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##### Table of Contents

f

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023

OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________________ to _________________

Commission File Number: 001-40097

GINKGO BIOWORKS HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware | 87-2652913
( State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
27 Drydock Avenue 8th Floor Boston, MA | 02210
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (877) 422-5362

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share |  | DNA |  | NYSE
Warrants to purchase one share of Class A common stock, each at an exercise price of $11.50 per share |  | DNA.WS |  | NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  | ☐ |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of July 31, 2023, the registrant had 1,600,988,177 shares of Class A common stock, 377,864,805 shares of Class B common stock and 120,000,000 shares of non-voting Class C common stock outstanding.

##### Table of Contents

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements

This report includes forward-looking statements regarding, among other things, the plans, strategies and prospects, both business and financial, of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (“Ginkgo”). These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of the management of Ginkgo. Although Ginkgo believes that its plans, intentions and expectations reflected in or suggested by these forward-looking statements are reasonable, Ginkgo cannot assure you that it will achieve or realize these plans, intentions or expectations. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Generally, statements that are not historical facts, including statements concerning possible or assumed future actions, business strategies, events or results of operations, are forward-looking statements. These statements may be preceded by, followed by or include the words “believes”, “estimates”, “expects”, “projects”, “forecasts”, “may”, “will”, “should”, “seeks”, “plans”, “scheduled”, “anticipates” or “intends” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•
Ginkgo’s ability to raise financing in the future and to comply with restrictive covenants related to long-term indebtedness;
•
Ginkgo’s ability to retain or recruit, or adapt to changes required in, its founders, senior executives, key personnel or directors;
•
factors relating to the business, operations and financial performance of Ginkgo, including:
o
Ginkgo’s ability to effectively manage its growth;
o
Ginkgo’s exposure to the volatility and liquidity risks inherent in holding equity interests in certain of its customers;
o
rapidly changing technology and extensive competition in the synthetic biology industry that could make the products and processes Ginkgo is developing obsolete or non-competitive unless it continues to collaborate on the development of new and improved products and processes and pursue new market opportunities;
o
Ginkgo’s reliance on its customers to develop, produce and manufacture products using the engineered cells and/or biomanufacturing processes that Ginkgo develops;
o
the timing and realization of Ginkgo's anticipated sale of certain laboratory equipment;
o
Ginkgo’s ability to comply with laws and regulations applicable to its business; and
o
market conditions and global and economic factors beyond Ginkgo’s control;
•
intense competition and competitive pressures from other companies worldwide in the industries in which Ginkgo operates;
•
litigation, including securities or shareholder litigation, and the ability to adequately protect Ginkgo’s intellectual property rights;
•
the success of Ginkgo’s programs, including Ginkgo's expectations for the future demand of COVID-19 testing in schools, the growth of Ginkgo’s biomonitoring and bioinformatic support services, the growing efficiency and cost advantage of Cell Engineering services, and their potential to contribute revenue, and the relative contribution of Ginkgo’s programs to its future revenue, including the potential for future revenue related to downstream value to be in the form of potential future milestone payments, royalties, and/or equity consideration; and
•
other factors detailed under the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

These and other factors that could cause actual results to differ from those implied by the forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are more fully described under the heading “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report. The risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q describe additional factors that could adversely affect the business, financial condition or results of Ginkgo. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is not possible to predict all such risk factors, nor can Ginkgo assess the impact of all such risk factors on the business of Ginkgo, or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of performance. You should not put undue reliance on these statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. All forward-looking statements attributable to Ginkgo or persons acting on its behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the foregoing cautionary statements. Ginkgo undertakes no obligation to update or

i

##### Table of Contents

revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Risk Factors Summary

Investing in our securities involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” before making a decision to invest in our Class A common stock. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be materially adversely affected. Some of the risks related to Ginkgo’s business and industry are summarized below. References in the summary below to “we,” “us,” “our” and “the Company” generally refer to Ginkgo.

•
We have a history of net losses. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.
•
We are not, and do not intend to become, regulated as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (“Investment Company Act”), and if we were deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business.
•
Only our employees and directors are entitled to hold shares of Class B common stock (including shares of Class B common stock issued in the future), which have ten votes per share. This limits or precludes other stockholders’ ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of certain amendments to our organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transactions requiring stockholder approval.
•
Outstanding Class C common stock may have the effect of extending voting power in Class B common stock, and may discourage potential acquisitions of our business and could have an adverse effect on the trading price of Class A common stock.
•
We may need substantial additional capital in the future in order to fund our business.
•
We have experienced rapid growth and expect our growth to continue, and if we fail to effectively manage our growth, then our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
•
Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.
•
We currently own and may in the future own equity interests in other operating companies, including certain of our customers, and we may receive non-cash consideration which involves estimations of fair market value. The initial fair market value of the non-cash consideration may decrease after contract inception and the amount of cash proceeds eventually realized may be less than the revenue recognized. Consequently, we have exposure to the volatility and liquidity risks inherent in holding their equity and overall operational and financial performance of these businesses.
•
We have in the past, and in the future may continue to pursue strategic acquisitions and investments that are dilutive to our stockholders and that could have an adverse impact on our business if they are unsuccessful.
•
We must continue to secure and maintain sufficient and stable supplies of laboratory reagents, consumables, equipment, and laboratory services. We depend on a limited number of suppliers, some of which are single-source suppliers, and contract manufacturers for critical supplies, equipment, and services for research, development, and manufacturing of our products and processes. Our reliance on these third parties exposes us to risks relating to costs, contractual terms, supply, and logistics, and the loss of any one or more of these suppliers or contract manufacturers or their failure to supply us with the necessary supplies, equipment, or services on a timely basis, could cause delays in our research, development, or production capacity and adversely affect our business.
•
We use biological, hazardous, flammable and/or regulated materials that require considerable training, expertise and expense for handling, storage and disposal and may result in claims against us.
•
Third parties may use our engineered cells, materials, and organisms and accompanying production processes in ways that could damage our reputation.
•
If our customers discontinue their development, production and manufacturing efforts using our engineered cells and/or biomanufacturing processes, our future financial position may be adversely impacted.

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##### Table of Contents

•
We are or could become involved in securities or shareholder litigation and other related matters, which could be expensive and time-consuming. Such litigation and related matters could harm our business.
•
Our revenue is concentrated in a limited number of customers, some of which are related parties, and our revenue, results of operations, cash flows and reputation in the marketplace may suffer upon the loss of a significant customer.
•
In certain cases, our business partners may have discretion in determining when and whether to make announcements about the status of our collaborations, including about developments and timelines for advancing programs, and the price of our common stock may decline as a result of announcements of unexpected results or developments.
•
Uncertainty regarding the demand for passive monitoring programs and biosecurity services could materially adversely affect our business.
•
We may be subject to tort liability if the COVID-19 tests we utilize in our testing programs provide inaccurate results.
•
Rapidly changing technology and emerging competition in the synthetic biology industry could make the platform, programs, and products we and our customers are developing obsolete or non-competitive unless we continue to develop our platform and pursue new market opportunities.
•
Ethical, legal and social concerns about genetically modified organisms (“GMOs”) and genetically modified plant or animal cells and genetically modified proteins and biomaterials (collectively, “Genetically Modified Materials”) and their resulting products could limit or prevent the use of products or processes using our technologies, limit public acceptance of such products or processes and limit our revenues.
•
If we are unable to obtain, maintain and defend patents protecting our intellectual property, our competitive position will be harmed. If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position will be harmed. We may become involved in lawsuits or other enforcement proceedings to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and potentially unsuccessful.
•
We rely on our customers, joint venturers, equity investees and other third parties to deliver timely and accurate information in order to accurately report our financial results in the time frame and manner required by law.
•
We identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting and may identify additional material weaknesses in the future. A failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting may result in a failure to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud, which could harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.
•
Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
•
Failure to comply with federal, state, local and international laws and regulations could lead to substantial penalties and adversely affect our business, our financial condition and results of operations.
•
We may incur significant costs complying with such laws and regulations, and failure to comply could expose us to significant liabilities.
•
We may become subject to the comprehensive laws and rules governing billing and payment, noncompliance with which could result in non-payment or recoupment of overpayments for our services or other sanctions.
•
We and our laboratory partners are subject to a variety of laboratory testing standards, compliance with which is an expensive and time-consuming process, and any failure to comply could result in substantial penalties and disruptions to our business.
•
We are engaged in certain research activities involving controlled substances, including cannabinoids and other chemical intermediates, the making, use, sale, importation, exportation, and distribution of which may be subject to significant regulation by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”) and other regulatory agencies.
•
Significant disruptions to our and our service providers’ information technology systems or data security incidents could result in significant financial, legal, regulatory, business and reputational harm to us.

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##### Table of Contents

|  | Page
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 1
Item 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 5
| Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 41
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 41
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION | 43
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 43
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 43
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 80
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 80
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 80
Item 5. | Other Information | 80
Item 6. | Exhibits | 81
Signatures | 82

##### Table of Contents

PART I—FIN ANCIAL INFORMATION

Ite m 1. Financial Statements.

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolida ted Balance Sheets

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

|  | As of June 30, |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,105,787 |  |  | $ | 1,315,792 |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 68,019 |  |  |  | 80,907 |
Accounts receivable - related parties |  |  | 899 |  |  |  | 1,558 |
Inventory, net |  |  | 391 |  |  |  | 4,364 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 48,357 |  |  |  | 47,458 |
Total current assets |  |  | 1,223,453 |  |  |  | 1,450,079 |
Property, plant, and equipment, net |  |  | 294,244 |  |  |  | 314,773 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 391,430 |  |  |  | 400,762 |
Investments |  |  | 119,944 |  |  |  | 112,188 |
Equity method investments |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | 1,543 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 105,033 |  |  |  | 111,041 |
Goodwill |  |  | 58,829 |  |  |  | 60,210 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 97,946 |  |  |  | 88,725 |
Total assets |  | $ | 2,291,999 |  |  | $ | 2,539,321 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 13,630 |  |  | $ | 10,451 |
Deferred revenue (includes $2,672 and $10,309 from related parties) |  |  | 39,223 |  |  |  | 47,817 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 110,478 |  |  |  | 114,694 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 163,331 |  |  |  | 172,962 |
Non-current liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred revenue, net of current portion (includes $131,107 and $131,188 from related parties) |  |  | 179,903 |  |  |  | 174,767 |
Operating lease liabilities, non-current |  |  | 410,938 |  |  |  | 413,256 |
Warrant liabilities |  |  | 14,146 |  |  |  | 10,868 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | 20,096 |  |  |  | 31,191 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 788,414 |  |  |  | 803,044 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 200,000 shares authorized; none issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.0001 par value (Note 6) |  |  | 196 |  |  |  | 190 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 6,280,632 |  |  |  | 6,136,378 |
Accumulated deficit |  |  | (4,775,943 | ) |  |  | (4,397,659 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  |  | (1,300 | ) |  |  | (2,632 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 1,503,585 |  |  |  | 1,736,277 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 2,291,999 |  |  | $ | 2,539,321 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(unaudited)

(in thousands, except per share data)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |
Cell Engineering revenue (1) |  | $ | 45,283 |  |  | $ | 44,242 |  |  | $ | 79,379 |  |  | $ | 65,730 |
Biosecurity revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product |  |  | 10,788 |  |  |  | 3,887 |  |  |  | 22,454 |  |  |  | 17,834 |
Service |  |  | 24,497 |  |  |  | 96,489 |  |  |  | 59,437 |  |  |  | 229,459 |
Total revenue |  |  | 80,568 |  |  |  | 144,618 |  |  |  | 161,270 |  |  |  | 313,023 |
Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of Biosecurity product revenue |  |  | 2,034 |  |  |  | 2,444 |  |  |  | 6,575 |  |  |  | 10,539 |
Cost of Biosecurity service revenue |  |  | 16,062 |  |  |  | 61,467 |  |  |  | 33,896 |  |  |  | 138,804 |
Research and development |  |  | 144,282 |  |  |  | 290,059 |  |  |  | 306,921 |  |  |  | 613,635 |
General and administrative |  |  | 102,341 |  |  |  | 438,427 |  |  |  | 213,774 |  |  |  | 873,195 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 264,719 |  |  |  | 792,397 |  |  |  | 561,166 |  |  |  | 1,636,173 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (184,151 | ) |  |  | (647,779 | ) |  |  | (399,896 | ) |  |  | (1,323,150 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net |  |  | 14,349 |  |  |  | 2,264 |  |  |  | 28,894 |  |  |  | 2,441 |
Loss on equity method investments |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (10,166 | ) |  |  | (1,516 | ) |  |  | (31,053 | )
Loss on investments |  |  | (2,121 | ) |  |  | (38,673 | ) |  |  | (8,491 | ) |  |  | (38,223 | )
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  |  | (4,482 | ) |  |  | 23,509 |  |  |  | (3,278 | ) |  |  | 108,544 |
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,900 |
Other income, net |  |  | 3,224 |  |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 6,152 |  |  |  | 2,149 |
Total other income (expense), net |  |  | 10,903 |  |  |  | (22,836 | ) |  |  | 21,761 |  |  |  | 59,758 |
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (173,248 | ) |  |  | (670,615 | ) |  |  | (378,135 | ) |  |  | (1,263,392 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | (229 | )
Net loss |  |  | (173,315 | ) |  |  | (670,570 | ) |  |  | (378,284 | ) |  |  | (1,263,163 | )
Loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,745 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,833 | )
Net loss attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. stockholders |  | $ | (173,315 | ) |  | $ | (668,825 | ) |  | $ | (378,284 | ) |  | $ | (1,259,330 | )
Net loss per share attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. common stockholders, basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | (0.41 | ) |  | $ | (0.20 | ) |  | $ | (0.78 | )
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted |  |  | 1,933,437 |  |  |  | 1,620,704 |  |  |  | 1,924,251 |  |  |  | 1,614,138 |
Comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (173,315 | ) |  | $ | (670,570 | ) |  | $ | (378,284 | ) |  | $ | (1,263,163 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  | 314 |  |  |  | (3,141 | ) |  |  | 1,332 |  |  |  | (3,781 | )
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 314 |  |  |  | (3,141 | ) |  |  | 1,332 |  |  |  | (3,781 | )
Comprehensive loss |  | $ | (173,001 | ) |  | $ | (673,711 | ) |  | $ | (376,952 | ) |  | $ | (1,266,944 | )

* As adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) as of January 1, 2022. See Note 1 for a summary of the adjustments.

(1) Includes related party revenue of $6,507 and $7,973 for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $11,212 and $21,501 for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated Stateme nts of Stockholders’ Equity

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
Balance as of March 31, 2023 |  |  | 1,933,880 |  |  | $ | 194 |  |  | $ | 6,211,634 |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,602,628 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (1,614 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 1,607,586 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise or vesting of equity awards |  |  | 15,995 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 470 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 472 |
Tax withholdings related to net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (23 | )
Issuance of common stock for asset acquisition |  |  | 2,820 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,581 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 3,581 |
Issuance of common stock in exchange for services |  |  | 2,023 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,500 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,500 |
Stock-based compensation expense and other |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 62,470 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 62,470 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 314 |  |  |  |  |  | 314 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (173,315 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (173,315 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2023 |  |  | 1,954,704 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 6,280,632 |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,775,943 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (1,300 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 1,503,585 |
|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 1,891,976 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 6,136,378 |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,397,659 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (2,632 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 1,736,277 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise or vesting of equity awards |  |  | 57,899 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 478 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 484 |
Tax withholdings related to net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (23 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (23 | )
Settlement of contingent consideration - restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,262 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,262 |
Issuance of common stock for asset acquisition |  |  | 2,820 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,581 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 3,581 |
Issuance of common stock in exchange for services |  |  | 2,023 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,500 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,500 |
Stock-based compensation expense and other |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 135,456 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 135,456 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,332 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,332 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (378,284 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (378,284 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2023 |  |  | 1,954,704 |  |  | $ | 196 |  |  | $ | 6,280,632 |  |  |  |  | $ | (4,775,943 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (1,300 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 1,503,585 |

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##### Table of Contents

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Non- Controlling Interest |  |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
Balance as of March 31, 2022 |  |  | 1,622,054 |  |  | $ | 162 |  |  | $ | 4,471,418 |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,883,235 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (2,355 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 33,253 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,619,243 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise or vesting of equity awards |  |  | 8,026 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 2 |
Issuance of common stock for acquisitions, net of forfeitures |  |  | 5,554 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 20,127 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 20,128 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 606,472 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 117 |  |  |  |  |  | 606,589 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3,141 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (3,141 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (668,825 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,745 | ) |  |  |  |  | (670,570 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2022 (as adjusted)* |  |  | 1,635,634 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 5,098,018 |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,552,060 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (5,496 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 31,625 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,572,251 |
|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Non- Controlling Interest |  |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  |  | 1,611,392 |  |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 3,804,844 |  |  |  |  | $ | (2,297,925 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (1,715 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 62,014 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,567,379 |
Adoption of ASC 842 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,195 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 5,195 |
Issuance of common stock upon exercise or vesting of equity awards |  |  | 18,984 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 78 |
Tax withholdings related to net share settlement of equity awards |  |  | (296 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (981 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (981 | )
Issuance of common stock for acquisitions, net of forfeitures |  |  | 5,554 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 20,127 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20,128 |
Deconsolidation of subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (28,783 | ) |  |  |  | (28,783 | )
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,273,952 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 2,227 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,276,179 |
Foreign currency translation |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3,781 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (3,781 | )
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (1,259,330 | ) |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3,833 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,263,163 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2022 (as adjusted)* |  |  | 1,635,634 |  |  | $ | 164 |  |  | $ | 5,098,018 |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,552,060 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (5,496 | ) |  |  |  | $ | 31,625 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,572,251 |

* As adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2022. See Note 1 for a summary of the adjustments.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Condensed Consolidated S tatements of Cash Flows

(unaudited)

(in thousands)

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (378,284 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (1,263,163 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 36,610 |  |  |  |  |  | 17,968 |
Stock-based compensation |  |  | 134,474 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,259,336 |
Loss on equity method investments |  |  | 1,516 |  |  |  |  |  | 31,053 |
Loss on investments |  |  | 8,491 |  |  |  |  |  | 38,223 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  |  | 3,278 |  |  |  |  |  | (108,544 | )
Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability |  |  | 8,453 |  |  |  |  | 300 |
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (15,900 | )
Impairment loss on assets held for sale |  |  | 9,001 |  |  |  |  | — |
Non-cash customer consideration |  |  | (353 | ) |  |  |  | (18,139 | )
Non-cash lease expense |  |  | 16,327 |  |  |  |  | 7,536 |
Amortization of finance lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 569 |  |  |  |  | 1,004 |
Non-cash in-process research and development |  |  | 3,981 |  |  |  |  | 1,162 |
Other non-cash activity |  |  | 2,213 |  |  |  |  | 502 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable ($659 and $1,345 from related parties) |  |  | 15,397 |  |  |  |  |  | (38,598 | )
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 9,538 |  |  |  |  |  | 4,373 |
Inventory |  |  | 2,549 |  |  |  |  |  | (4,740 | )
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 4,096 |  |  |  |  | — |
Other non-current assets |  |  | (2,426 | ) |  |  |  |  | (419 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | 2,993 |  |  |  |  |  | 10,650 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | (6,997 | ) |  |  |  |  | (12,881 | )
Deferred revenue, current and non-current ($(7,718) and $(14,667) from related parties) |  |  | (21,372 | ) |  |  |  |  | (19,708 | )
Operating lease liabilities, current and non-current |  |  | (13,250 | ) |  |  |  | (5,332 | )
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | (922 | ) |  |  |  |  | (3,989 | )
Net cash used in operating activities |  |  | (164,118 | ) |  |  |  | (119,306 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash acquired in acquisition |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 1,440 |
Purchase of convertible note |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (6,500 | )
Purchases of property and equipment |  |  | (32,974 | ) |  |  |  |  | (13,153 | )
Proceeds from sale of equipment |  |  | 2,926 |  |  |  |  | 77 |
Prepayment for marketable equity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (3,691 | )
Deconsolidation of subsidiaries - cash |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (28,772 | )
Other |  |  | (590 | ) |  |  |  | (49 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (30,638 | ) |  |  |  | (50,648 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal payments on finance leases |  |  | (648 | ) |  |  |  |  | (609 | )
Contingent consideration payment |  |  | (1,042 | ) |  |  |  | (521 | )
Other |  |  | (579 | ) |  |  |  | (905 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (2,269 | ) |  |  |  | (2,035 | )
Effect of foreign exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (495 | ) |  |  |  |  | (104 | )
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (197,520 | ) |  |  |  | (172,093 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 1,315,792 |  |  |  |  | 1,550,004 |
Restricted cash, beginning of period |  |  | 53,789 |  |  |  |  | 42,924 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |  |  | 1,369,581 |  |  |  |  | 1,592,928 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  |  | 1,105,787 |  |  |  |  | 1,377,152 |
Restricted cash, end of period |  |  | 66,274 |  |  |  |  | 43,683 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period |  | $ | 1,172,061 |  |  |  | $ | 1,420,835 |

* As adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2022. See Note 1 for a summary of the adjustments.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Business

The mission of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (“Ginkgo” or the “Company”) is to make biology easier to engineer. The Company designs custom cells for customers across multiple markets. Since inception, the Company has devoted its efforts to improving its platform for programming cells to enable customers to leverage biology to create impactful products across a range of industries. The Company’s platform comprises (i) equipment, robotic automation, software, data pipelines and tools, and standard operating procedures for high throughput genetic engineering, fermentation, and analytics (referred to collectively as the “Foundry”), (ii) a library of proprietary genetic assets and associated performance data (referred to collectively as “Codebase”), and (iii) the Company’s team of expert users, developers and operators of the Foundry and Codebase.

