  | Warby Parker Inc. Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Program |  | 10-K |  | 001-40825 |  | 10.8 |  | 3/18/2022 |  |
10.8† |  | Employment Offer Letter, by and between the Registrant and Steven Miller, dated October 7, 2011 |  | S-1/A |  | 333-259035 |  | 10.9 |  | 9/9/2021 |  |
10.9† |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement between Warby Parker Inc. and each of its directors executive officers |  | S-1/A |  | 333-259035 |  | 10.10 |  | 9/9/2021 |  |

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10.10# |  | Credit Agreement, dated as of February 21, 2024, among Warby Parker Inc., Warby Parker Retail, Inc., the lenders party thereto, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as Administrative Agent. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
21.1 |  | List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
23.1 |  | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
31.3 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **
32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **
32.3 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | **
97.1 |  | Warby Parker Inc. Policy for Recovery of Erroneously Awarded Compensation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | *

__________________
*Filed herewith.
** Furnished herewith.
† Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
# Certain annexes, schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company hereby undertakes to furnish a copy of any of the omitted annexes, schedules and exhibits upon request by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
108

Table of Contents
Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: February 28, 2024

| WARBY PARKER INC. |
| By: | /s/ Neil Blumenthal |
|  | Neil Blumenthal |
|  | Co-Chief Executive Officer |
| By: | /s/ Dave Gilboa |
|  | Dave Gilboa |
|  | Co-Chief Executive Officer |
| By: | /s/ Steve Miller |
|  | Steve Miller |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature |  | Title |  | Date
/s/ Neil Blumenthal |  | Co-Chief Executive Officer and Director (Co-Principal Executive Officer) |  | February 28, 2024
Neil Blumenthal |  |
/s/ Dave Gilboa |  | Co-Chief Executive Officer and Director (Co-Principal Executive Officer) |  | February 28, 2024
Dave Gilboa |  |
/s/ Steve Miller |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) |  | February 28, 2024
Steve Miller |  |
/s/ Andrew Hunt |  | Director |  | February 28, 2024
Andrew Hunt |  |
/s/ Jeffrey Raider |  | Director |  | February 28, 2024
Jeffrey Raider |  |
/s/ Teresa Briggs |  | Director |  | February 28, 2024
Teresa Briggs |  |
/s/ Joel Cutler |  | Director |  | February 28, 2024
Joel Cutler |  |
/s/ Youngme Moon |  | Director |  | February 28, 2024
Youngme Moon |  |
/s/ Gabrielle Sulzberger |  | Director |  | February 28, 2024
Gabrielle Sulzberger |  |
/s/ Ronald A. Williams |  | Director |  | February 28, 2024
Ronald A. Williams |  |

109