With a mission to make biology easier to engineer, the Company has recognized the need to invest in biosecurity as a key component of its platform. The Company’s biosecurity and public health unit, Concentric by Ginkgo, is building a global infrastructure for biosecurity to empower governments, communities, and public health leaders to prevent, detect and respond to a wide variety of biological threats.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial reporting. Accordingly, certain detailed disclosures which would normally be included with annual financial statements have been omitted. In the opinion of management, all normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been made. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly owned subsidiaries, majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities if the Company is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities in the condensed consolidated financial statements. Estimates used in the preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements include, among others, revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination, the fair value of non-cash consideration received from customers, the fair value of certain notes receivable, the fair value of certain investments including equity method investments, the fair value of warrant liabilities, the allocation of equity method investment losses under the hypothetical liquidation at book value (“HLBV”) method, the incremental borrowing rate used in determining lease liabilities, allowance for credit losses, accrued expenses and income taxes.

The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and other market-specific or relevant assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Reported amounts and disclosures reflect the overall economic conditions that management believes are most likely to occur, and the anticipated measures management intends to take. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. All revisions to accounting estimates are recognized in the period in which the estimates are revised.

Significant Accounting Policies

There have been no new or material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies during the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the significant accounting policies described in Note 2 to the Company's 2022 consolidated financial statements included in the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

6

##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Retrospective Application of a Change in Accounting Principle

The Company adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASC 842”), which supersedes the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 840, Leases (“ASC 840”), effective January 1, 2022. As the Company elected the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 107(b) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, ASC 842 was adopted in connection with the preparation of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. As such, the comparative information for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 has been adjusted herein to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2022.

Select line items from the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss reflecting the adoption of ASC 842 are as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |
| As Previously Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Adjusted |  |  | As Previously Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Adjusted |
Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development | $ | 289,188 |  |  | $ | 871 |  |  | $ | 290,059 |  |  | $ | 611,908 |  |  | $ | 1,727 |  |  | $ | 613,635 |
Total operating expenses |  | 791,526 |  |  |  | 871 |  |  |  | 792,397 |  |  |  | 1,634,446 |  |  |  | 1,727 |  |  |  | 1,636,173 |
Loss from operations |  | (646,908 | ) |  |  | (871 | ) |  |  | (647,779 | ) |  |  | (1,321,423 | ) |  |  | (1,727 | ) |  |  | (1,323,150 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net |  | 1,674 |  |  |  | 590 |  |  |  | 2,264 |  |  |  | 1,277 |  |  |  | 1,164 |  |  |  | 2,441 |
Other income (expense), net |  | (51 | ) |  |  | 281 |  |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 1,586 |  |  |  | 563 |  |  |  | 2,149 |
Total other income (expense), net |  | (23,707 | ) |  |  | 871 |  |  |  | (22,836 | ) |  |  | 58,031 |  |  |  | 1,727 |  |  |  | 59,758 |

Select line items from the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity reflecting the adoption of ASC 842 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, 2022 |
|  | As Previously Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Adjusted |
Accumulated deficit |  | $ | (3,557,255 | ) |  | $ | 5,195 |  |  | $ | (3,552,060 | )
Total stockholders' equity |  |  | 1,567,056 |  |  |  | 5,195 |  |  |  | 1,572,251 |

Select line items from the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows reflecting the adoption of ASC 842 are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 |
|  | As Previously Reported |  |  | Adjustments |  |  | As Adjusted |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 19,096 |  |  | $ | (1,128 | ) |  | $ | 17,968 |
Amortization of finance lease right-of-use assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,004 |  |  |  | 1,004 |
Non-cash lease expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,536 |  |  |  | 7,536 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 4,973 |  |  |  | (600 | ) |  |  | 4,373 |
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | (12,758 | ) |  |  | (123 | ) |  |  | (12,881 | )
Operating lease liabilities, current and non-current |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,332 | ) |  |  | (5,332 | )
Deferred rent, non-current |  |  | 1,468 |  |  |  | (1,468 | ) |  |  | — |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal payments on finance leases |  |  | — |  |  |  | (609 | ) |  |  | (609 | )
Principal payments on capital leases and lease financing obligation |  |  | (720 | ) |  |  | 720 |  |  |  | — |

7

##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

There were no new recently issued accounting pronouncements that are of significance or potential significance to the Company from those disclosed herein and within Note 2 to the Company's 2022 consolidated financial statements included in the 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

2. Business Combination

On April 1, 2022, the Company acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of FGen AG (“FGen”), a company organized under the laws of Switzerland that specializes in strain development and optimization and has developed an ultra-high-throughput screening platform. The Company accounted for the transaction as a business combination under ASC 805, Business Combinations. The consideration paid was comprised of common stock and contingent consideration as follows (in thousands):

Fair value of Class A common stock |  | $ | 17,015 |
Fair value of contingent consideration - restricted stock |  |  | 3,842 |
Fair value of contingent consideration - milestones |  |  | 8,464 |
Total FGen consideration |  | $ | 29,321 |

The Company issued 5,749,957 shares of its Class A common stock on the acquisition date comprised of 4,051,107 unrestricted shares valued at $17.0 million based on the closing market price of $4.20 per share and 1,698,850 restricted shares classified as contingent consideration and subject to vesting conditions. Of the restricted shares, 584,246 shares were subsequently forfeited during the quarter ended June 30, 2022 when the contingency related to the filing of a registration statement was resolved. The Company incurred $1.7 million of acquisition-related costs which were included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

The following table presents the final allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date (in thousands):

|  | Preliminary Allocation |  |  | Measurement Period Adjustment (3) |  |  | Final Allocation |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  | $ |  |  |  | $ | 1,430 |
Accounts receivable |  |  | 144 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 144 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10 |
Property and equipment |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | (112 | ) |  |  | 34 |
Intangible assets (1) |  |  | 21,100 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 21,100 |
Goodwill (2) |  |  | 11,001 |  |  |  | (386 | ) |  |  | 10,615 |
Accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | (29 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (29 | )
Deferred revenue |  |  | (104 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (104 | )
Deferred tax liability |  |  | (4,377 | ) |  |  | 498 |  |  |  | (3,879 | )
Net assets acquired |  | $ | 29,321 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29,321 |

(1) Estimated useful life of 15 years.

(2) Non-deductible for tax purposes.

(3) Represents adjustments related to tangible assets acquired and estimated tax liabilities with a corresponding net decrease to goodwill.

8

##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

3. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present information about the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (in thousands):

|  |  | As of June 30, 2023 |
| Classification |  | Total |  |  |  | Level 1 |  |  |  | Level 2 |  |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,066,056 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,066,056 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Synlogic, Inc. warrants (1) | Investments |  |  | 1,095 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 1,095 |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Marketable equity securities | Investments |  |  | 19,876 |  |  |  |  |  | 19,876 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Loan receivable | Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 358 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 358 |
Notes receivable | Other non-current assets |  |  | 38,950 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  |  | 8,950 |
Total assets |  |  | $ | 1,126,335 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,085,932 |  |  |  |  | $ | 31,095 |  |  |  |  | $ | 9,308 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public Warrants | Warrant liabilities |  | $ | 8,970 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,970 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Private Placement Warrants (3) | Warrant liabilities |  |  | 5,176 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 141 |  |  |  |  |  | 5,035 |
Contingent consideration | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 22,945 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 22,945 |
Contingent consideration | Other non-current liabilities |  |  | 7,617 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 7,617 |
Total liabilities |  |  | $ | 44,708 |  |  |  |  | $ | 8,970 |  |  |  |  | $ | 141 |  |  |  |  | $ | 35,597 |

|  |  | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Classification |  | Total |  |  |  | Level 1 |  |  |  | Level 2 |  |  |  | Level 3 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds | Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,089,026 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,089,026 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Synlogic, Inc. warrants (1) | Investments |  |  | 1,937 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 1,937 |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Marketable equity securities (2) | Investments |  |  | 25,714 |  |  |  |  |  | 21,312 |  |  |  |  |  | 4,402 |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Notes receivable | Other non-current assets |  |  | 37,660 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  |  |  | 7,660 |
Total assets |  |  | $ | 1,154,337 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,110,338 |  |  |  |  | $ | 36,339 |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,660 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public Warrants | Warrant liabilities |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | — |
Private Placement Warrants (3) | Warrant liabilities |  |  | 3,968 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,860 |
Contingent consideration | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  |  | 6,378 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 6,378 |
Contingent consideration | Other non-current liabilities |  |  | 18,095 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 18,095 |
Total liabilities |  |  | $ | 35,341 |  |  |  |  | $ | 6,900 |  |  |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  |  |  | $ | 28,333 |

(1) The fair value of Synlogic, Inc. warrants is calculated as the quoted price of the underlying common stock, less the unpaid exercise price of the warrants.

(2) Marketable equity securities classified as Level 2 reflect a discount for lack of marketability due to regulatory sales restrictions.

(3) The fair value of Private Placement Warrants classified as Level 2 is equivalent to that of Public Warrants as the transfer of Private Placement Warrants to anyone other than the initial purchasers or any of their permitted transferees results in the Private Placement Warrants having substantially the same terms as the Public Warrants.

Transfers to/from Levels 1, 2 and 3 are recognized at the end of the reporting period in which a change in valuation technique or methodology occurs. Transfers from Level 2 to Level 1 during the six months ended June 30, 2022 were due to a lapse on regulatory sales restrictions on marketable equity securities. There were no other transfers to/from Levels 1, 2, or 3 during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Notes Receivable

The Company has elected the fair value option under ASC 825, Financial Instruments, to account for its notes receivable. Notes receivable accounted for under the fair value option are marked to market as of each balance sheet date with changes in fair value recorded in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, notes receivable measured at fair value on a recurring basis primarily consisted of a $30.0 million senior secured note (“Senior Secured Note”) purchased from Bolt Threads, Inc. and a series of convertible promissory notes issued by customers as payment for Cell Engineering services.

The Company used the yield method to value the Senior Secured Note. Under this method, the estimated future cash flows, consisting of principal and interest payments, are discounted to present value using an applicable market yield or discount rate. Increases or decreases in the market yield or discount rate would result in a decrease or increase, respectively, in the fair value measurement. The market yield is determined using a corporate bond yield curve corresponding to the credit rating category of the issuer. The fair value of the Senior Secured Note is based on observable market inputs, which represents a Level 2 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.

The Company used a scenario-based method to value the series of convertible promissory notes from customers. Under the scenario-based method, future cash flows are evaluated under a qualified financing, maturity and dissolution scenarios, probability-weighted, and discounted to present value. The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement as of June 30, 2023 were scenario probabilities of 15% to 55%, a discount rate of 17% and estimated time to event date of one to two years. The significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs used in the fair value measurement as of December 31, 2022 were scenario probabilities of 15% to 55%, a discount rate of 12.5% and estimated time to event date of one to three years. Significant changes in these inputs could have resulted in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement. As of June 30, 2023, the convertible promissory notes had an unpaid principal balance of $11.7 million and a fair value of $9.3 million. As of December 31, 2022, the convertible promissory notes had an unpaid principal balance of $7.5 million and a fair value of $7.7 million.

The following table provides a reconciliation of notes and loans receivable measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs for the six months ended June 30 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Balance at January 1, |  | $ | 7,660 |  |  | $ | 11,559 |
Additions |  |  | 3,137 |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value |  |  | (1,489 | ) |  |  | (292 | )
Balance at June 30, |  | $ | 9,308 |  |  | $ | 11,267 |

Warrant Liabilities

In connection with the Company's merger with Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp. (“SRNG”) on September 16, 2021, the Company assumed 34.5 million publicly-traded warrants (“Public Warrants”) and 17.3 million private placement warrants (the “Private Placement Warrants”) previously issued in connection with SRNG’s initial public offering. The fair value of the Public Warrants is based on the observable quoted price of such warrants on the New York Stock Exchange. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is considered to be a Level 3 fair value measurement. The primary unobservable input used in the valuation of the Private Placement Warrants is expected stock-price volatility. The Company estimated the volatility of its Private Placement Warrants using a Monte-Carlo simulation of the redeemable Public Warrants that assumes optimal exercise of the Company's redemption option at the earliest possible date. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero-coupon yield curve for a maturity similar to the expected remaining life of the warrants. The expected life of the warrants is assumed to be equivalent to their remaining contractual term. The dividend yield is based on the historical rate, which the Company anticipates remaining at zero.

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##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

The following table provides quantitative information regarding Level 3 inputs used in the recurring valuation of the Private Placement Warrants as of their measurement dates:

|  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Exercise price |  | $ | 11.50 |  |  | $ | 11.50 |
Stock price |  | $ | 1.86 |  |  | $ | 1.69 |
Volatility |  |  | 79.0 | % |  |  | 71.5 | %
Term (in years) |  |  | 3.21 |  |  | 3.71 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 4.49 | % |  |  | 4.11 | %

The following table provides a reconciliation of the Private Placement Warrants measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs for the six months ended June 30 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Balance at January 1, |  | $ | 3,860 |  |  | $ | 58,558 |
Change in fair value |  |  | 1,175 |  |  |  | (49,549 | )
Balance at June 30, |  | $ | 5,035 |  |  | $ | 9,009 |

Contingent Consideration

In connection with the acquisition of FGen in April 2022, the Company is required to make contingent earnout payments up to $20.0 mi llion primarily related to the successful integration and deployment of the FGen technology across the Company's programs.

In connection with the acquisition of Dutch DNA Biotech B.V. (“Dutch DNA”) in July 2021, the Company is required to make contingent earnout payments up to a maximum of $20.0 million payable upon the achievement of certain technical and commercial milestones by Dutch DNA pursuant to a Technical Development Agreement executed between the Company and Dutch DNA prior to the close of the acquisition.

In connection with the acquisition of Circularis Biotechnologies, Inc., (“Circularis”) in October 2022, the Company is required to make contingent earnout payments up to a maximum of $40.0 million payable primarily upon the achievement of certain clinical trial milestones over a five-year period.

In connection with the acquisition of Altar SAS (“Altar”) in October 2022, the Company is required to make contingent earnout payments up to $2.5 million upon the successful transfer of the Altar technology to Ginkgo's sites in the U.S.

The Company also issued restricted stock related to acquisitions that is subject to vesting conditions and is classified as contingent consideration liability. The fair value of contingent consideration related to restricted stock was estimated using the quoted price of Ginkgo's Class A common stock, an estimate of the number of shares expected to vest, probability of vesting, and a discount rate. The fair value of contingent consideration related to earnout payments from acquisitions was estimated using unobservable (Level 3) inputs as illustrated in the table below. Material increases or decreases in these inputs could result in a higher or lower fair value measurement. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recorded in general and administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The Company can settle all contingent consideration liabilities, other than those related to the Dutch DNA acquisition, in cash or shares of Class A common stock at the Company’s election. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company settled $3.8 million in contingent consideration liabilities through payment of $1.5 million in cash and vesting of 1.2 million shares of restricted stock, with a value of $2.3 million. Of that amount, $1.4 million related to the Circularis asset acquisition was recorded as an increase to the acquired intangible asset with an offset to additional paid-in-capital as the contingent consideration liability was deemed not probable until the filing of a registration statement.

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

The following table provides quantitative information regarding Level 3 inputs used in the fair value measurements of contingent consideration liabilities as of the periods presented:

|  |  |  |  |  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Contingent Consideration Liability |  | Valuation Technique |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range |  |  | Range |
Earnout payments (FGen, Dutch DNA, Circularis and Altar acquisitions) |  | Probability-weighted present value |  | Probability of payment |  | 1% - 95% |  |  | 2% - 100% |
|  |  |  | Discount rate |  | 13.5% - 14.6% |  |  | 12.2% - 13.1% |
Earnout payments (Dutch DNA acquisition) |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Projected years of payments |  | 2025 - 2028 |  |  | 2025 - 2028 |
|  |  |  | Discount rate |  |  | 11.5 | % |  |  | 12.0 | %

The following table provides a reconciliation of the contingent consideration measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs for the six months ended June 30 (in thousands):

|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Balance at January 1, |  | $ | 24,473 |  |  | $ | 8,467 |
Additions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,306 |
Change in fair value |  |  | 8,453 |  |  |  | 300 |
Settlements and payments |  |  | (2,364 | ) |  |  | (2,644 | )
Balance at June 30, |  | $ | 30,562 |  |  | $ | 18,429 |

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company measures the fair value of certain assets, including investments in privately held companies without readily determinable fair values, on a nonrecurring basis. These assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. These nonrecurring fair value measurements are considered to be Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

During the first half of 2023, the Company received $11.0 million in Simple Agreement for Future Equity (“SAFEs”) from customers as prepayment for Cell Engineering services. The Company used a scenario-based method to value the SAFEs at contract inception, which resulted in a total fair value of $4.5 million. Under the scenario-based method, future cash flows were evaluated under qualified financing and dissolution scenarios with partial recovery and no recovery in dissolution. The cash flows under each scenario were probability-weighted and discounted to present value. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement were scenario probabilities of 20% to 60%, a discount rate of 14% and estimated time to event date of one to two years.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded a $1.8 million impairment loss related to a SAFE to write-down its carrying amount to its estimated fair value. The fair value measurement of the impairment loss was determined using the scenario-based method, whereby dissolution scenarios with partial recovery and no recovery were probability weighted 15% and 85%, respectively, and discounted to present value using a discount rate of 14%.

Additionally, the Company recorded an impairment loss related to certain equipment that met the asset held-for-sale criteria. Refer to Note 6 for additional detail.

4. Investments and Equity Method Investments

The Company partners with other investors to form business ventures, including Motif FoodWorks, Inc. (“Motif”), Allonnia, LLC (“Allonnia”), Arcaea, LLC (“Arcaea”), Verb Biotics, LLC (“Verb”), BiomEdit, LLC (“BiomEdit”) and Ayana Bio, LLC (“Ayana”) (collectively “Platform Ventures”). The Company also partners with existing entities, including Genomatica, Inc. (“Genomatica”) and Synlogic, Inc. (“Synlogic”) (collectively, “Legacy Structured Partnerships”) with complementary assets for high potential synthetic biology applications. The Company holds equity interests in these Platform Ventures and Structured Partnerships. The Company also holds equity interests in other public and private companies as a result of entering into collaboration and license revenue arrangements with these entities.

The Company accounts for its investments in Platform Ventures under the equity method. The Company's marketable equity securities consist of Synlogic common stock, Synlogic warrants and the shares of common stock of other publicly traded companies. Marketable equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in other income (expense) in the condensed

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company’s non-marketable equity securities consist of preferred stock of Genomatica and preferred and common stock of other privately held companies without readily determinable fair values. Non-marketable equity securities are initially recorded using the measurement alternative at cost and subsequently adjusted for any impairment and observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar security of the same issuer. During the three months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recorded a $10.1 million impairment charge, included as a component of loss on investments in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, due to a decline in the fair value of the Company's investment in Genomatica preferred stock. There were no impairments recorded or adjustments from observable price changes related to non-marketable equity securities during the three or six months ended June 30, 2023.

The Company also holds investments in early-stage synthetic biology product companies via SAFEs. The Company enters into SAFE agreements in conjunction with a revenue contract with a customer under which the Company grants the customer a prepaid Cell Engineering services credit equal to the principal amount of the SAFE (the “Purchase Amount”), which may be used and drawn down as payment for the Company’s research and development services. The SAFEs will automatically convert into shares of preferred stock equal to the Purchase Amount divided by the discount price, which is calculated as the price per share sold in a qualified equity financing multiplied by a discount rate. The SAFEs also provide the Company with the right to future equity of the entity in a liquidation scenario or the cash-out amount in liquidation and dissolution scenarios or at the election of the SAFE issuer prior to an agreed outside date. The Company initially records SAFEs at fair value (see Note 3) and adjusts the carrying amount of the instrument at each reporting period for any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar instrument of the same issuer. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recorded a $1.8 million impairment charge related to SAFEs, included as a component of loss on investments in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. There was no impairment recorded during the three or six months ended June 30, 2022 and no adjustments from observable price changes during any of the periods presented.

Investments and equity method investments consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |
Genomatica, Inc. preferred stock |  | $ | 44,885 |  |  | $ | 44,885 |
Synlogic, Inc. common stock |  |  | 2,727 |  |  |  | 4,819 |
Synlogic, Inc. warrants |  |  | 1,095 |  |  |  | 1,937 |
Marketable equity securities |  |  | 17,149 |  |  |  | 20,895 |
Non-marketable equity securities |  |  | 29,259 |  |  |  | 17,544 |
SAFEs |  |  | 24,829 |  |  |  | 22,108 |
Total |  | $ | 119,944 |  |  | $ | 112,188 |
Equity method investments (1): |  |  |  |  |  |
BiomEdit, LLC |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 369 |
Other |  |  | 1,120 |  |  |  | 1,174 |
Total |  | $ | 1,120 |  |  | $ | 1,543 |

(1) Equity method investments in Platform Ventures with a carrying value of zero as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were excluded from the table.

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Losses on investments and equity method investments consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Loss on investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Synlogic, Inc. common stock |  | $ | (1,281 | ) |  | $ | (7,926 | ) |  | $ | (2,092 | ) |  | $ | (8,053 | )
Synlogic, Inc. warrants |  |  | (514 | ) |  |  | (3,185 | ) |  |  | (841 | ) |  |  | (3,236 | )
Genomatica, Inc. |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,115 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (10,115 | )
Marketable equity securities |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | (17,447 | ) |  |  | (3,747 | ) |  |  | (16,819 | )
SAFEs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,811 | ) |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | (2,121 | ) |  | $ | (38,673 | ) |  | $ | (8,491 | ) |  | $ | (38,223 | )
Loss on equity method investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Joyn Bio, LLC |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (5,424 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (10,411 | )
Verb Biotics, LLC |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,900 | )
BiomEdit, LLC |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,552 | ) |  |  | (1,462 | ) |  |  | (4,552 | )
Other |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (190 | ) |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | (190 | )
Total |  | $ | (67 | ) |  | $ | (10,166 | ) |  | $ | (1,516 | ) |  | $ | (31,053 | )

5. Variable Interest Entities

Consolidated Variable Interest Entity

The Company consolidated Cooksonia, LLC (“Cooksonia”), a variable interest entity (“VIE”) formed by the Company and certain other investors for the purposes of holding the Company’s investment in the Joyn Bio, LLC (“Joyn Bio”) joint venture, prior to the joint venture's termination in the fourth quarter of 2022. The Company concluded that it held a variable interest in and was the primary beneficiary of Cooksonia as it controlled the most significant activities of Cooksonia by controlling 100% of the board of directors of Cooksonia and held a controlling financial interest in Cooksonia.

Unconsolidated Variable Interest Entities

During the first quarter of 2022, the Company deconsolidated Verb following the hiring of a new chief executive officer of Verb who was not an affiliate, related party or agent of Ginkgo. The chief executive officer was also appointed to Verb's Joint Steering Committee and board of directors. As a result, the Company no longer had substantive control of the board of directors or the Joint Steering Committee. Accordingly, the Company concluded that it was no longer the primary beneficiary of Verb as it no longer controlled the most significant activities of the entity. As a result of this change in the primary beneficiary determination, the Company deconsolidated the entity and recorded a gain on deconsolidation of $15.9 million equal to the fair value of the retained interest as of the deconsolidation date. The fair value of the retained interest was determined using the option pricing method. The option pricing method used a Black-Scholes methodology to infer the total equity value based on the pricing of the Series A preferred unit financing given the proximity of the deconsolidation event to the financing.

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company has concluded that its investments in Motif, Allonnia, Genomatica, Arcaea, BiomEdit, Verb and Ayana (collectively, the “Unconsolidated VIEs”) represent variable interests and that these entities are VIEs. Although the Company may have board representation and is involved in the ongoing development activities of the entities via its participation on the JSC, the Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of these entities. This conclusion is supported by the fact that: (i) the Company does not control the board of directors of any of the Unconsolidated VIEs, and no voting or consent agreements exist between the Company and other members of each respective board of directors or other investors, (ii) the holders of preferred security interests in the Unconsolidated VIEs hold certain rights that require their consent prior to taking certain actions, which include certain significant operating and financing decisions, and (iii) the Company’s representation on the JSC of each respective entity does not give it control over the development activities of any of the Unconsolidated VIEs, as all JSC decisions are made by consensus and there are no agreements in place that would require any of the entities to vote in alignment with the Company. As the Company’s involvement in the Unconsolidated VIEs does not give it the power to control the decisions with respect to their development or other activities, which are their most significant activities, the Company has concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of the Unconsolidated VIEs.

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Additionally, the Company holds equity interests in certain privately-held companies that are not consolidated as the Company is not the primary beneficiary. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the maximum risk of loss related to the Company’s unconsolidated VIEs was limited to the carrying value of its investments in such entities.

Refer to Note 4 for additional details on the Company’s investments and equity method investments.

6. Supplemental Financial Information

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheet to the totals shown within the condensed consolidated statement of cash flows is as follows (in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 1,105,787 |  |  | $ | 1,377,152 |
Restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets (1) |  |  | 22,483 |  |  |  | 4,239 |
Restricted cash included in other non-current assets (1) |  |  | 43,791 |  |  |  | 39,444 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 1,172,061 |  |  | $ | 1,420,835 |

(1) I ncludes cash balances collateralizing letters of credit associated with the Company’s facility leases and a customer prepayment requiring segregation and restrictions in its use in accordance with the customer agreement.

Inventory, net

Inventory, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Finished goods |  | $ | 4,435 |  |  | $ | 6,556 |
Raw materials |  |  | 905 |  |  |  | 1,590 |
Less: inventory reserve |  |  | (4,949 | ) |  |  | (3,782 | )
Inventory, net |  | $ | 391 |  |  | $ | 4,364 |

Property, Plant, and Equipment, net

Property, plant, and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Lab equipment |  | $ | 180,025 |  |  | $ | 183,292 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 136,197 |  |  |  | 125,307 |
Buildings and facilities |  |  | 46,927 |  |  |  | 46,019 |
Construction in progress |  |  | 19,831 |  |  |  | 23,426 |
Computer equipment and software |  |  | 15,322 |  |  |  | 15,219 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 8,352 |  |  |  | 8,206 |
Land |  |  | 6,060 |  |  |  | 6,060 |
Total property, plant, and equipment |  |  | 412,714 |  |  |  | 407,529 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization |  |  | (118,470 | ) |  |  | (92,756 | )
Property, plant, and equipment, net |  | $ | 294,244 |  |  | $ | 314,773 |

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the Company identified certain lab equipment acquired as part of the Zymergen, Inc. (“Zymergen”) acquisition that met the asset held-for-sale criteria and were reclassified as assets held-for-sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The aggregate net book value of the equipm ent of $14.9 million was written down to fair value less cost to sell, resulting in an impairment loss of $9.0 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, included in general and

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##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

administrative expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss. The fair value measurement relating to the impairment loss was based on the executed sales agreement and represents a Level 2 input within the fair value hierarchy. As of June 30, 2023, the Company had $4.2 million of lab equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, classified as held for sale in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. The sale is expected to be completed by the end of 2023.

Capitalization

The following table presents the Company’s authorized, issued, and outstanding common stock as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

| Authorized |  |  | Issued |  |  | Outstanding |
Common stock as of June 30, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A |  | 10,500,000 |  |  |  | 1,595,167 |  |  |  | 1,478,611 |
Class B |  | 4,500,000 |  |  |  | 378,273 |  |  |  | 356,093 |
Class C |  | 800,000 |  |  |  | 120,000 |  |  |  | 120,000 |
|  | 15,800,000 |  |  |  | 2,093,440 |  |  |  | 1,954,704 |
Common stock as of December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Class A |  | 10,500,000 |  |  |  | 1,448,234 |  |  |  | 1,337,499 |
Class B |  | 4,500,000 |  |  |  | 383,649 |  |  |  | 354,477 |
Class C |  | 800,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |
|  | 15,800,000 |  |  |  | 2,031,883 |  |  |  | 1,891,976 |

On April 3, 2023, the Company issued 2.8 million shares of its Class A common stock as purchase consideration for the acquisition of StrideBio, Inc. (“StrideBio”) (see Note 8).

On May 9, 2023, the Company issued 2.0 million shares of its Class A common stock, valued at approximately $2.5 million, as settlement for employee retention payments associated with the FGen acquisition.

Refer to Note 9, Stock-Based Compensation, for shares of common stock issued in relation to the Company’s equity incentive plans.

Changes in the number of shares of Class C common stock issued and outstanding represent an exchange of Class C common stock for the same number of shares of Class A common stock pursuant to a stockholder exchange agreement.

Supplemental cash flow information

The following table presents non-cash investing and financing activities (in thousands):

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
ROU Asset obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities upon adoption of ASC 842 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 147,744 |
ROU Asset obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities upon adoption of ASC 842 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,397 |
ROU Asset obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  |  | 13,649 |  |  |  | 28,000 |
ROU Asset obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,096 |
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable and accrued expenses |  |  | 2,324 |  |  |  | 6,741 |
Equity received in related parties |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,873 |
Convertible financial instruments received for Cell Engineering services |  |  | 5,595 |  |  |  | 11,939 |
Equity securities and warrants received for Cell Engineering services |  |  | 12,493 |  |  |  | 3,423 |
Settlement of contingent consideration - restricted stock |  |  | 2,262 |  |  |  | — |
Common stock issued for business and asset acquisitions |  |  | 3,581 |  |  |  | 17,015 |
Contingent consideration for business acquisition |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,306 |

* As adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2022. See Note 1 for a summary of the adjustments.

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##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

7. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net

All goodwill is allocated to the Cell Engineering reporting unit and segment identified in Note 11. Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill consisted of the following (in thousands):

Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 60,210 |
Impact of foreign currency translation |  |  | 592 |
Measurement period adjustments |  |  | (1,973 | )
Balance as of June 30, 2023 |  | $ | 58,829 |

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized a measurement period adjustment related to the Zymergen acquisition, which resulted in a decrease to goodwill of $2.2 million, an increase to accounts receivable of $1.8 million, and a decrease to accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $0.4 million. The adjustment was a result of updated information about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date regarding the collectability of an acquired accounts receivable and accrued expenses under a collaboration agreement. Additionally, $0.2 million was added to goodwill related to the Altar SAS acquisition.

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Gross Carrying Value (1) |  |  | Accumulated Amortization (1) |  |  | Net Carrying Value |  |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period |
June 30, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Developed technology |  | $ | 118,134 |  |  | $ | (16,717 | ) |  | $ | 101,417 |  |  |  | 9.0 |
Database |  |  | 3,700 |  |  |  | (371 | ) |  |  | 3,329 |  |  |  | 6.3 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 380 |  |  |  | (166 | ) |  |  | 214 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Assembled workforce |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | (117 | ) |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 0.5 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 122,404 |  |  | $ | (17,371 | ) |  | $ | 105,033 |  |  |  |
December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Developed technology |  | $ | 115,824 |  |  | $ | (8,825 | ) |  | $ | 106,999 |  |  |  | 9.4 |
Database |  |  | 3,700 |  |  |  | (107 | ) |  |  | 3,593 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
Customer relationships |  |  | 380 |  |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | 309 |  |  |  | 1.6 |
Assembled workforce |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | (50 | ) |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | 1.0 |
Total intangible assets |  | $ | 120,094 |  |  | $ | (9,053 | ) |  | $ | 111,041 |  |  |  |

(1) Gross carrying value and accumulated amortization include the impact of cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments.

Amortization expense was $4.0 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $8.3 million and $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, estimated future amortization expense for identifiable intangible assets is as follows (in thousands):

Remainder of 2023 |  | $ | 7,911 |
2024 |  |  | 15,630 |
2025 |  |  | 15,505 |
2026 |  |  | 15,505 |
2027 |  |  | 12,431 |
Thereafter |  |  | 38,051 |
Total |  | $ | 105,033 |

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Purchase Obligations

On March 31, 2022, the Company entered into a four-year supply agreement with Twist Bioscience Corporation for the purchase of diverse products including synthetic DNA. The agreement obligates the Company to a minimum spend over a four-year term (with

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

each annual year defined as April 1 to March 31). The remaining three year term minimum annual commitments are: year 2, $13.0 million; year 3, $16.0 million; and year 4, $19.0 million.

Contingent Consideration Related to Asset Acquisitions

On April 5, 2023, the Company entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”) with StrideBio to acquire StrideBio's adeno-associated virus capsid discovery and engineering platform assets, with a secondary close contingent upon the transfer of certain additional in-license agreements to Ginkgo. The Company accounted for the transaction as an asset acquisition as substantially all of the fair value of the assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset. The fair value of the consideration transferred totaled $4.0 million and consisted of 2.8 million shares of Ginkgo's Class A common stock valued at $3.6 million and a $0.4 million contingent holdback, all of which was expensed as in-process research and development during the three months ended June 30, 2023, as the assets have no alternative future use. Additional consideration of $7.5 million is payable on the secondary closing date in cash or shares of Class A common stock at the Company’s election. The APA also provides for royalty payments of up to $17.5 million payable in cash or shares of Class A common stock at the Company's election until the earlier of the tenth anniversary date of the initial closing and the date on which the aggregate amount of the royalty payments equals the amount cap. The royalties are calculated based on 10% of the net licensing revenue and 40% of all consideration received for a license or sale of a product incorporating the acquired platform assets. No amounts for the royalty payments have been recorded during the three or six months ended June 30, 2023.

The Company routinely acquires rights to intellectual property that may provide for payment of future contingent consideration, including royalties, should revenue be generated from the use of such.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company may in the ordinary course of business be named as a defendant in lawsuits, indemnity claims and other legal proceedings. Except as described below, the Company does not believe any pending litigation to be material, or that the outcome of any such pending litigation, in management’s judgment based on information currently available, would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

On August 4, 2021, a putative securities class action was filed on behalf of purchasers of the common stock of Zymergen, pursuant to or traceable to the registration statement for Zymergen’s initial public offering (“IPO”). The action is pending in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, and is captioned Wang v. Zymergen Inc., et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-06028-VC. The action alleges violations of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) in connection with Zymergen’s IPO, names Zymergen, certain of its former officers and directors, and its IPO underwriters as defendants and seeks damages in an unspecified amount, attorneys’ fees, and other remedies. Zymergen intends to defend vigorously against such allegations.

On November 9, 2021, one of Zymergen’s then purported shareholders filed a putative derivative lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California that is captioned Mellor v. Hoffman, et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-08723-VC. The complaint names certain of Zymergen’s former officers and directors as defendants and Zymergen as nominal defendant based on allegations substantially similar to those in the securities class action. The complaint purports to assert claims on Zymergen’s behalf for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, corporate waste, and contribution under the federal securities laws and seeks corporate reforms, unspecified damages and restitution, and fees and costs. Zymergen intends to defend vigorously against such allegations.

On or about February 7, 2023, a complaint was filed by Fortis Advisors LLC, solely in its capacity as Stockholders’ Representative for the holders of convertible promissory notes of Lodo Therapeutics Corporation (“Lodo”), against the Company's subsidiary, Zymergen, in Delaware Superior Court. The complaint purports to allege violations of California securities laws based on Zymergen’s exchange of its common stock for convertible promissory notes issued by Lodo in connection with Zymergen’s May 2021 acquisition of Lodo. The complaint seeks damages in an unspecified amount, attorneys’ fees, and other remedies. Zymergen intends to defend vigorously against such allegations.

In addition, certain government agencies, including the SEC, have requested information related to Zymergen’s August 3, 2021 disclosure. Zymergen is cooperating fully.

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##### Table of Contents

Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

9. Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense by financial statement line item in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the periods presented (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Research and development |  | $ | 39,927 |  |  | $ | 216,838 |  |  | $ | 86,427 |  |  | $ | 477,846 |
General and administrative |  |  | 21,561 |  |  |  | 389,677 |  |  |  | 48,047 |  |  |  | 781,490 |
Total |  | $ | 61,488 |  |  | $ | 606,515 |  |  | $ | 134,474 |  |  | $ | 1,259,336 |

The Company grants stock-based incentive awards pursuant to the 2021 Incentive Award Plan (the “2021 Plan”) and the 2022 Inducement Plan (the “2022 Inducement Plan”). As of June 30, 2023, there were approximately 187.9 million shares and 8.3 million shares available for future issuance under the 2021 Plan and 2022 Inducement Plan, respectively.

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is presented below:

|  | Number of Shares (1) |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term |  |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (2) |
|  | (in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | (in years) |  |  |  | (in thousands) |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 10,501 |  |  | $ | 0.34 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 979 |  |  |  | 1.90 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (1,572 | ) |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding as of June 30, 2023 |  |  | 9,908 |  |  |  | 0.55 |  |  |  | 2.55 |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,614 |
Exercisable as of June 30, 2023 |  |  | 8,707 |  |  |  | 0.30 |  |  |  | 1.56 |  |  |  |  |  | 14,614 |

(1) Excludes 1.9 million shares underlying options issued outside the accounting for compensation awards under ASC 718.

(2) The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of the quarter and the exercise prices, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options.

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $2.9 million and $9.1 million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted options with an aggregate fair value of $1.4 million and $1.2 million, respectively. The weighted-average fair value of options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $1.43 and $1.84 per share, respectively, and was calculated using the following key input assumptions in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 3.94 | % |  |  | 3.25 | %
Expected volatility |  |  | 93 | % |  |  | 75 | %
Expected term (in years) |  |  | 5.5 |  |  |  | 5.5 |
Dividend yield |  |  | 0 | % |  |  | 0 | %

As of June 30, 2023, there was $1.8 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.2 years.

Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units

During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company cash settled approximately 3.2 million restricted stock units (“RSUs”) granted to non-employee directors for a total cash payment of $9.8 million.

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

A summary of the RSU and restricted stock award (“RSA”) activity for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is presented below:

|  | Restricted Stock Units |  |  | Restricted Stock Awards |
|  | Number of Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  |  | Number of Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 134,436 |  |  | $ | 5.84 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | $ | 1.99 |
Granted |  |  | 88,869 |  |  |  | 1.32 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Vested |  |  | (27,217 | ) |  |  | 6.83 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 1.99 |
Forfeited |  |  | (11,852 | ) |  |  | 4.24 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Nonvested as of June 30, 2023 |  |  | 184,236 |  |  |  | 3.61 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

The weighted average grant date fair value of RSUs granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $1.32 and $3.79, respectively. No RSAs were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

The aggregate grant date fair value of the RSUs that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $185.9 million and $199.3 million, respectively. The aggregate grant date fair value of the RSAs that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was de minimis.

As of June 30, 2023, there was $413.6 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.2 years.

Earnouts

Earnout shares represent equity awards in the form of RSUs and RSAs that were granted to existing shareholders of the Company as of the closing date of the Company's merger with SRNG on September 16, 2021 (the “Closing Date”). The earnout shares are subject to the same terms and conditions as the underlying awards (including with respect to vesting and termination-related provisions). Additionally, t he earnout shares are subject to a market condition that will be met when the trading price of the Company's common stock is greater than or equal to $12.50, $15.00, $17.50 and $20.00 for any 20 trading days within any period of 30 consecutive trading days, on or before the fifth anniversary of the Closing Date (collectively, the “Earnout Targets”). The first Earnout Target of $12.50 per share was met on November 15, 2021.

A summary of activity during the six months ended June 30, 2023 for the earnout shares is presented below:

|  | Number of Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Nonvested as of December 31, 2022 |  |  | 23,520 |  |  | $ | 12.79 |
Vested |  |  | (307 | ) |  |  | 13.34 |
Forfeited |  |  | (241 | ) |  |  | 12.25 |
Nonvested as of June 30, 2023 |  |  | 22,972 |  |  |  | 12.79 |

The aggregate grant date fair value of the earnout shares that vested during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 was $4.1 million and $5.8 million, respectively.

As of June 30, 2023, there was $9.9 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to earnout shares to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

10. Revenue Recognition

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table sets forth the percentage of Cell Engineering revenues by industry based on total Cell Engineering revenue:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Pharma and biotech |  |  | 40 | % |  |  | 15 | % |  |  | 35 | % |  |  | 16 | %
Agriculture |  |  | 20 | % |  |  | 4 | % |  |  | 23 | % |  |  | 4 | %
Consumer and technology |  |  | 14 | % |  |  | 61 | % |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 52 | %
Food and nutrition |  |  | 11 | % |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | 13 | % |  |  | 9 | %
Industrial and environment |  |  | 11 | % |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 16 | %
Government and defense |  |  | 4 | % |  |  | 3 | % |  |  | 5 | % |  |  | 3 | %
Total Cell Engineering revenue |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | % |  |  | 100 | %

For the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s revenue from customers within the United States comprised 84% and 82%, respectively, of total revenue. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s revenue from customers within the United States comprised 84% and 91%, respectively, of total revenue.

Contract Balances

The Company recognizes a contract asset when the Company transfers goods or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration or before payment is due, excluding any amounts presented as accounts receivable. The Company had no contract asset balances as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, primarily consist of payments received in advance of performance under the contract or when the Company has an unconditional right to consideration under the terms of the contract before it transfers goods or services to the customer. The Company’s collaborative arrangements with its investees and related parties typically include upfront payments consisting of cash or non-cash consideration for future research and development services and non-cash consideration in the form of convertible financial instruments and equity securities for licenses that will be transferred in the future. The Company records the upfront cash payments and fair value of the convertible financial instruments and equity securities as deferred revenue.

The Company also invoices customers based on contractual billing schedules, which results in the recording of deferred revenue to the extent payment is received prior to the Company’s performance of the related services. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue as (or when) the Company performs under the contract.

During the six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recogniz ed $44.1 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance of $222.6 million as of December 31, 2022. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company recognized $25.2 million of revenue that was included in the contract liabilities balance of $189.2 million as of December 31, 2021.

Performance Obligations

The aggregate amount of the transaction price that was allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied or are partially satisfied as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $115.1 million and $123.5 million, respectively. The Company has elected the practical expedient not to provide the remaining performance obligation disclosures related to contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue on a cost-plus basis in the amount to which it has the right to invoice, and for contracts with a term of one year or less. As of June 30, 2023, of the performance obligations not yet satisfied or partially satisfied, nearly all is expected to be recognized as revenue during the years 2023 t o 2027.

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

11. Segment Information

The Company has identified two operating and reportable segments: Cell Engineering and Biosecurity. The following table presents summary results of the Company’s reportable segments for the periods indicated (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
| 2023 |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cell Engineering | $ | 45,283 |  |  | $ | 44,242 |  |  | $ | 79,379 |  |  | $ | 65,730 |
Biosecurity |  | 35,285 |  |  |  | 100,376 |  |  |  | 81,891 |  |  |  | 247,293 |
Total revenue |  | 80,568 |  |  |  | 144,618 |  |  |  | 161,270 |  |  |  | 313,023 |
Segment cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Biosecurity |  | 18,096 |  |  |  | 63,911 |  |  |  | 40,471 |  |  |  | 149,343 |
Segment research and development expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cell Engineering |  | 86,083 |  |  |  | 63,948 |  |  |  | 184,605 |  |  |  | 112,359 |
Biosecurity |  | 528 |  |  |  | 443 |  |  |  | 1,095 |  |  |  | 960 |
Total segment research and development expense |  | 86,611 |  |  |  | 64,391 |  |  |  | 185,700 |  |  |  | 113,319 |
Segment general and administrative expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cell Engineering |  | 50,907 |  |  |  | 36,601 |  |  |  | 112,599 |  |  |  | 63,294 |
Biosecurity |  | 16,699 |  |  |  | 12,409 |  |  |  | 30,655 |  |  |  | 25,644 |
Total segment general and administrative expense |  | 67,606 |  |  |  | 49,010 |  |  |  | 143,254 |  |  |  | 88,938 |
Segment operating (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cell Engineering |  | (91,707 | ) |  |  | (56,307 | ) |  |  | (217,825 | ) |  |  | (109,923 | )
Biosecurity |  | (38 | ) |  |  | 23,613 |  |  |  | 9,670 |  |  |  | 71,346 |
Total segment operating loss |  | (91,745 | ) |  |  | (32,694 | ) |  |  | (208,155 | ) |  |  | (38,577 | )
Operating expenses not allocated to segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock-based compensation (1) |  | 62,477 |  |  |  | 607,270 |  |  |  | 137,677 |  |  |  | 1,266,305 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 17,652 |  |  |  | 9,028 |  |  |  | 36,610 |  |  |  | 17,968 |
Asset impairment |  | 9,001 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,001 |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of contingent consideration liability |  | 3,276 |  |  |  | (1,213 | ) |  |  | 8,453 |  |  |  | 300 |
Loss from operations | $ | (184,151 | ) |  | $ | (647,779 | ) |  | $ | (399,896 | ) |  | $ | (1,323,150 | )

* As adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2022. See Note 1 for a summary of the adjustments.

(1) Includes $1.0 million and $0.8 million in employer payroll taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $3.2 million and $7.0 million in employer payroll taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

12. Significant Collaboration Transactions

BiomEdit, LLC

In April 2022, the Company, along with one of its investors and third-party investors, including Elanco Animal Health Inc. (“Elanco”), launched BiomEdit, LLC (“BiomEdit”), a microbiome innovation company that intends to discover, design and develop novel probiotics, microbiome derived bioactives and engineered microbial medicines in the field of animal health. Concurrently with the launch, the Company entered into (i) an Intellectual Property Contribution Agreement (“BiomEdit IP Agreement”) that granted BiomEdit a license to certain of the Company’s intellectual property, (ii) a Technical Development Agreement (“BiomEdit TDA”) that establishes the terms under which the Company will provide technical research and development services, and (iii) a Common Unit Issuance Agreement (“BiomEdit CUIA”) which compensates the Company for its intellectual property contribution. Contemporaneous with these agreements, BiomEdit entered into a Series A Preferred Unit Purchase Agreement under which it sold 6.7 million Series A preferred units to one of the Company’s investors and a third-party investor, for aggregate proceeds of

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

approximately $32.5 million. After the initial closing, BiomEdit may issue up to an additional 1.5 million Series A preferred units (the “Additional Units”) to one or more purchasers reasonably acceptable to the existing holders of Series A preferred units. In a subsequent closing during the first quarter of 2023, BiomEdit sold 0.8 million Additional Units for aggregate proceeds of $4.0 million and closed its Series A preferred unit financing.

Under the BiomEdit IP Agreement, the Company licensed certain intellectual property to BiomEdit for use in the development or production of BiomEdit’s products that the parties will subsequently agree to research and develop under technical development plans (“TDP”). The license rights provide BiomEdit with the ability to commercialize the specified products from the corresponding TDP under the BiomEdit TDA. In return for the license to the intellectual property, BiomEdit issued the Company 3.9 million common units upon execution of the BiomEdit CUIA, with 0.7 million of those units subject to forfeiture in the event BiomEdit does not sell all of the Additional Units. Under the BiomEdit TDA, the parties jointly agree on TDPs, through equal representation on a joint steering committee, under which the Company will perform agreed-upon research and development services in return for consideration on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis for all services provided.

Accounting Analysis

The common unit investment in BiomEdit is considered an equity method investment as a result of the Company’s ability to exercise significant influence over BiomEdit’s financial and operating policies through its ownership of common units. The initial carrying value of the equity method investment in BiomEdit is the fair value of the nonforfeitable common units of $8.9 million received in exchange for the BiomEdit IP Agreement which, as discussed below, is being accounted for as non-cash consideration under ASC 606. The Company determined that the 0.7 million common units held by Ginkgo subject to forfeiture are considered variable consideration that is fully constrained at contract inception until the contingencies related to the issuance of the additional shares are resolved. Upon the closing of BiomEdit's Series A preferred unit financing in the first quarter of 2023, Ginkgo forfeited 0.3 million common units and retained 0.4 million common units for total consideration of $1.1 million. The fair value of BiomEdit’s common units was determined at inception of the agreements using the option pricing method. The option pricing method used a back-solve methodology to infer the total equity value based on the pricing of the Series A preferred unit financing, which was contemporaneous with the BiomEdit IP Agreement.

The Series A preferred units issued by BiomEdit receive a liquidation preference prior to common units. As such, the Company concluded that this represents a substantive profit-sharing arrangement, and the Company is recognizing earnings and losses on the equity method investment using the HLBV method. The Company recorded a $1.5 million loss on its equity method investment in BiomEdit during the six months ended June 30, 2023, which reduced the carrying value of the equity method investment in BiomEdit to zero. There is no commitment for the Company to provide further financial support to BiomEdit, and therefore the carrying value of the equity method investment will not be reduced below zero.

The relationship with BiomEdit is a vendor-customer relationship and is within the scope of ASC 606, as the provision of services and corresponding license rights are considered a part of the Company’s ordinary activities. The common units issued to the Company represent non-cash consideration. While the BiomEdit TDA has been executed by the parties and provides the payment terms for future services, the BiomEdit TDA does not provide for any transfer of goods or services between the parties. However, the Company will provide licenses and services upon execution of the contemplated TDPs. Accordingly, the Company concluded that the BiomEdit TDA, in combination with the BiomEdit CUIA, met the definition of a contract under ASC 606. Each TDP executed under the BiomEdit TDA will be accounted for in accordance with ASC 606.

The Company’s performance obligations under the BiomEdit TDA consist of four material rights to future technical research and development services and commercial licenses under individual TDPs that the Company expects to execute. The material rights represent an advance payment for the license rights, which will be granted upon the execution of future TDPs. As there is no additional payment for these license rights when future TDPs are executed, the Company has determined that there is a material right associated with each of the contemplated TDPs under the BiomEdit TDA. The Company has allocated approximately $2.2 million of the upfront non-cash consideration to each of the four material rights based on the estimated standalone selling price of the performance obligations. During the first quarter of 2023, the additional $1.1 million of non-cash consideration, which represents previously constrained variable consideration, was allocated to each of the four performance obligations under the arrangement with BiomEdit of $0.3 million each consistent with the initial relative selling price allocation.

Upon the execution of a TDP underlying a material right, the Company is obligated to provide technical research and development services under the TDP and a license to applicable patents and other intellectual property designed and developed under the TDP. The technical research and development services and license provided under a TDP are highly interdependent and interrelated with one

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

another. Without the Company’s knowledge, expertise, and platform, there would not be a licensable strain or other commercializable product to transfer to BiomEdit. Further, BiomEdit has rights to intellectual property created as part of each TDP, irrespective of the result of the development. Therefore, each executed TDP underlying a material right consists of one combined performance obligation for the technical research and development services and license to be provided by the Company.

For each TDP underlying a material right, the transaction price consists of (i) either a fixed fee or, if a cost-plus arrangement, variable consideration for the most likely amount of estimated consideration to be received and (ii) non-cash consideration allocated to the material rights. As the services performed by the Company under a TDP create or enhance an asset that BiomEdit controls as the asset is created or enhanced, the Company satisfies the performance obligation and recognizes revenue over time. The Company uses an input method that compares total costs incurred relative to total estimated cost to complete to estimate progress under the contract. Any revisions to the estimated total budgeted costs to complete, and the resulting impact on revenue recognition, are reflected in the period of the change through a cumulative catch-up adjustment.

As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 the Company had a deferred revenue balance of $7.9 million and $8.1 million, respectively, with BiomEdit. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the Company recognized revenue of $0.9 million and $1.8 million, respectively, from services provided to BiomEdit.

13. Net Loss per Share

The Company computes net loss per share of Class A common stock and Class B common stock using the two-class method required for participating securities. The earnings per share amounts are the same for the different classes of common stock because the holders of each class are legally entitled to equal per share distributions whether through dividends or liquidation.

The following potential common shares, presented based on amounts outstanding at each period end, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Warrants to purchase Class A common stock |  |  | 51,825 |  |  |  | 51,825 |
Outstanding stock options |  |  | 11,796 |  |  |  | 21,453 |
Unvested RSUs |  |  | 184,236 |  |  |  | 214,272 |
Unvested RSAs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 93 |
Earnout shares (1) |  |  | 152,318 |  |  |  | 160,521 |
|  |  | 400,175 |  |  |  | 448,164 |

(1) Represents earnout shares for which the service-based vesting conditions and/or market conditions have not been met.

14. Related Parties

The Company’s significant transactions with its related parties are primarily comprised of revenue generating activities under collaboration and license agreements.

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Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Significant related party transactions included in the condensed consolidated balance sheet are summarized below (in thousands):

|  | As of June 30, |  |  |  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |
Accounts receivable: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allonnia, LLC |  | $ | 228 |  |  |  |  | $ | 140 |
Arcaea, LLC |  |  | 68 |  |  |  |  | 335 |
Verb Biotics, LLC |  |  | 285 |  |  |  |  | 361 |
Ayana Bio, LLC |  |  | 202 |  |  |  |  | 403 |
BiomEdit, LLC |  |  | 116 |  |  |  |  | 288 |
Other equity investees |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 31 |
|  | $ | 899 |  |  |  | $ | 1,558 |
Deferred revenue, current and non-current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Motif FoodWorks, Inc. |  | $ | 51,996 |  |  |  |  | $ | 52,018 |
Genomatica, Inc. |  |  | 4,262 |  |  |  |  |  | 6,250 |
Allonnia, LLC |  |  | 35,853 |  |  |  |  |  | 35,876 |
Arcaea, LLC |  |  | 33,226 |  |  |  |  |  | 38,334 |
BiomEdit, LLC |  |  | 7,947 |  |  |  |  | 8,144 |
Other equity investees |  |  | 495 |  |  |  |  | 875 |
|  | $ | 133,779 |  |  |  |  | $ | 141,497 |

Significant related party transactions included in the condensed consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss are summarized below (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 |
Cell Engineering revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Joyn Bio, LLC |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 947 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,129 |
Motif FoodWorks, Inc. |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 507 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,852 |
Genomatica, Inc. |  |  | 779 |  |  |  | 2,405 |  |  |  | 1,988 |  |  |  |  |  | 5,763 |
Allonnia, LLC |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 439 |  |  |  | 245 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,660 |
Arcaea, LLC |  |  | 4,234 |  |  |  | 2,363 |  |  |  | 5,696 |  |  |  |  |  | 6,287 |
Verb Biotics, LLC |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | 639 |  |  |  | 518 |  |  |  |  | 938 |
Ayana Bio, LLC |  |  | 184 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 636 |  |  |  |  | — |
BiomEdit, LLC |  |  | 869 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,777 |  |  |  |  | — |
Other equity investees |  |  | 199 |  |  |  | 673 |  |  |  | 349 |  |  |  |  | 872 |
|  | $ | 6,507 |  |  | $ | 7,973 |  |  | $ | 11,212 |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,501 |

Refer to Note 4 for additional details on the Company’s investments and equity method investments held in its related parties.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed in Item 1A “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

Our mission is to make biology easier to engineer.

Ginkgo is the leading platform for cell programming, providing flexible, end-to-end services that solve challenges for organizations across diverse markets, from food and agriculture to pharmaceuticals to industrial and specialty chemicals. Ginkgo’s biosecurity and public health unit, Concentric by Ginkgo, is building a global infrastructure for biosecurity to empower governments, communities, and public health leaders to prevent, detect and respond to a wide variety of biological threats.

We use our platform to program cells on behalf of our customers. These “cell programs” are designed to enable biological production of products as diverse as novel therapeutics, key food ingredients, and chemicals currently derived from petroleum. Biology did not evolve by end market. All of these applications run on cells which have a common code—DNA—and a common programming platform can enable all of them. Because of this shared platform, we are able to drive scale and learning efficiencies while maintaining flexibility and diversity in our program areas. Ultimately, customers come to us because they believe we maximize the probability of successfully developing their products.

The foundation of our cell programming platform includes two core assets that execute a wide variety of cell programs for customers according to their specifications: our Foundry and our Codebase.

●
Our Foundry wraps proprietary software and automation around core cell engineering workflows— designing DNA, writing DNA, inserting that DNA into cells, testing cells to measure performance—and leverages data analytics and data science to inform each iteration of design. The software, automation and data analysis pipelines we leverage in the Foundry drive a strong scale economic that we refer to as “Knight's Law.” We expect Foundry output, which we currently measure by daily strain tests, to increase year over year, while the cost per strain test decreases. We expect to be able to pass these savings along to our customers, allowing them to take more “shots on goal” with their programs.
●
Our Codebase includes both our physical (engineered cells and genetic parts) and digital (genetic sequences and performance data) biological assets. Codebase accumulates as we execute more cell programs on the platform. Every program, whether successful or not, generates valuable Codebase and helps inform future experimental designs and provides reusable genetic parts, making our cell program designs more efficient. Historically, we have augmented our Codebase via acquisition of assets such as microbial strains, sample collections, and sequence data. In 2022, our Codebase grew to over two billion proprietary protein sequences as a result of recent acquisitions.

As the platform scales, we have observed a virtuous cycle between our Foundry, our Codebase, and the value we deliver to customers. We believe this virtuous cycle sustains Ginkgo’s growth and differentiated value proposition.

●
Foundry: As we take on more work in the Foundry, we benefit from scale economics, which over time may lead to lower program costs. We expect that these lower costs, in turn, will drive additional demand for our cell programming capabilities.
●
Codebase: Cell programs also generate Codebase, which can drive better experimental direction and improve the odds of technical success, further increasing our customer value proposition, which we believe will result in additional demand.

Put simply: we believe that as we scale, the platform improves. We believe that this in turn yields better program execution and customer outcomes, ultimately driving more demand, which drives further investments in scale and platform improvements, and so on. We believe this positive feedback loop has the potential to drive compounding value creation in the future, as every new program we add contributes to both near-term revenues and has the potential to add significant downstream economics and more positive impact.

Our cell programming business model mirrors the structure of our platform and we are compensated in two primary ways. First, we charge usage fees for services, in much the same way that cloud computing companies charge usage fees for utilization of computing

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capacity or contract research organizations charge for services. Additionally, we negotiate a value share with our customers (typically in the form of royalties, milestones, and/or equity interests) in order to align our economics with the success of the programs enabled by our platform. As we add new programs, our portfolio of programs with this “downstream” value potential grows.

With a mission to make biology easier to engineer, we have always recognized the need to invest in biosecurity as a key component of our platform. We’re building the future bioeconomy with our customers and partners, and we envision the future of biosecurity as a global immune system equipped with the capabilities to prevent, detect, and respond to biological threats. The first, critical step in realizing this future is to build a robust early warning system for biological threats—this is the primary focus of Ginkgo’s biosecurity and public health unit, Concentric by Ginkgo.

In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we launched our commercial offering of COVID-19 testing products and services for businesses, academic institutions, and other organizations in which we generate product and service revenue. In 2021, we launched our pooled testing initiative which focuses on providing end-to-end COVID-19 testing and reporting services to public health authorities.

During the second half of 2022, Concentric by Ginkgo expanded to offer biomonitoring and bioinformatic support services internationally as well as domestically. We are currently offering biomonitoring and bioinformatic support services domestically through our partnership with the CDC and XpresCheck, and internationally such as through our partnerships with Qatar Airways and Rwanda Biomedical Centre. These expanded offerings were not a material portion of our revenue in the six months ended June 2023, but we expect their relative value to increase in future periods.

The demand for COVID-19 testing in schools significantly diminished in the second quarter of 2023 and is expected to substantially end in the third quarter of 2023, particularly in light of the announcements from the White House and World Health Organization regarding the end of the public health emergency in May 2023.

We operate in two reportable business segments:

●
Cell Engineering: Consists of research and development services performed under collaboration and license agreements relating to our cell programming platform. Our cell programming platform includes two core assets: the Foundry, highly efficient biology lab facilities, enabled by investment in proprietary workflows, custom software, robotic automation, and data science and analytics, which is paired with our Codebase, a collection of biological “parts” and a database of biological data used to program cells. The Cell Engineering segment includes costs incurred for the development, operation, expansion and enhancement of the Foundry and Codebase. Cell Engineering revenue is derived from service fees and downstream value share in the form of milestone payments, royalties or equity interests.
●
Biosecurity: Consists of biomonitoring and bioinformatic testing products and services primarily provided to public health authorities. Biosecurity revenue is derived from sales of test kits and end-to-end biomonitoring and bioinformatic support services.

Generating Economic Value Through Cell Programs

Our cell programming platform is a key enabling technology and source of intellectual property for our customers’ products. We earn Cell Engineering revenue for our research and development (“R&D”) services as well as through a share of the value of products created using our platform.

We structure Cell Engineering revenue to include some combination of the following:

●
service fees, which may comprise cash and/or non-cash consideration, in the form of:
●
upfront payments upon consummation of an agreement or other fixed payments that are generally recognized over our period of performance;
●
reimbursement for costs incurred for R&D services;
●
milestone payments upon the achievement of specified technical criteria;

plus,

●
downstream value share payments in the form of:
●
milestone payments, which may comprise cash and/or non-cash consideration, upon the achievement of specified commercial criteria;

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●
royalties on sales of products from or comprising engineered organisms;
●
royalties related to cost of goods sold reductions realized by our customers;

or,

●
downstream value share in the form of equity interests in our customer.
●
downstream value share in the form of equity interest appreciation is not recognized as revenue but is expected to contribute to future cash flows upon liquidation, the amount and timing of which is inherently unpredictable.

Customer arrangements which involve non-cash consideration generally fall into two categories: Platform Ventures and Structured Partnerships.

Platform Ventures

Platform Ventures enable Ginkgo to partner with leading multinationals and financial investors to form new ventures in identified market segments with potential to benefit from synthetic biology. In exchange for an equity position in the venture, we contribute license rights to our proprietary cell programming technology and intellectual property, while our partners contribute relevant industry expertise, other resources and venture funding. We also provide R&D services for which we receive cash consideration on a fixed-fee or cost-plus basis. Platform Ventures include:

Motif FoodWorks, Inc.

Founded in 2018, Motif FoodWorks, Inc. (“Motif”) was formed to focus on the application of synthetic biology to reduce the reliance on animal products in the food industry. We entered into an intellectual property contribution agreement that granted Motif rights to our intellectual property, subject to mutually agreed upon technical development plans. In return for our contribution of intellectual property and access to our platform, we received shares of common stock in Motif. The initial fair value of our common stock investment in Motif was $65.1 million, which has subsequently been reduced to a carrying value of zero as a result of the allocation of losses under our accounting for equity method investments. Motif was capitalized through Series A preferred stock financings that raised approximately $119 million in gross proceeds from an investor group which included certain of our investors, Louis Dreyfus Company and Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited. In June 2021, Motif raised an additional $226 million through a Series B preferred stock financing. Ginkgo also entered into a Technical Development Agreement with Motif under which we provide R&D services in return for cash consideration on a cost-plus fixed margin basis. Motif launched its first product, HEMAMI, in 2021.

Allonnia, LLC

Founded in 2019, Allonnia, LLC (“Allonnia”) was formed to focus on the application of synthetic biology in the waste bioremediation and biorecovery industries. We entered into an intellectual property contribution agreement that granted Allonnia rights to our intellectual property, subject to mutually agreed upon technical development plans. In return for our contribution of intellectual property and access to our platform, we received common units in Allonnia with a right to additional units subject to additional closings of Allonnia’s Series A preferred units. The initial fair value of our common units received in Allonnia was $24.5 million, subsequently increased by $12.7 million in 2021, all of which has been reduced to a carrying value of zero as a result of the allocation of losses under our accounting for equity method investments. Allonnia was capitalized through Series A preferred unit financings that raised approximately $52 million in gross proceeds from an investor group which included certain of our investors and Battelle Memorial Institute. In 2023, Allonnia raised an additional $30 million through a Series A extension. Ginkgo also entered into a Technical Development Agreement with Allonnia under which we provide R&D services in return for cash consideration on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis.

Arcaea, LLC

Founded in 2021, Arcaea, LLC (“Arcaea”) was formed to focus on the application of synthetic biology in the beauty and personal care products industry. In March 2021, we entered into an intellectual property contribution agreement that granted Arcaea rights to our intellectual property, subject to mutually agreed upon technical development plans. In return for our contribution of intellectual property and access to our platform, we received common units in Arcaea with a right to additional units subject to additional closings of Arcaea’s Series A preferred units. The initial fair value of our common units received in Arcaea was $11.9 million, which has subsequently been reduced to a carrying value of zero as a result of the allocation of losses under our accounting for equity method investments. Arcaea was capitalized through a Series A preferred unit financing that raised approximately $77 million in gross proceeds from an investor group which included certain of our investors, CHANEL and Givaudan. Upon the closing of the Series A preferred unit financing in July 2021, we received an additional 5.2 million common units in Arcaea. The fair value of our Arcaea

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common units received in July 2021 of $35.5 million has subsequently been reduced to a carrying value of zero as a result of the allocation of losses under our accounting for equity method investments. Ginkgo also entered into a Technical Development Agreement with Arcaea under which we provide R&D services in return for cash consideration on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis.

Ayana Bio, LLC

Founded in September 2021, Ayana Bio, LLC (“Ayana”) was formed to identify and design new bioactive compounds for use as complementary medicine to support human health and wellness. Ayana was capitalized through a Series A funding that raised $30 million in gross proceeds from an investor group comprising certain of our investors. We hold an interest in 9.0 million common units (representing 100% of common units at inception) of Ayana and have also provided Ayana with certain licenses to our intellectual property for use in the development or production of products that we have agreed to research and develop under technical development plans. Prior to the third quarter of 2022, we consolidated Ayana as a variable interest entity. In the third quarter of 2022, we deconsolidated Ayana and began accounting for our retained investment in Ayana as an equity method investment. The initial carrying value of the equity method investment in Ayana was equal to the fair value of our retained interest of $16.0 million as of the deconsolidation date, which has been subsequently reduced to a carrying value of zero due to a basis difference associated with in-process research and development identified as part of the initial accounting for the equity method investment. Ginkgo also entered into a Technical Development Agreement with Ayana under which we provide R&D services in return for cash consideration on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis.

Verb Biotics, LLC

Founded in September 2021, Verb Biotics, LLC (“Verb”) was formed to identify and design new strains of probiotic bacteria with advanced properties for human nutrition, health, and wellness. Verb was capitalized through a Series A funding that raised $30 million in gross proceeds from an investor group comprising certain of our investors. We hold an interest in 9.0 million common units (representing 100% of common units at inception) of Verb and have also provided Verb with certain licenses to our intellectual property for use in the development or production of products that we have agreed to research and develop under technical development plans. Prior to the first quarter of 2022, we consolidated Verb as a variable interest entity. In the first quarter of 2022, we deconsolidated Verb and began accounting for our retained investment in Verb as an equity method investment. The initial carrying value of the equity method investment in Verb was equal to the fair value of our retained interest of $15.9 million as of the deconsolidation date which has been subsequently reduced to a carrying value of zero due to a basis difference associated with in-process research and development identified as part of the initial accounting for the equity method investment. Ginkgo also entered into a Technical Development Agreement with Verb under which we provide R&D services in return for cash consideration on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis.

BiomEdit, LLC

Founded in April 2022, BiomEdit, LLC (“BiomEdit”) was formed to discover, design and develop novel probiotics, microbiome derived bioactives and engineered microbial medicines in the animal health industry. BiomEdit was capitalized through a Series A preferred unit financing that raised approximately $32.5 million in gross proceeds from an investor group which included one of our investors. In April 2022, we entered into an intellectual property contribution agreement that granted BiomEdit rights to our intellectual property, subject to mutually agreed upon technical development plans and, in return, we received 3.9 million voting common units in BiomEdit. In addition, Elanco Animal Health also contributed intellectual property in exchange for 3.9 million non-voting common units in BiomEdit. The initial fair value of our common units received in BiomEdit was $8.9 million, subsequently increased by $1.1 million in the first quarter of 2023, all of which has been reduced to a carrying value of zero as a result of the allocation of losses under our accounting for equity method investments. Ginkgo also entered into a Technical Development Agreement with BiomEdit under which we provide R&D services in return for cash consideration on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis.

Structured Partnerships

Structured Partnerships allow Ginkgo to: (i) partner with early stage synthetic biology product companies to adopt our Foundry as their cell programming R&D platform, in which we offer flexible commercial terms on the service fees including the ability to pay a portion or all of such upfront fees in the form of non-cash consideration (convertible financial instruments and/or equity securities), in addition to downstream value share consideration (“Startup Structured Partnership”); and (ii) partner with existing entities with complementary assets for high potential synthetic biology applications in a large-scale, multi-program collaboration (“Legacy Structured Partnership”). In the three months ended June 30, 2023, and 2022, we entered into 2 and 5 Startup Structured Partnerships, respectively, and received prepayments of service fees in the form of equity securities or convertible financial instruments in the amount of $1.1 million and $9.6 million, respectively, that is recognized as revenue over our period of performance. In the six months ended June 30, 2023, and 2022, we entered into 6 and 7 Startup Structured Partnerships, respectively, and received prepayments of

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service fees in the form of equity securities or convertible financial instruments in the amount of $17.0 million and $12.9 million, respectively, that is recognized as revenue over our period of performance. Our Legacy Structured Partnerships are described below:

Genomatica, Inc.

Genomatica, Inc. (“Genomatica”) is a biotechnology company specializing in the development and manufacturing of intermediate and specialty chemicals from both sugar and alternative feedstocks. In 2016 and 2018, we entered into separate preferred stock purchase agreements in which we offered cash and R&D services to Genomatica in exchange for its preferred shares. The initial cost of the investment in Genomatica’s preferred stock was $55.0 million. As of June 30, 2023, the carrying value of the investment is $44.9 million and reflects the historical cost less an impairment loss recognized in the second quarter of 2022.

Synlogic, Inc.

Synlogic, Inc. (“Synlogic”) is a publicly traded clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on advancing drug discovery and development for synthetic biology-derived medicines. In 2019, we entered into several agreements with Synlogic whereby we purchased Synlogic common stock and warrants to purchase Synlogic common stock and agreed to provide R&D services to Synlogic. At inception, the fair value of Synlogic common stock and warrants was recorded at $35.8 million and $14.4 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, the fair value of Synlogic common stock and warrants was $2.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

See Notes 4 and 12 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further details of our investments in and the material terms of our agreements with our Platform Ventures and Structured Partnerships.

Key Business Metrics

A cell program (or “program”) is the work we do for our customers to enable their product(s) of interest. Programs are defined by a technical development plan or objective. We generally exclude proof-of-concept projects and other exploratory work undertaken on a customer’s behalf from the program count. In the near-term, programs typically deliver multi-year revenue from service fees. Over the long-term, program growth drives a physical infrastructure scale economic through our Foundry, a data and learning scale economic through our Codebase and accumulation of downstream value share. Our key business metrics comprise New Programs, Current Active Programs, and Cumulative Programs.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  | LTM (1) |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |
New Programs |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 69 |
Current Active Programs |  |  | 105 |  |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 139 |
Cumulative Programs |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 198 |

(1)
Last twelve months ended June 30, 2023.

New Programs

New Programs represent the number of unique programs commenced within the reporting period. As new programs typically have multi-year durations, we view this metric as an indication of future Cell Engineering revenue growth.

Current Active Programs

Current Active Programs represent the number of unique programs for which we performed R&D services in the reporting period. We view this metric as an indication of current period and future Cell Engineering revenue.

Cumulative Programs

Cumulative Programs represent the cumulative number of unique programs Ginkgo has commenced. We view this metric as an indication of our competitive advantage and as a leading indicator of the mid- to long-term potential economic value derived from downstream value share arrangements. The cumulative number of programs also contributes to Codebase, which accumulates with each additional program we conduct over time and drives better experimental direction and improves the odds of technical success in current and future programs.

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We believe the preceding metrics are important to understand our current business. These metrics may change or be substituted for additional or different metrics as our business develops. For example, as our program mix changes, our data gathering abilities expand or our understanding of key business drivers develops, we anticipate updating these metrics or their definitions to reflect such changes.

Modification of Equity Awards in Connection with SRNG Business Combination

Prior to our merger with Soaring Eagle Acquisition Corp. on September 16, 2021 (the “SRNG Business Combination”), our restricted stock units (“RSUs”) were granted with both a service-based vesting condition and a performance-based vesting condition. We had historically not recognized any stock-based compensation expense associated with these awards as the achievement of the performance condition required a change in control or an initial public offering (both as defined in the underlying award agreement) that was not deemed probable of occurring. The SRNG Business Combination did not meet the performance condition required for vesting of our RSUs.

On November 17, 2021 our board of directors modified the vesting terms of RSUs to allow 10% of the RSUs that met the service condition as of the closing of the SRNG Business Combination to vest with respect to the performance condition, effective as of November 19, 2021, the date on which the Form S-8 registration statement covering such shares became effective. The remaining RSUs vested in full with respect to the performance condition on or before March 15, 2022. The change to the vesting terms was accounted for as a modification in accordance with ASC 718 and the awards were remeasured using the fair value as of the modification date. RSU earnout shares were also modified as they were subject to the same performance condition as the underlying RSUs, in addition to achieving certain target stock price thresholds. The first target stock price of $12.50 per share was achieved on November 15, 2021. During the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $36.8 million and $594.0 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to the modified RSUs and RSU earnout shares. During the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we recognized $84.7 million and $1,244.1 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to the modified RSUs and RSU earnout shares.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Cell Engineering Revenue

We generate Cell Engineering revenue through the execution of license and collaboration agreements whereby customers obtain license rights to our proprietary technology and intellectual property for use in the development and commercialization of engineered organisms and derived products. Under these agreements, we typically provide R&D services for cell programming with the goal of producing an engineered cell that meets a mutually agreed specification. Our customers obtain license rights to the output of our services, which are primarily the optimized strains or cell lines, in order to manufacture and commercialize products derived from that licensed strain or cell line. Generally, the terms of these agreements provide that we receive some combination of: (1) service fees in the form of (i) upfront payments upon consummation of the agreement or other fixed payments, (ii) reimbursement for costs incurred for R&D services and (iii) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified technical criteria, plus (2) downstream value share payments in the form of (i) milestone payments upon the achievement of specified commercial criteria, (ii) royalties on sales of products from or comprising engineered organisms arising from the collaboration or licensing agreement and (iii) royalties related to cost of goods sold reductions realized by our customers. Royalties did not comprise a material amount of our revenue during any of the periods presented.

Cell Engineering revenue includes transactions with Platform Ventures and Legacy Structured Partnerships where, as part of these transactions, we received an equity interest in such entities. Specifically related to the Platform Ventures, in these transactions, we received upfront non-cash consideration in the form of common equity interests in these entities, while the Platform Ventures each received cash equity investments from strategic partners and financial investors. We view the upfront non-cash consideration as prepayments for licenses which will be granted in the future as we complete mutually agreed upon technical development plans. In these instances, we also receive cash consideration for the R&D services performed by us on a fixed fee or cost-plus basis. We are not compensated through additional milestone or royalty payments under these arrangements. Our transactions with Genomatica and Synlogic included the purchase of equity securities and the provision of R&D services. As we perform R&D services under the mutually agreed upon development plans, we recognize a reduction in the prefunded obligation on a cost-plus basis. These arrangements are further described in Notes 4, 5, 12, and 14 of our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Cell Engineering revenue also includes transactions with Startup Structured Partnerships where, as part of these transactions, we received upfront non-cash consideration in the form of current equity interests or financial instruments that are convertible into equity

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upon a triggering event. We grant the customer a prepaid Cell Engineering services credit in exchange for the upfront non-cash consideration, which can be drawn down as payment for R&D services performed under mutually agreed upon development plans.

Downstream value share in the form of equity interest appreciation is not recognized as revenue but is expected to contribute to future cash flows upon liquidation, the amount and timing of which is inherently unpredictable. Equity investees are accounted for as equity method investments, cost method investments or carried at fair value.

Biosecurity Revenue

In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, we launched our commercial offering of COVID-19 testing products and services for businesses, academic institutions, and other organizations in which we generate product and service revenue. In 2021, we launched our pooled testing initiative which focuses on providing end-to-end COVID-19 testing and reporting services to public health authorities.

During the second half of 2022, Concentric by Ginkgo expanded to offer biomonitoring and bioinformatic support services internationally as well as domestically. We are currently offering biomonitoring and bioinformatic support services domestically through our partnerships with the CDC and XpresCheck, and internationally through our partnerships with Qatar Airways and Rwanda Biomedical Centre.

From the above offerings, we generate product revenue through the sale of lateral flow assay (“LFA”) diagnostic test kits, polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) sample collection kits and pooled test kits, all of which we sell to our customers on a standalone basis. We generate service revenue through the sale of our end-to-end biomonitoring and bioinformatic support services. Each of these service offerings generally consist of multiple promised goods and services including, but not limited to, sample collection, sample storage and transportation, outsourced laboratory analysis, access to results reported through a web-based portal, analytical reporting of results, and overall program management.

Generally, the terms of these agreements provide that we are entitled to compensation: (i) upon delivery of diagnostic test kits for product revenue and (ii) as services are performed for service revenue, which is dependent on the identified performance obligations but generally recognized evenly over-time or when results are reported to the customer.

The demand for COVID-19 testing in schools significantly diminished in the second quarter of 2023 and is expected to substantially end in the third quarter of 2023, particularly in light of the announcements from the White House and World Health Organization regarding the end of the public health emergency in May 2023.

Costs and Operating Expenses

Cost of Biosecurity Product Revenue

Cost of Biosecurity product revenue consists of costs associated with the sale of diagnostic and sample collection test kits which includes costs incurred to purchase test kits from third parties.

Cost of Biosecurity Service Revenue

Cost of Biosecurity service revenue consists of costs associated with the provision of our end-to-end COVID-19 testing services, which includes costs incurred to provide sample collection kits, physician authorizations, onsite test administration, outsourced laboratory analysis, access to results reported through our proprietary web-based portal and reporting of results to public health authorities. Cost of Biosecurity service revenue also includes direct labor cost associated with bioinformatics, lab network management, delivery logistics and customer support.

Research and Development Expenses

The nature of our business, and primary focus of our activities, generates a significant amount of R&D expenses. R&D expenses represent costs incurred by us for the following:

●
development, operation, expansion and enhancement of our Foundry and Codebase; and
●
development of new offerings, such as Biosecurity.

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The activities above incur the following expenses:

●
laboratory supplies, consumables and related services provided under agreements with third parties and in-licensing arrangements;
●
personnel compensation and benefits; and
●
rent, facilities, depreciation, software, professional fees and other direct and allocated overhead expenses.

We expense R&D costs as incurred. As we grow our active programs and customer base and invest in our Foundry and Codebase through organic and inorganic growth initiatives, we anticipate that our R&D expenses will continue to increase. The nature, timing, and estimated costs required to support our growth will be dependent on advances in technology, our ability to attract new customers and the rate of market penetration within our existing customer industries.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021, R&D expenses included a significant charge for stock-based compensation expense as a result of the modification of vesting terms of RSUs and the vesting of certain earnout shares (as further described above in “Modification of Equity Awards in Connection with SRNG Business Combination”).

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative (“G&A”) expenses consist primarily of costs for personnel in executive, business development, finance, human resources, legal and other corporate administrative functions. G&A expenses also include legal fees incurred relating to corporate, intellectual property and patent matters, professional fees incurred for accounting, auditing, tax and administrative consulting services, insurance costs, facility-related costs not otherwise included in R&D expenses, and asset impairment.

We expect our G&A expenses will continue to increase as we pursue organic and inorganic growth initiatives. The increases will likely relate to additional personnel, system costs and increased costs related to business development, finance and legal matters, along with increased expenses related to operating as a publicly traded company, such as fees related to audit, legal and tax services, regulatory compliance programs and investor relations.

Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2021, G&A expenses included a significant charge for stock-based compensation expense as a result of the modification of vesting terms of RSUs and the vesting of certain earnout shares (as further described above in “Modification of Equity Awards in Connection with SRNG Business Combination”).

Interest Income, Net

Interest income, net primarily consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents.

Loss on Equity Method Investments

Loss on equity method investments includes our share of losses from certain of our equity method investments under the hypothetical liquidation at book value (“HLBV”) method.

Loss on Investments

Loss on investments includes the change in fair value of our marketable equity securities in publicly traded companies and impairment losses recognized on non-marketable equity securities in privately held companies.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities includes the change in fair value of private placement warrants (“Private Placement Warrants”) and publicly-traded warrants (“Public Warrants”), which are classified as liabilities and were assumed as part of the SRNG Business Combination. Warrant liabilities are marked to market at each balance sheet date.

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Gain on Deconsolidation of Subsidiary

Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary relates to our deconsolidation of Verb, a variable interest entity, in the first quarter of 2022. The deconsolidation resulted in the removal of Verb’s assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest balances from our balance sheet and the recognition of our retained interest in Verb measured at fair value as of the deconsolidation date.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net primarily consists of changes in fair value of our convertible notes accounted for under the fair value option, sublease rent income and loss on disposal of equipment.

Provision for Income Taxes

Income taxes are recorded in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which provides for deferred taxes using an asset and liability approach. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in our financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is recorded if, based on the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. For all periods presented, we have recorded a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets that are not expected to be realized.

We account for uncertain tax positions using a more-likely-than-not threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors, including, but not limited to, changes in the law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position.

Income taxes are determined at the applicable tax rates adjusted for non-deductible expenses, R&D tax credits and other permanent differences. Our income tax provision may be significantly affected by changes to our estimates.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

The following table presents the result of operations for the periods indicated:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |  |  | Change |
Cell Engineering revenue |  | $ | 45,283 |  |  |  |  | $ | 44,242 |  |  | $ | 1,041 |  |  | $ | 79,379 |  |  |  |  | $ | 65,730 |  |  | $ | 13,649 |
Biosecurity revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product |  |  | 10,788 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,887 |  |  |  | 6,901 |  |  |  | 22,454 |  |  |  |  |  | 17,834 |  |  |  | 4,620 |
Service |  |  | 24,497 |  |  |  |  |  | 96,489 |  |  |  | (71,992 | ) |  |  | 59,437 |  |  |  |  |  | 229,459 |  |  |  | (170,022 | )
Total revenue |  |  | 80,568 |  |  |  |  |  | 144,618 |  |  |  | (64,050 | ) |  |  | 161,270 |  |  |  |  |  | 313,023 |  |  |  | (151,753 | )
Costs and operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of Biosecurity product revenue |  |  | 2,034 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,444 |  |  |  | (410 | ) |  |  | 6,575 |  |  |  |  |  | 10,539 |  |  |  | (3,964 | )
Cost of Biosecurity service revenue |  |  | 16,062 |  |  |  |  |  | 61,467 |  |  |  | (45,405 | ) |  |  | 33,896 |  |  |  |  |  | 138,804 |  |  |  | (104,908 | )
Research and development (1) |  |  | 144,282 |  |  |  |  |  | 290,059 |  |  |  | (145,777 | ) |  |  | 306,921 |  |  |  |  |  | 613,635 |  |  |  | (306,714 | )
General and administrative (1) |  |  | 102,341 |  |  |  |  |  | 438,427 |  |  |  | (336,086 | ) |  |  | 213,774 |  |  |  |  |  | 873,195 |  |  |  | (659,421 | )
Total operating expenses |  |  | 264,719 |  |  |  |  |  | 792,397 |  |  |  | (527,678 | ) |  |  | 561,166 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,636,173 |  |  |  | (1,075,007 | )
Loss from operations |  |  | (184,151 | ) |  |  |  |  | (647,779 | ) |  |  | 463,628 |  |  |  | (399,896 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,323,150 | ) |  |  | 923,254 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income, net |  |  | 14,349 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,264 |  |  |  | 12,085 |  |  |  | 28,894 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,441 |  |  |  | 26,453 |
Loss on equity method investments |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  |  |  | (10,166 | ) |  |  | 10,099 |  |  |  | (1,516 | ) |  |  |  |  | (31,053 | ) |  |  | 29,537 |
Loss on investments |  |  | (2,121 | ) |  |  |  |  | (38,673 | ) |  |  | 36,552 |  |  |  | (8,491 | ) |  |  |  |  | (38,223 | ) |  |  | 29,732 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  |  | (4,482 | ) |  |  |  |  | 23,509 |  |  |  | (27,991 | ) |  |  | (3,278 | ) |  |  |  |  | 108,544 |  |  |  | (111,822 | )
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | 15,900 |  |  |  | (15,900 | )
Other income, net |  |  | 3,224 |  |  |  |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 2,994 |  |  |  | 6,152 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,149 |  |  |  | 4,003 |
Total other income (expense), net |  |  | 10,903 |  |  |  |  |  | (22,836 | ) |  |  | 33,739 |  |  |  | 21,761 |  |  |  |  |  | 59,758 |  |  |  | (37,997 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  | (173,248 | ) |  |  |  |  | (670,615 | ) |  |  | 497,367 |  |  |  | (378,135 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,263,392 | ) |  |  | 885,257 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  |  |  | (229 | ) |  |  | 378 |
Net loss |  |  | (173,315 | ) |  |  |  |  | (670,570 | ) |  |  | 497,255 |  |  |  | (378,284 | ) |  |  |  |  | (1,263,163 | ) |  |  | 884,879 |
Loss attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (1,745 | ) |  |  | 1,745 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  | (3,833 | ) |  |  | 3,833 |
Net loss attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. stockholders |  | $ | (173,315 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (668,825 | ) |  | $ | 495,510 |  |  | $ | (378,284 | ) |  |  |  | $ | (1,259,330 | ) |  | $ | 881,046 |

* As adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases (“ASC 842”) as of January 1, 2022. See Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a summary of the adjustments.

(1) In the first half of 2023 and 2022, R&D and G&A expenses included a significant charge for stock-based compensation expense as a result of the modification of the vesting terms of RSUs and all related earnout shares (as further described above in “Modification of Equity Awards in Connection with SRNG Business Combination”). Total stock-based compensation expense, inclusive of employer payroll taxes, was allocated as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Research and development |  | $ | 40,569 |  |  | $ | 217,291 |  |  | $ | 88,110 |  |  | $ | 483,631 |
General and administrative |  |  | 21,908 |  |  |  | 389,979 |  |  |  | 49,567 |  |  |  | 782,674 |
Total |  | $ | 62,477 |  |  | $ | 607,270 |  |  | $ | 137,677 |  |  | $ | 1,266,305 |

Cell Engineering Revenue

Cell Engineering revenue remained relatively flat in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, increasing by $1.0 million. In the second quarter of 2022, Cell Engineering revenue included a $18.1 million downstream value share payment related to the achievement of a commercial milestone while the second quarter of 2023 contained no such comparable amount.

Cell Engineering revenue increased $13.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was primarily due to progress of Current Active Programs with existing and new customers. Additionally, revenue increased

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due to the launch of New Programs and was partially offset by the completion of certain programs. Programs typically require a ramp-up period and/or the achievement of technical milestones before contributing in a meaningful way to revenue.

As discussed above in Components of Results of Operations, Cell Engineering revenue comprises both cash and non-cash consideration. Cell Engineering revenue recognized relating to non-cash consideration was $16.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $26.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022, and $29.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to $36.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022.

The total number of Current Active Programs increased to 105 from 73 in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In the second quarter of 2023, 21 New Programs commenced compared to 13 New Programs in the comparable prior quarter. Cumulative Programs increased to 198 from 129 in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The number of customers increased to 63 from 36 in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The total number of Current Active Programs increased to 118 from 77 in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In the first half of 2023, 34 New Programs commenced compared to 24 New Programs in the comparable prior period. Cumulative Programs increased to 198 from 129 in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The number of customers increased to 68 from 37 in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

While the majority of Cell Engineering revenue today is made up of service fees, as we increase Cumulative Programs and to the extent our customers successfully commercialize products built on our platform, downstream value share is expected to comprise a larger proportion of Cell Engineering revenue. Downstream value share in the form of equity interest appreciation is not recognized as revenue but is expected to contribute to future cash flows upon liquidation, the amount and timing of which is inherently unpredictable.

Biosecurity Revenue

Biosecurity revenue decreased $65.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022 and was comprised of an increase in product revenue of $6.9 million and a decrease in service revenue of $72.0 million.

Biosecurity revenue decreased $165.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 and was comprised of an increase in product revenue of $4.6 million and a decrease in service revenue of $170.0 million.

The amount and components of Biosecurity revenue are primarily dependent on the demand for COVID-19 testing products and services. In particular, the demand for COVID-19 testing in schools significantly diminished in the second quarter of 2023 and is expected to substantially end in the third quarter of 2023, particularly in light of the announcements from the White House and World Health Organization regarding the end of the public health emergency in May 2023.

Cost of Biosecurity Product and Service Revenue

Cost of Biosecurity product and service revenue decreased $45.8 million and $108.9 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The decrease was driven by decreased demand for our COVID-19 testing products and services.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased $145.8 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $176.7 million (inclusive of employer payroll taxes) due to vesting of RSUs and certain earnout shares that were modified in the fourth quarter of 2021 (refer to above section “Modification of Equity Awards in Connection with SRNG Business Combination”), a decrease in laboratory supplies of $3.2 million, partially offset by increases in personnel-related compensation and benefits expense of $17.8 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $8.2 million, rent and facilities expense of $5.5 million, software and technology expense of $1.3 million, and other direct and allocated overhead expenses of $1.3 million. Increases in research and development expenses not attributable to stock-based compensation expense supported the growth of Cell Engineering revenue and the integration of prior year acquisitions.

Research and development expenses decreased $306.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $395.5 million (inclusive of employer payroll taxes) due to vesting of RSUs and certain earnout shares that were modified in the fourth quarter of 2021 (refer to above section “Modification of Equity Awards in Connection with SRNG Business Combination”), a decrease in laboratory supplies of $2.2 million, partially offset by increases in personnel-related compensation and benefits expense of $46.5 million, rent and facilities expense of $18.1 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $15.4 million, software and technology expense of $5.7

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million, equipment expenses of $2.0 million, travel and entertainment expenses of $1.3 million, and other direct and allocated overhead expenses of $2.0 million. Increases in research and development expenses not attributable to stock-based compensation expense supported the growth of Cell Engineering revenue and the integration of prior year acquisitions.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased $336.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $368.1 million (inclusive of employer payroll taxes) due to vesting of RSUs and certain earnout shares that were modified in the fourth quarter of 2021 (refer to above section “Modification of Equity Awards in Connection with SRNG Business Combination”), par tially offset by increases in personnel-related compensation and benefits expense of $9.5 million, the impairment of certain property and equipment related to prior year acquisitions of $9.0 million, rent and facilities expense of $8.4 million, fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities resulting from acquisitions of $4.5 million, and professional fees of $1.2 million primarily for audit and accounting services and consulting costs. Increases in general and administrative expenses not attributable to stock-based compensation expense supported the growth of Cell Engineering and Biosecurity revenue and the integration of prior year acquisitions.

General and administrative expenses decreased $659.4 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in stock-based compensation expense of $733.1 million (inclusive of employer payroll taxes) due to vesting of RSUs and certain earnout shares that were modified in the fourth quarter of 2021 (refer to above section “Modification of Equity Awards in Connection with SRNG Business Combination”), partially offset by increases in personnel-related compensation and benefits expense of $22.5 million, rent and facilities expense of $14.4 million, professional fees of $13.9 million primarily for audit and accounting services and consulting costs, the impairment of certain property and equipment related to prior year acquisitions of $9.0 million, fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities resulting from acquisitions of $8.2 million, travel and entertainment expenses of $2.2 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $2.2 million, and increases of $1.3 million in other operating expenses, including software and technology, business taxes, marketing, and other direct and allocated overhead expenses. Increases in general and administrative expenses not attributable to stock-based compensation expense supported the growth of Cell Engineering and Biosecurity revenue and the integration of prior year acquisitions.

Interest Income, Net

Interest income, net increased $12.1 million and $26.5 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The increase was primarily due to increases in interest rates on cash held in money market accounts.

Loss on Equity Method Investments

Loss on equity method investments decreased $10.1 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to our equity method investments in Joyn Bio, LLC (“Joyn Bio”) and BiomEdit. In the second quarter of 2022, we recorded a $5.4 million loss on our equity method investment in Joyn Bio, a joint venture which was subsequently terminated in the fourth quarter of 2022. Additionally, in the second quarter of 2022, we recorded a $4.6 million loss on our equity method investment in BiomEdit, representing our share of the investee’s losses under the HLBV method. The balance of our equity method investment in BiomEdit has been reduced to zero in the first quarter of 2023 as a result of the application of the HLBV method; therefore, no further loss on this investment was recognized during the second quarter of 2023.

Loss on equity method investments decreased $29.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to our equity method investments in Verb, Joyn Bio, and BiomEdit. Upon the deconsolidation of Verb in the first quarter of 2022, we recorded a $15.9 million loss on our retained investment in Verb due to a basis difference associated with in-process research and development identified as part of the initial accounting for the equity method investment. Additionally, in the first half of 2022, we recorded a $10.4 million loss on our equity method investment in Joyn Bio, which was subsequently terminated in the fourth quarter of 2022. Our share of BiomEdit's losses under the HLBV method decreased by $3.1 million in the first half of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022.

Under the HLBV method, we absorb losses as a common unit holder prior to preferred unit holders due to a substantive profit-sharing agreement where the preferred unit holders receive preferential distribution rights. Because we have no commitment to fund the losses of our equity method investees, no further losses on these investments were recognized during the periods presented.

Loss on Investments

Loss on investments decreased $36.6 million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022, and decreased $29.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease was driven by

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fluctuations in the stock prices of the marketable equity securities we hold, an $8.3 million decrease in impairment losses related to our non-marketable equity securities, and a $12.6 million mark-to-market adjustment on equity securities received as downstream value share payments upon the achievement of a commercial milestone in the second quarter of 2022. Non-cash consideration from customers is initially measured at the fair value of the non-cash consideration at contract inception.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilitie s

We recorded a $4.5 million loss on the change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the three months ended June 30, 2023 compared to a gain of $23.5 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022. We recorded a $3.3 million loss on the change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the six months ended June 30, 2023 compared to a gain of $108.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022. The change in fair value of warrant liabilities is primarily driven by changes in the value of our common stock, which increased during the current year periods, increasing the fair value of the liability classified warrants.

Gain on Deconsolidation of Subsidiary

Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary in the three and six months of 2022 relates to our deconsolidation of Verb and consisted of our $15.9 million retained interest in Verb measured at fair value as of the deconsolidation date.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net increased $3.0 million and $4.0 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2022. The increases were primarily due to increased sublease rent income and a decrease in loss on the change in the fair value of convertible notes.

Non-GAAP Information

In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we use earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and Adjusted EBITDA internally to evaluate our performance and make financial and operational decisions. We believe these non-GAAP measures, when viewed with our GAAP results, may be helpful to investors in assessing our operating performance.

We define EBITDA as net loss attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. stockholders before the impact of interest income, interest expense, provision for income taxes and depreciation and amortization.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for stock-based compensation expense, loss on equity method investments, loss on investments, change in fair value of warrant liabilities, gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary, acquired in-process research and development assets in connection with asset acquisitions, impairment charges, and other income and expenses. In the second quarter of 2022, we redefined Adjusted EBITDA to exclude transaction and integration costs associated with planned, completed or terminated mergers and acquisitions. The prior year non-GAAP financial measures presented below have been recast accordingly to conform to the new presentation for comparability. We believe that the use of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provides an additional tool for investors to use in evaluating ongoing operating results and trends because it eliminates the effect of financing activities, investing activities, and certain non-cash charges and other items that are not related to our core operating performance or affect comparability period over period.

Our non-GAAP financial measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our presentation of these measures should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by future income or future expenses similar to those excluded when calculating these measures. Our computation of these measures, especially Adjusted EBITDA, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies because not all companies calculate these measures in the same way. We compensate for these limitations by providing a reconciliation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to their most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

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The following table reconciles net loss attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. stockholders to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, |  |  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |
Net loss attributable to Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. stockholders |  | $ | (173,315 | ) |  | $ | (668,825 | ) |  | $ | (378,284 | ) |  | $ | (1,259,330 | )
Interest income, net |  |  | (14,349 | ) |  |  | (2,264 | ) |  |  | (28,894 | ) |  |  | (2,441 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | (229 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 17,652 |  |  |  | 9,028 |  |  |  | 36,610 |  |  |  | 17,968 |
EBITDA |  |  | (169,945 | ) |  |  | (662,106 | ) |  |  | (370,419 | ) |  |  | (1,244,032 | )
Stock-based compensation (1) |  |  | 62,477 |  |  |  | 607,270 |  |  |  | 137,677 |  |  |  | 1,266,305 |
Loss on equity method investments (2) |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 9,952 |  |  |  | 1,516 |  |  |  | 30,216 |
Loss on investments |  |  | 2,121 |  |  |  | 38,673 |  |  |  | 8,491 |  |  |  | 38,223 |
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities |  |  | 4,482 |  |  |  | (23,509 | ) |  |  | 3,278 |  |  |  | (108,544 | )
Gain on deconsolidation of subsidiary |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (15,900 | )
Merger and acquisition related expenses (3) |  |  | 16,493 |  |  |  | 4,321 |  |  |  | 34,855 |  |  |  | 8,167 |
Asset impairment (4) |  |  | 9,001 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,001 |  |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of convertible notes |  |  | (152 | ) |  |  | 906 |  |  |  | (196 | ) |  |  | 332 |
Adjusted EBITDA |  | $ | (75,456 | ) |  | $ | (24,493 | ) |  | $ | (175,797 | ) |  | $ | (25,233 | )

* As adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2022. See Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a summary of the adjustments.

(1)
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, includes $1.0 million and $3.2 million, respectively, in employer payroll taxes. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, includes $0.8 million and $7.0 million, respectively, in employer payroll taxes.
(2)
Represents losses on equity method investments under the HLBV method, net of losses attributable to non-controlling interests.
(3)
Represents transaction and integration costs directly related to mergers and acquisitions including (i) due diligence, legal, consulting and accounting fees associated with acquisitions, (ii) post-acquisition employee retention bonuses and severance payments, (iii) the fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities resulting from acquisitions, and (iv) acquired intangible assets expensed as in-process research and development associated with asset acquisitions.
(4)
Represents impairment loss on lab equipment acquired as part of the Zymergen, Inc. acquisition.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Upon the closing of the SRNG Business Combination in September 2021, we received net proceeds totaling approximately $1,509.6 million, inclusive of $760.0 million from investments from certain accredited investors for 76 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock at a price of $10.00 per share. As of June 30, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $1,105.8 million which we believe will be sufficient to enable us to fund our projected operations through at least the next 12 months from the date of filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Material Cash Requirements

We anticipate that our expenditures will increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

●
continue our R&D, activities under existing and new programs and further invest in our Foundry and Codebase;
●
hire additional personnel and secure facilities to support our expanding R&D efforts;
●
develop and expand our offerings, including Biosecurity;
●
upgrade and expand our operational, financial and management systems and support our operations;
●
acquire and integrate companies, assets or intellectual property that advance our company objectives;
●
maintain, expand, and protect our intellectual property; and
●
incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

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There have been no significant changes to our material cash requirements during the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the material cash requirements disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Cash Flows

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for each period presented:

|  | Six Months Ended June 30, |
(in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 (as adjusted)* |
Net cash used in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | (164,118 | ) |  | $ | (119,306 | )
Investing activities |  |  | (30,638 | ) |  |  | (50,648 | )
Financing activities |  |  | (2,269 | ) |  |  | (2,035 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  | (495 | ) |  |  | (104 | )
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | (197,520 | ) |  | $ | (172,093 | )

* As adjusted to reflect the impact of the adoption of ASC 842 as of January 1, 2022. See Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a summary of the adjustments.

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 consisted of net loss of $378.3 million, adjusted for net change in operating assets and liabilities of $10.4 million and non-cash charges of $224.6 million. The net change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $15.4 million decrease in accounts receivable, a $9.5 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets, a $4.1 million decrease in operating lease right-of-use assets from lease incentives, a $3.0 million increase in accounts payable due to timing of invoices, partially offset by a $7.0 million decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, a $21.4 million decrease in deferred revenue and a $13.3 million decrease in operating lease liabilities from rent payments. Non-cash adjustments primarily consisted of $36.6 million of depreciation and amortization, $134.5 million of stock-based compensation expense, $10.0 million loss on investments including equity method investments, $8.5 million loss on the change in fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, $16.3 million non-cash lease expense and $9.0 million impairment loss on assets held for sale.

Net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 consisted of net loss of $1,263.2 million, adjusted for net change in operating assets and liabilities of $70.6 million and non-cash charges of $1,214.5 million. The net change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a $38.6 million increase in accounts receivable driven by an increase in Biosecurity revenue, a $4.7 million increase in inventory from increased purchases of LFA and pooled test kits in response to higher demand, a $12.9 million decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, a $19.7 million decrease in deferred revenue, a $4.0 million decrease in other non-current liabilities, partially offset by a $10.7 million increase in accounts payable and a $4.4 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets. Non-cash charges primarily consisted of $18.0 million in depreciation and amortization expense, $1,259.3 million in stock-based compensation expense, $31.1 million loss on equity method investments, $38.2 million loss on investments, partially offset by $18.1 million of non-cash equity consideration received from a customer upon achievement of a commercial milestone, $108.5 million gain on the change in fair value of warrant liabilities and $15.9 million gain on the deconsolidation of Verb.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily consisted of purchases of property and equipment of $33.0 million associated with Foundry capacity and capability investments.

Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily consisted of purchases of property and equipment of $13.2 million associated with Foundry capacity and capability investments, purchase of marketable equity securities of $3.7 million, relinquishment of $28.8 million in cash upon the deconsolidation of Verb, $6.5 million convertible note financing provided to Joyn Bio, partially offset by $1.4 million of cash acquired in an acquisition.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 primarily consisted of principal payments on finance leases and payment of contingent consideration related to a business acquisition.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

There have been no material changes to our critical accounting estimates as compared to the critical accounting estimates disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” of our condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk

We are exposed to market risk related to changes in interest rates. Our primary exposure to market risk is interest rate sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. interest rates, particularly because our cash equivalents are invested in short-term U.S. Treasury and government obligations. However, because of the short-term nature of the instruments in our portfolio, an immediate change in market interest rates of 100 basis points would not have a material impact on the fair market value of our cash and cash equivalents or on our financial position or results of operations.

Foreign Currency Fluctuation Risk

We are subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk from the translation of the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries, whose financial condition and results of operations are reported in their local currencies and then translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable currency exchange rate for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. Foreign currency translation gain (loss) was $0.3 million and $(3.1) million in the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $1.3 million and $(3.8) million in the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Foreign currency translation adjustments are accounted for as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity. Additionally, we have contracted with and may continue to contract with foreign vendors and customers. We do not believe that an immediate 10% increase or decrease in the relative value of the U.S. dollar to other currencies would have a material effect on operating results or financial condition.

Inflation Fluctuation Risk

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor, laboratory supplies, consumables and equipment. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, concluded that those material weaknesses previously identified in Item 9A. “Controls and Procedures” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 were still present as of June 30, 2023. Based on those material weaknesses, and the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of June 30, 2023.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has concluded that the condensed consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in conformity with GAAP.

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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a–15(f) and 15d-15(f)) during the most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, the Company may in the ordinary course of business be named as a defendant in lawsuits, indemnity claims and other legal proceedings. Except as described below, the Company does not believe any pending litigation to be material, or that the outcome of any such pending litigation, in management’s judgment based on information currently available, would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

The Company completed its acquisition of Zymergen on October 19, 2022. On August 4, 2021, a putative securities class action was filed on behalf of purchasers of the common stock of Zymergen, pursuant to or traceable to the registration statement for Zymergen’s initial public offering (“IPO”). The action is pending in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, and is captioned Wang v. Zymergen Inc., et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-06028-VC. The action alleges violations of Sections 11 and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) in connection with Zymergen’s IPO, names Zymergen, certain of its former officers and directors, and its IPO underwriters, as defendants and seeks damages in an unspecified amount, attorneys’ fees, and other remedies. Zymergen intends to defend vigorously against such allegations.
On November 9, 2021, one of Zymergen’s then purported shareholders filed a putative derivative lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California that is captioned Mellor v. Hoffman, et al., Case No. 3:21-cv-08723-VC. The complaint names certain of Zymergen’s former officers and directors as defendants and Zymergen as nominal defendant based on allegations substantially similar to those in the securities class action. The complaint purports to assert claims on Zymergen’s behalf for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement, corporate waste,
and contribution under the federal securities laws and seeks corporate reforms, unspecified damages and restitution, and fees and costs. Zymergen intends to defend vigorously against such allegations.
On or about February 7, 2023, a complaint was filed by Fortis Advisors LLC, solely in its capacity as Stockholders’ Representative for the holders of convertible promissory notes of Lodo Therapeutics Corporation (“Lodo”), against our subsidiary, Zymergen, in Delaware Superior Court. The complaint purports to allege violations of California securities laws based on Zymergen’s exchange of its common stock for convertible promissory notes issued by Lodo in connection with Zymergen’s May 2021 acquisition of Lodo. The complaint seeks damages in an unspecified amount, attorneys’ fees, and other remedies. Zymergen intends to defend vigorously against such allegations.
In addition, certain government agencies, including the SEC, have requested information related to Zymergen’s August 3, 2021 disclosure. Zymergen is cooperating fully.
See Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies, to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results could decline due to any of these risks and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to the business of Ginkgo and its subsidiaries.

Risks Related to Ginkgo’s Business

We have a history of net losses. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception. Our net loss attributable to our stockholders was approximately $378.3 million and $1,259.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of June 30, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $4,775.9 million. We may incur losses and negative cash flow from operating activities for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest significant additional funds toward further developing our platform, the cell programs we perform on behalf of our customers and otherwise growing our business, including our biosecurity and public health unit, Concentric by Ginkgo. Our operating expenses have increased as a result of becoming a public company, and we expect that our operating

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expenses will continue to increase as we grow our business. We have derived a significant portion of our revenues from fees and milestone payments from technical development services provided to customers to advance programs, as well as a significant portion of our revenues from Concentric by Ginkgo. Historically, these fees have not been sufficient to cover the full cost of our operations. Additionally, if our customers terminate their agreements or development plans with us, our near-term revenues could be adversely affected. In addition, certain of our customer agreements provide for milestone payments, future royalties and other forms of contingent consideration, the payment of which are uncertain, as they are dependent on our ability to successfully develop engineered cells, bioprocesses, or other deliverables and our customers’ ability and willingness to successfully develop and commercialize products and processes.

Our expenses may exceed revenues in the foreseeable future and we may not achieve profitability. If we fail to achieve profitability, or if the time required to achieve profitability is longer than we anticipate, we may not be able to expand or continue our business, and the value of our common stock could be negatively impacted. Our ability to achieve or sustain profitability is based on numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the development of our platform, the initiation of new programs with new and existing customers, the commercial terms of our programs, the realization of any potential downstream value from our programs, our ability to advance cell engineering programs in a timely and cost-effective manner, our ability to extend new offerings to customers, our customers’ ability to scale up bioprocesses, the ability of our customers to produce and sell products, the impact of market acceptance of our customers’ products, and our customers’ market penetration and margins. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

We may need substantial additional capital in the future in order to fund our business.

We have consumed considerable amounts of capital to date, and we expect to incur continued net losses over the next several years as we continue to develop our business, advance our programs, expand and enhance our platform, and make the capital investments necessary to scale up our Foundry operations and Codebase assets. We have used, and may continue to use, additional capital for Concentric by Ginkgo, strategic investments and acquisitions. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, and interest earned on investments will be sufficient to meet our projected operating requirements for several years and until we reach profitability. However, these assumptions may prove to be incorrect and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with our programs, including risks and uncertainties that could impact the rate of progress of our programs, we are unable to estimate with certainty the amounts of capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with these activities.

We do not currently have any commitments for future funding. We may receive fees, milestones, and royalty payments under our customer agreements, but these are not guaranteed, and we may receive non-cash consideration which involves estimations of fair market value. The initial fair market value of the non-cash consideration may decrease after contract inception and the amount of cash proceeds eventually realized may be less than the revenue recognized. Additionally, we may sell our equity interests in certain subsidiaries or collaborations but most of these equity stakes are in private companies and we may not be able to find a buyer due to contractual restrictions or otherwise, or may incur significant impairment if we sell these positions for liquidity. We may not receive any further funds under those agreements, the funds we receive may be lower than projected and/or disclosed as potential downstream value, or our program costs may be higher than projected. In addition, we may not be able to sign new customer agreements or enter into new development plans with existing customers with adequate funds to cover program development expenses. As a result of these and other factors, we do not know whether additional financing will be available when needed, or, if available, whether such financing would be on terms favorable to our stockholders or us.

If future financings involve the issuance of equity securities, our existing stockholders would suffer dilution. If we raise debt financing in the future, we may be subject to restrictive covenants that limit our ability to conduct our business. Our ability to raise funds may be adversely impacted by current or future economic conditions. If we fail to raise sufficient funds and continue to incur losses, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of strategic opportunities, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If adequate funds are not available, we may not be able to successfully execute our business plan or continue our business.

We have experienced rapid growth and expect our growth to continue, and if we fail to effectively manage our growth, then our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We have experienced substantial growth in our business since inception, including as a result of our recent acquisitions, which has placed and may continue to place significant demands on our company culture, operational infrastructure, and management. We believe that our culture has been a critical component of our success. We have invested substantial time and resources in building our team and nurturing a culture of empowerment of, and active engagement by, our employees. As we expand our business, integrate employees and technology from our recent acquisitions, and mature as a public company, we may find it difficult to maintain our culture while managing this growth. Any failure to manage our anticipated growth and organizational changes in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our culture could be detrimental to future success, including our ability to recruit and retain personnel,

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and effectively focus on and pursue our objectives. This, in turn, could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

In addition, in order to successfully manage our rapid growth, our organizational structure has become more complex and is likely to continue to become more complex. In order to manage these increasing complexities, we will need to continue to scale and adapt our operational, financial, and management controls, as well as our reporting systems and procedures. The expansion of our systems and infrastructure will require us to commit substantial financial, operational, and management resources before our revenue increases and without any assurances that our revenue will increase.

Finally, continued growth could strain our ability to maintain reliable service levels and offerings for our customers. If we fail to achieve the necessary level of capacity, quality and efficiency in performing services and other development activities, or the necessary level of efficiency in our organizational structure as we grow, then our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Our limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects.

We have a portfolio of cell engineering programs which vary in start date, duration, complexity, and revenue potential. Additionally, our downstream economics in the form of equity interests, milestone payments, or royalty streams add an additional level of uncertainty to our possible future performance. Consequently, predictions about our future success or viability are highly uncertain and may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer company history of successfully developing, commercializing and generating revenue from our programs and/or downstream economic participation. With respect to Concentric by Ginkgo, now that the White House and World Health Organization have each announced the end of the public health emergency effective May 2023, the revenue stream of our COVID-19 testing services significantly diminished in the second quarter of 2023 and is expected to substantially end in the third quarter of 2023.

Our long-term objective is to generate free cash flow from the commercialization of programs by customers across a variety of industries, as well as from our biosecurity-focused offerings. Our estimated costs and timelines for the completion of programs are based on our experiences to date and our expectations for each stage of the program in development. Given the variety of types of programs we support and the continued growth of our platform, there is variability in timelines and costs for launching and executing programs, and completion dates can change over the course of a customer engagement. Our costs and timelines may be greater or subject to variability where regulatory requirements lead to longer timelines, such as in agriculture, food, and therapeutics. In addition, we have equity interests in certain companies and there is and will continue to be variability in the financial performance of these other companies or future companies in which we may have equity interests.

As a business with a limited operating history, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other known and unknown obstacles. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in emerging and rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations, and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Uncertainty regarding the demand for passive monitoring programs and biosecurity services could materially adversely affect our business.

Our biosecurity and public health offering, Concentric by Ginkgo, consists of pathogen testing, passive monitoring, and bioinformatics programs, which are subject to inherent risks of commercial viability, such as demand for tests and price or market share erosion due to competition. For example, the White House and World Health Organization have each announced the end of the public health emergency effective May 2023; therefore, the revenue stream of our COVID-19 testing services has significantly diminished.

In light of these announcements, Concentric by Ginkgo is no longer participating in school testing programs.

As a result, Concentric by Ginkgo is now focusing on surveillance programs and analytic services for its biosecurity offering. However, creating the commercial and technical infrastructure to provide biosecurity services globally is expensive. We may also be limited in our ability to scale up based on expense or unavailability of the required materials, equipment, personnel and infrastructure necessary to deliver biosecurity on a large, international scale. We may not be able to recover our investment expenses with sufficient revenue generated by our biosecurity efforts.

Our ability to commercialize our biosecurity programs is also subject to available government, private, and multilateral funding. If governments decide that the biosecurity offerings are not necessary or that they do not have the funds to support them, we may experience difficulty in expanding and growing the biosecurity business.

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We are or could become involved in securities or shareholder litigation and other related matters, which could be expensive and time-consuming. Such litigation and related matters could harm our business.

We have been and may in the future be a target for securities and shareholder lawsuits, including lawsuits filed in connection with the Zymergen Acquisition. In addition, litigation is pending against Zymergen and certain of its former officers and directors in connection with Zymergen’s April 2021 initial public offering and against Zymergen with respect to its acquisition of Lodo. The outcome of such pending and potential litigation is uncertain. Such disputes, including any related governmental or regulatory investigations and the cost of defending such, could result in an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, reputation and cash flows, and could adversely impact the market price of our common stock. Although the results of lawsuits and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, defending against such claims could be costly and could impose a significant burden on management and employees. Any litigation to which we become a party may result in an onerous or unfavorable judgment, or may be resolved with a monetary payment.

If we cannot maintain and expand current customer partnerships and enter into new customer partnerships, our business could be adversely affected.

We do not generate substantial revenue from our own products, and instead generate revenue from customer collaborations in which we provide services, and also typically receive downstream value in the form of royalties, equity, or milestone payments. As a result, our success depends on our ability to expand the number, size and scope of our customer collaborations. Our ability to win new business depends on many factors, including our reputation in the market, the quality of our service offerings relative to alternatives, the pricing and efficiency of our services relative to alternatives, our technical and operational capabilities, our sales team effectiveness, and the customer’s ability to fund new work. If we fail to maintain a position of strength in any of these factors, our ability to deliver on customer programs, sign new customer collaborations, and/or launch new programs with existing customers may suffer and this could adversely affect our prospects. Additionally, in the process of developing programs, we generate Foundry know-how and accumulate meaningful biological and data assets, including optimized proteins and organisms, characterized genetic parts, enhanced understanding of metabolic pathways, biological, chemical, and genetic libraries, and other elements of biological data. Data and know-how generated from our programs provide the basis for expanded capabilities that we believe further supports our customer collaborations. As a result, in addition to reducing our revenue or delaying the development of our programs, the loss of one or more of our customer relationships or the failure to add new customers or programs may hinder our accumulation of such information, thus hindering our efforts to advance our technological differentiation and improve our platform.

We engage in conversations with companies regarding potential customer collaborations on an ongoing basis. We may spend considerable time and money engaging in these conversations and feasibility assessments, including understanding the technical approach to a program, customer concerns and limitations, and legal or regulatory landscape of a potential program or offering, which may not result in a commercial agreement. Even if an agreement is reached, the resulting relationship is not always successful, which may be for many reasons, including our inability to complete a program to our customers’ specifications or within our customers’ time frames, or unsuccessful development or commercialization of products or processes by our customers. In such circumstances, our revenues and downstream value potential from such a collaboration has been and might in the future be meaningfully reduced.

We currently own and may in the future own equity interests in other operating companies, including with respect to certain of our customers and we may receive non-cash consideration which involves estimations of fair market value. The initial fair market value of the non-cash consideration may decrease after contract inception and the amount of cash proceeds eventually realized may be less than the revenue recognized. Consequently, we have exposure to the volatility and liquidity risks inherent in holding their equity and overall operational and financial performance of these businesses.

We currently own equity interests in several of our customers, and we may receive non-cash consideration for our services, which involves estimations of fair market value. The initial fair market value of the non-cash consideration may decrease after contract inception and the amount of cash proceeds eventually realized may be less than the revenue recognized. In the future, we may also own equity interests in other companies. The process by which we receive equity interests and the factors we consider in deciding whether to accept, hold or dispose of these equity positions may differ significantly from those that an independent investor would evaluate when considering equity interests in a company. Owning equity increases our exposure to the risks of the other company and, in the case of customers, beyond the products of our collaborations. Our equity ownership positions expose us to market volatility and the potential for negative returns. We may have restrictions on resale or limited markets to sell our equity ownership. In many cases, our equity position is a minority position which exposes us to further risk, as we are not able to exert control over the companies in which we hold securities.

In connection with future collaborations or joint ventures, we may, from time to time, receive warrants or options, all of which involve special risks. To the extent we receive warrants or options in connection with future collaborations or joint ventures, we would be exposed to risks involving pricing differences between the market value of underlying securities and our exercise price for the

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warrants or options, a possible lack of liquidity, and the related inability to close a warrant or option position, all of which could ultimately have an adverse effect on our financial position.

We leverage our own resources and partner with strategic and financial investors in order to help early stage companies and innovators secure funding and benefit from our platform, which exposes us to a number of risks.

Since our founding, we have helped to launch new companies (such as BiomEdit, LLC, Motif FoodWorks, Inc., Allonnia LLC, Arcaea, LLC, Ayana Bio, LLC and Verb Biotics, LLC) by bringing together strategic and financial investors to secure funding for these early stage and small companies. Going forward, we intend to continue to leverage our own balance sheet and partner with investors to enable companies at all stages to benefit from our platform.

Partnering with and investing in early stage and small companies may expose us to a number of risks, including that early stage and small companies may have:

•
shorter operating histories, narrower product lines and smaller market shares than larger businesses, which tend to render small companies more vulnerable to competitors’ actions and market conditions, as well as general economic downturns;
•
more limited access to capital and higher funding costs, may be in a weaker financial position and may need more capital than originally anticipated to expand, compete and operate their business;
•
the inability to obtain financing from the public capital markets or other traditional sources, such as commercial banks, in part because loans made to these types of companies entail higher risks than loans made to companies that have larger businesses, greater financial resources or are otherwise able to access traditional credit sources on more attractive terms;
•
a higher likelihood of holding cash deposits or maintaining lines of credit with banks focused on providing banking services to early stage or venture-backed companies, such as Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), which failed in March 2023;
•
a higher likelihood of depending on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; therefore, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on such company and, in turn, on us;
•
less predictable operating results, may be engaged in rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a substantial risk of obsolescence, and may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, finance expansion or maintain their competitive position;
•
particular vulnerabilities to changes in customer preferences and market conditions, depend on a limited number of customers, and face intense competition, including from companies with greater financial, technical, managerial and marketing resources; and
•
fewer administrative resources, which can lead to greater uncertainty in their ability to generate accurate and reliable financial data, including their ability to deliver audited financial statements.

Any of these factors or changes thereto could impair an early stage or small company’s financial condition, results of operation, cash flow or result in other adverse events, such as bankruptcy. This, in turn, could result in losses in our investments and a change in our income (loss) on investments.

We may be unable to complete future strategic acquisitions or successfully integrate strategic acquisitions which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Our inability to complete any future strategic acquisitions or to successfully integrate any new or previous strategic acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our business strategy includes the acquisition of technologies and businesses that complement or augment our existing products and services. We may continue to seek attractive opportunities to acquire technologies or businesses, enter into joint ventures and make other investments that are complementary to our existing strengths. There are no assurances, however, that any strategic acquisition opportunities will arise or, if they do, that they will be consummated. Certain acquisitions may be difficult to complete for a number of reasons, including the need to satisfy customary closing conditions, the need for antitrust and/or other regulatory approvals, as well as disputes or litigation. In addition, any strategic acquisition we may complete may be made at a substantial premium over the fair value of the net identifiable assets in the acquisition and thus our realization of this value relies on successful integration and continued operations. We may not be able to integrate acquired technologies or businesses successfully, make any acquired businesses profitable, retain key employees or realize anticipated revenues, cost savings, or synergies, if any, from these acquisitions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. Further, our ongoing business may be disrupted, and our management's attention may be diverted by acquisitions, investments, transition and/or integration activities. See “Risk Factors–Risks Related to the Zymergen Acquisition.”

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We have in the past, and in the future may continue to pursue strategic acquisitions and investments that are dilutive to our stockholders, and such strategic acquisitions or investments could have an adverse impact on our business if they are unsuccessful.

We have made acquisitions in the past and, as appropriate opportunities become available, we may acquire additional businesses, assets, technologies, or products to enhance our business in the future, but our ability to do so successfully cannot be ensured. We have also made investments in companies that we view as synergistic with our business. Although we conduct due diligence on these acquisitions and investments, such processes may underestimate or fail to reveal significant liabilities and we could incur losses resulting from liabilities of the acquired business that are not covered by indemnification we may obtain from the seller. Even if we identify suitable opportunities, including pending transactions, we may not be able to complete such acquisitions on favorable terms or at all, which could damage our business. Additionally, pursuing acquisitions, whether successful or unsuccessful, could result in civil litigation and regulatory penalties. Any acquisitions we make may not strengthen our competitive position, and these transactions may be viewed negatively by customers or investors. We may decide to incur debt or spend cash in connection with a strategic acquisition, which may cause us to face liquidity concerns or be subject to restrictive covenants in the future. We have issued, and in the future may issue, common stock or other equity securities to the stockholders of the acquired company, which, if such issuances were unregistered, we may be contractually required to register on Form S-3 and may be subject to piggyback registration rights. Such issuances could constitute a material portion of our then-outstanding shares of common stock and may reduce the percentage ownership of our existing stockholders.

In addition, we may not be able to successfully integrate the acquired personnel, assets, technologies, products and/or operations into our existing business in an effective, timely, and non-disruptive manner or retain acquired personnel following an acquisition. Acquisitions may also divert management’s attention from day-to-day responsibilities, increase our expenses and reduce our cash available for operations and other uses. In addition, we may not be able to fully recover the costs of such acquisitions or be successful in leveraging any such strategic transactions into increased business, revenue, or profitability. We also cannot predict the number, timing, or size of any future acquisitions or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating results.

Accordingly, although there can be no assurance that we will undertake or successfully complete any future acquisitions, any transactions that we have completed or in the future do complete may not yield the anticipated benefits and may be subject to the foregoing or other risks and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Conversely, any failure to pursue or delay in completing any acquisition or other strategic transaction that would be beneficial to us, including those caused by competing parties, could impact our ability to sign new programs, delay the development of our platform, or slow the advancement of our programs and, thus, potential commercialization of our customer’s products.

Our programs may not achieve milestones and other anticipated key events on the expected timelines or at all, which could have an adverse impact on our business and could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

We may adopt various technical, manufacturing, regulatory, commercial, and other objectives for our programs. These milestones may include our or our customers’ expectations regarding the commencement or completion of technical development, the achievement of manufacturing targets, the submission of regulatory filings, or the realization of other development, regulatory, or commercialization objectives by us or our customers. The achievement of many of these milestones may be outside of our control. All of these milestones are based on a variety of assumptions, including assumptions regarding capital resources, constraints, and priorities, progress of and results from research and development (“R&D”) activities, and other factors, including impacts resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, any of which may cause the timing of achievement of the milestones to vary considerably. If we, our collaborators, or our customers fail to achieve milestones in the expected timeframes, the commercialization of our programs may be delayed, our credibility may be undermined, our expectations with respect to potential future downstream value may be inaccurate, our business and results of operations may be harmed, and the trading price of our common stock may decline.

We must continue to secure and maintain sufficient and stable supplies of laboratory reagents, consumables, equipment, and laboratory services. We depend on a limited number of suppliers, some of which are single-source suppliers, and contract manufacturers for critical supplies, equipment, and services for research, development, and manufacturing of our products and processes. Our reliance on these third parties exposes us to risks relating to costs, contractual terms, supply, and logistics, and the loss of any one or more of these suppliers or contract manufacturers or their failure to supply us with the necessary supplies, equipment, or services on a timely basis, could cause delays in our research, development, or production capacity and adversely affect our business.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have disrupted global supply chains. Additionally, widespread inflationary pressures exist across global economies, resulting in disruptions or higher costs for disposable lab equipment, raw materials and synthetic biology materials and services, and significant increases in the future could adversely affect our results of operations. We have experienced shortages in some of our key equipment and supplies, including those required in our labs, as well as disruptions in services provided by third parties, and may continue to do so in the future as a result of the pandemic, or otherwise. We may also

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experience price increases, quality issues and longer lead times due to unexpected material shortages, service disruptions, and other unanticipated events, which may adversely affect our supply of lab equipment, lab supplies, chemicals, reagents, supplies, and lab services. For some suppliers, we do not enter into long-term agreements and instead secure our materials and services on a purchase order basis. Our suppliers may reduce or cease their supply of materials or services to us at any time in the future. If the supply of materials or services is interrupted, our programs may be delayed.

We depend on a limited number of suppliers for critical items, including lab consumables and equipment, for the development of our programs. Some of these suppliers are single-source suppliers. We do not currently have the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture these items at the necessary scale or at all. Although we have a reserve of supplies and although alternative suppliers exist for some of these critical products, services, and equipment, our existing processes used in our Foundry have been designed based on the functions, limitations, features, and specifications of the products, services, and equipment that we currently utilize. While we work with a variety of domestic and international suppliers, our suppliers may not be obligated to supply products or services or our arrangements may be terminated with relatively short notice periods. Additionally, we do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition or manufacture of materials by our manufacturers and cannot ensure that they will deliver to us the items we order on time, or at all.

In particular, we rely on Twist for custom DNA synthesis and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and others for certain instruments and consumables. The price and availability of DNA, chemicals, reagents, equipment, consumables, and instruments have a material impact on our ability to provide Foundry services. We may rely on contract manufacturers like Fermic, s.a. de.c.v for scale-up fermentation development, fermentation, and manufacturing of products for some customers.

The loss of the products, services, and equipment provided by one or more of our suppliers could require us to change the design of our research, development, and manufacturing processes based on the functions, limitations, features, and specifications of the replacement items or seek out a new supplier to provide these items. Additionally, as we grow, our existing suppliers may not be able to meet our increasing demand, and we may need to find additional suppliers. We may not be able to secure suppliers who provide lab supplies at, or equipment and services to, the specification, quantity, and quality levels that we demand (or at all) or be able to negotiate acceptable fees and terms of services with any such suppliers.

As described above, some lab equipment, lab consumables, and other services and materials that we purchase are purchased from single-source or preferred suppliers, which limits our negotiating leverage and our ability to rely on additional or alternative suppliers for these items. Our dependence on these single-source and preferred suppliers exposes us to certain risks, including the following:

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our suppliers may cease or reduce production or deliveries, raise prices, or renegotiate terms;
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we may be unable to locate a suitable replacement on acceptable terms or on a timely basis, if at all;
•
if there is a disruption to our single-source or preferred suppliers’ operations, and if we are unable to enter into arrangements with alternative suppliers, we will have no other means of continuing the relevant research, development, or manufacturing operations until they restore the affected facilities or we or they procure alternative sources of supply;
•
delays caused by supply issues may harm our reputation, frustrate our customers, and cause them to turn to our competitors for future programs; and
•
our ability to progress the development of existing programs and the expansion of our capacity to begin future programs could be materially and adversely impacted if the single-source or preferred suppliers upon which we rely were to experience a significant business challenge, disruption, or failure due to issues such as financial difficulties or bankruptcy, issues relating to other customers such as regulatory or quality compliance issues, or other financial, legal, regulatory, or reputational issues.

Moreover, to meet anticipated market demand, our suppliers may need to increase manufacturing capacity, which could involve significant challenges. This may require us and our suppliers to invest substantial additional funds and hire and retain the technical personnel who have the necessary experience. Neither we nor our suppliers may successfully complete any required increase to existing research, development, or manufacturing capacity in a timely manner, or at all.

For the six months ended June 30, 2023, our cost of lab equipment, lab supplies, and lab services accounted for a significant portion of our total R&D expenses. In the event of price increases by suppliers, whether as a result of inflationary pressures or otherwise, we may attempt to pass the increased costs to our customers. However, we may not be able to raise the prices of our Foundry services sufficiently to cover increased costs resulting from increases in the cost of our materials and services, or the interruption of a sufficient supply of materials or services. As a result, materials and services costs, including any price increase for our materials and services, may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Some of our suppliers and contract manufacturers are foreign entities. We may face disruptions due to the inability to obtain customs clearances in a timely manner or restrictions on shipping or international travel. As a result of ongoing global supply chain challenges

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resulting in very long lead times for certain products and equipment, we may order in larger volumes in order to secure the supplies we require for our future operations, which may negatively impact our financial conditions, especially if we are unable to use the supplies ordered.

We use biological, hazardous, flammable and/or regulated materials that require considerable training, expertise and expense for handling, storage and disposal and may result in claims against us.

We work with biological and chemical materials that could be hazardous to human, animal, or plant health and safety or the environment. Our operations produce hazardous and biological waste products, and we largely contract with third parties for the disposal of these products. Federal, state, and local laws and regulations govern the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of these materials and wastes. Compliance with applicable laws and regulations is expensive, and current or future laws and regulations may restrict our operations. If we do not comply with applicable laws and regulations, we may be subject to fines and penalties.

In addition, we cannot eliminate the risk of (a) accidental or intentional injury or (b) release, or contamination from these materials or wastes, which could expose us to liability. Furthermore, laws and regulations are complex, change frequently, and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. Accordingly, in the event of release, contamination, or injury, we could be liable for the resulting harm or penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources and our operations could be suspended or otherwise adversely affected. These liabilities could also include regulatory actions, litigation, investigations, remediation obligations, damage to our reputation and brand, supplemental disclosure obligations, loss of customer, consumer, and partner confidence in the safety of our laboratory operations, impairment to our business, and corresponding fees, costs, expenses, loss of revenues, and other potential liabilities, as well as increased costs or loss of revenue or other harm to our business.

The release of GMOs or Genetically Modified Materials, whether inadvertent or purposeful, into uncontrolled environments could have unintended consequences, which may result in increased regulatory scrutiny and otherwise harm our business and financial condition.

The genetically engineered organisms and materials that we develop may have significantly altered characteristics compared to those found in the wild, and the full effects of deployment or release of our genetically engineered organisms and materials into uncontrolled environments may be unknown. In particular, such deployment or release, including an unauthorized release, could impact the environment or community generally or the health and safety of our employees, our customers’ employees, and the consumers of our customers’ products.

In addition, if a high profile biosecurity breach or unauthorized release of a biological agent occurs within our industry, our customers and potential customers may lose trust in the security of the laboratory environments in which we produce GMOs, genetically modified microorganisms (“GMMs”) and Genetically Modified Materials, even if we are not directly affected. Any adverse effect resulting from such a release, by us or others, could have a material adverse effect on the public acceptance of products from engineered cells and our business and financial condition. Such a release could result in increased regulatory scrutiny of our facilities, platform, and programs, and could require us to implement additional costly measures to maintain our regulatory permits, licenses, authorizations and approvals. To the extent such regulatory scrutiny or changes impact our ability to execute on existing or new programs for our customers, or make doing so more costly or difficult, our business, financial condition, or results of operations may be adversely affected. In addition, we could have exposure to liability for any resulting harm, as well as to regulatory actions, litigation, investigations, remediation obligations, damage to our reputation and brand, supplemental disclosure obligations, loss of customer, consumer, and partner confidence in the safety of engineered cells materials and organisms, impairment to our business, and corresponding fees, costs, expenses, loss of revenues, and other potential liabilities, as well as increased costs or loss of revenue or other harm to our business.

We could synthesize DNA sequences or engage in other activity that inadvertently contravenes biosecurity requirements, or regulatory authorities could promulgate more far-reaching biosecurity requirements that our standard business practices cannot accommodate, which could give rise to substantial legal liability, impede our business, and damage our reputation.

The Federal Select Agent Program (“FSAP”) involves rules administered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the USDA's APHIS that regulate possession, use, and transfer of biological select agents and toxins that have the potential to pose a severe threat to public, animal, or plant health or to animal or plant products. In accordance with the International Gene Synthesis Consortium’s (“IGSC”) Harmonized Screening Protocol for screening of synthetic DNA sequence orders, we follow biosafety and biosecurity industry practices and avoid DNA synthesis activities that implicate FSAP rules by screening synthetic DNA sequence orders against the IGSC’s Regulated Pathogen Database; however, we could err in our observance of compliance program requirements in a manner that leaves us in noncompliance with FSAP or other biosecurity rules. In addition, authorities could

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promulgate new biosecurity requirements that restrict our operations. One or more resulting legal penalties, restraints on our business or reputational damage could have material adverse effects on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Third parties may use our engineered cells, materials, and organisms and accompanying production processes in ways that could damage our reputation.

After our customers have received our engineered cells, materials, and organisms and accompanying production processes, we do not have any control over their use and our customers may use them in ways that are harmful to our reputation. In addition, while we have established biosecurity offerings designed to comply with biosafety and biosecurity requirements and export control requirements in an effort to ensure that third parties do not obtain our engineered cells or other biomaterials for malevolent purposes, we cannot guarantee that these preventative measures will eliminate or reduce the risk of the domestic and global opportunities for the misuse or negligent use of our engineered cells materials, organisms and production processes. Accordingly, in the event of such misuse or negligent use, our reputation, future revenue, and operating results may suffer.

International expansion of our business exposes us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the United States.

We currently market our services and deliver our programs, materials, and processes outside of the United States and may market future offerings outside of the United States. We, and our suppliers, collaborators, and customers, currently conduct business outside of the United States. From time to time, our services may include the hiring or secondment of our employees outside the United States at third party facilities or require the hiring or secondment of foreign persons within our facilities, including as a result of foreign acquisitions. Accordingly, we are subject to a variety of risks inherent in doing business internationally, and our exposure to these risks will increase as we continue to expand our operations and customer base. These risks include:

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political, social and economic instability;
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fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
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higher levels of credit risk, corruption, and payment fraud;
•
enhanced difficulties of integrating any foreign acquisitions;
•
increased expenses and diversion of our management’s attention from advancing programs;
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regulations that might add difficulties in repatriating cash earned outside the United States and otherwise prevent us from freely moving cash;
•
import and export controls and restrictions and changes in trade regulations;
•
compliance with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act, and similar laws in other jurisdictions;
•
multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as privacy, security and data use regulations, tax laws, tariffs, trade regulations, economic sanctions and embargoes, employment laws, anti-corruption laws, regulatory requirements, reimbursement or payor regimes and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;
•
failure by us, our collaborators or our customers to obtain regulatory clearance, authorization or approval for the use of our services in various countries;
•
additional potentially relevant third-party patent rights;
•
complexities and difficulties in obtaining intellectual property protection and enforcing our intellectual property;
•
difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including difficulties related to the increased operations, travel, infrastructure and legal compliance costs associated with international locations;
•
logistics and regulations associated with shipping chemicals, biomaterials and product samples, including infrastructure conditions and transportation delays;
•
financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, the impact of local and regional financial crises, on demand and payment for our products and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
•
natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars (including the Russian invasion of Ukraine), terrorism and political unrest, the outbreak of disease, or public health epidemics/pandemics, such as COVID-19, which could have an adverse impact on our employees, contractors, customers, partners, travel and the global economy;
•
breakdowns in infrastructure, utilities and other services;
•
boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and
•
the other risks and uncertainties described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Additionally, as part of our growth strategy, we will continue to evaluate potential opportunities for international expansion. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic and political risks in addition to those we face in the United States. However, our international expansion efforts may not be successful, which could limit the size of our market or the ability to provide services or programs internationally.

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In addition, due to potential costs from any international expansion efforts and potentially higher supplier costs outside of the United States, our international operations may operate with a lower margin profile. As a result, our margins may fluctuate as we expand our operations and customer base internationally.

Any of these factors could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, our revenue and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Customers

We rely on our customers to develop, produce and manufacture products using the engineered cells, other biological assets and/or biomanufacturing processes that we develop. If these initiatives by our customers are not successful or do not achieve commercial success, or if our customers discontinue their development, production and manufacturing efforts using our engineered cells, other biological assets and/or biomanufacturing processes, our future financial position may be adversely impacted.

We operate as a platform company. As such, we rely on our customers to commercialize products that may be enabled by our engineered cells, other biological assets(e.g., enzyme DNA sequences) and/or biomanufacturing processes. A portion of the value in our customer collaborations is typically earned through downstream value sharing in the form of equity, royalty streams, or milestone payments. If our customers are not successful in bringing these products to market, or if these products are not successful once on the market, the downstream portion of our value will be adversely impacted. Because we do not directly control manufacturing, product or downstream process development or commercialization, we have limited ability to impact the quality of our partners’ production processes and ultimate commercial success.

In addition, our customers have chosen, and may in the future choose, not to develop or commercialize a product we have enabled in which we are entitled to downstream value sharing. In our current relationships, we would have limited or no recourse to find alternative methods to monetize these products without the original customer. Because this industry is still nascent and the regulatory environment is evolving, we have limited historical information on the probability of commercial success for bioengineered products or biomanufacturing processes in the market and have limited ability to underwrite the likelihood that our customers will be able to create valuable products or processes in their market using the results of their programs with us. If we overestimate the probability or scale of commercial success, the price of our common stock may be adversely impacted as a result of lower expectations for future cash flows from customer collaborations.

Our revenue is concentrated in a limited number of customers, some of which are related parties, and our revenue, results of operations, cash flows and reputation may suffer upon the loss of a significant customer.

We have derived, and may continue to derive, a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of large customers. During the year ended December 31, 2022, two customers each represented more than 10% of our total revenue and cumulatively represented 22% of our total revenue. Due to the significant time required to acquire new customers, to plan and develop new programs for customers, and to satisfactorily execute on existing programs, the loss of any of these customers, or the loss of any other significant customer or a significant reduction in the amount of demand from a significant customer would adversely affect our revenue, results of operations, cash flows and reputation in the marketplace. There is always a risk that existing customers will not elect to do business with us in the future or will experience financial difficulties. If our customers experience financial difficulties or business reversals which reduce or eliminate the need for our services, they may be unable or unwilling to fulfill their contracts with us. There is also the risk that our customers will attempt to impose new or additional requirements on us that reduce the profitability of the services performed by us. Our customer concentration also increases the concentration of our accounts receivable and our exposure to payment defaults by key customers, which could expose us to substantial and potentially unrecoverable costs if we do not receive payment from key customers. Additionally, the loss of any significant customer could pose reputational harm to us and make it more challenging to acquire new customers.

In addition, while our customer collaborations are typically multi-year, we generally do not require our customers to generate a minimum amount of annual demand and without such contracts, our customers are not obligated to use our services beyond the amounts they choose to incur. Our customers may choose to use fewer of our services depending on program progress, their own technological capabilities, market demand for their products and/or their own internal budget cycles. As a result, we cannot accurately predict our customers’ decisions to reduce or cease utilizing our services. Even where we enter into long-term contracts with our customers, there is no guarantee that such agreements will be negotiated on terms that are commercially favorable to us in the long-term. In addition, existing customers may choose to perform some or all of the services they expect from us internally, with another third-party partner or by using capabilities from acquisitions of assets.

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In certain cases, our business partners may have discretion in determining when and whether to make announcements about the status of our collaborations, including about developments and timelines for advancing programs, and the price of our common stock may decline as a result of announcements of unexpected results or developments.

Generally, we and our customers must mutually agree on determining when and whether to make announcements about the status of our collaborations, including developments in our programs and timelines for commercialization of or improvements to products using engineered cells developed using our platform. However, in some cases our customers may report or otherwise may be obligated to disclose certain matters without our consent. Our partners may also wish to report such information more or less frequently than we intend to or may not wish to report such information at all. We or our partners may announce a collaboration or partnership even if there is no guarantee that we will recognize program fees. The price of our common stock may decline as a result of a public announcement of unexpected results or developments in our partnerships, or as a result of our partners not consenting to an announcement or withholding information.

Risks Related to the Zymergen Acquisition

We may fail to realize the benefits and synergies expected from the Zymergen Acquisition, which could adversely affect our stock price.

We are actively evaluating how to maximize the expected benefits and synergies from the acquisition of Zymergen Inc. (the “Zymergen Acquisition”). The value of our Class A Common Stock could be adversely affected if we are unable to realize the anticipated benefits and synergies from the Zymergen Acquisition on a timely basis or at all. The benefits and synergies expected from the Zymergen Acquisition, which we aim to realize include the following:

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productivity improvements and corresponding decreases in unit costs as a result of Zymergen’s robotic automation and material conveyance technology;
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ability to accelerate scaling efforts while minimizing incremental run-rate operating expenses;
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acceleration of Ginkgo’s software development goals, including higher utilization and efficiency, due to Zymergen’s proprietary software and data stack;
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improvements and additions to Ginkgo’s Codebase;
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increased probability of program success and lower costs for customers;
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increased strain engineering expertise from knowledgeable Zymergen employees; and
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a pro forma cost structure that is materially less than the combined standalone cost structure of Ginkgo and Zymergen.

We cannot predict with certainty if or when these benefits and synergies will be realized, or the extent to which they will actually be achieved. Realization of any benefits or synergies could be affected by the factors described in other risk factors and a number of factors beyond our control, including, without limitation, general economic conditions, increased operating costs and regulatory developments.

We may be unable to appropriately integrate the business, operations and assets of Zymergen into our existing business.

Achieving the benefits of the Zymergen Acquisition will depend, in part, on our ability to integrate the business, operations and assets of Zymergen successfully and efficiently with our business. The challenges involved in this integration, which will be complex and time-consuming, include the following:

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difficulties integrating new and existing technologies, systems and processes into our platform and operations;
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successfully managing relationships with the combined supplier and customer base of Ginkgo and Zymergen;
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coordinating and integrating independent research and development and engineering teams across platforms while reducing costs;
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consolidating and integrating procurement, research, development and engineering activities and processes and customer and technical support and management and administrative functions;
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the ability to create value from Zymergen’s product portfolio assets;
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coordinating sales and marketing efforts to effectively position our capabilities and the direction of our platform;
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limitations or encumbrances on certain Zymergen intellectual property or other difficulties integrating Zymergen intellectual property into Ginkgo’s portfolio;
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the increased scale and complexity of our operations resulting from the Zymergen Acquisition;
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managing Zymergen’s real estate cost commitments;
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retaining key employees of Ginkgo and Zymergen;
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managing employee transition and severance costs;

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•
integrating and managing Ginkgo’s other acquisitions in addition to the Zymergen Acquisition; and
•
minimizing the diversion of Ginkgo’s management’s attention from other important business objectives.

If we do not successfully manage these issues and the other challenges inherent in integrating an acquired business of the size and complexity of Zymergen, then Ginkgo may not achieve the anticipated benefits of the Zymergen Acquisition and its revenue, expenses, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

There has been limited market interest in the product portfolio developed by Zymergen, which may limit our ability to create value from these assets.

Zymergen’s business model involved developing products internally in areas as diverse as materials, drug discovery, agriculture, and consumer products. We have been seeking partners for these programs but to date those efforts have not been successful. Zymergen’s assumptions regarding and the data underlying the estimates of the total annual addressable markets and serviceable addressable markets may not be correct, and the conditions supporting assumptions or estimates may change at any time, thereby reducing the accuracy of the estimates. If we are unable to recognize value from Zymergen’s product portfolio assets our business, financial condition and operational results may be adversely affected.

The acquisition of Zymergen may result in significant charges or other liabilities that could adversely affect the financial results of the combined company.

The financial results of the combined company have been and may continue to be adversely affected by cash expenses and non-cash accounting charges incurred in connection with Ginkgo’s integration of the business and operations of Zymergen. The amount and timing of these possible charges are not yet known. Our failure to identify or accurately assess the magnitude of certain liabilities, including in connection with Zymergen’s pending legal proceedings, could result in unexpected costs, including through litigation or regulatory exposure. Further, if we are unable to manage Zymergen’s real estate cost commitments, which were approximately $195 million in long-term commitments as of the closing date of the Zymergen Acquisition, or if we incur unfavorable accounting charges, unexpected increases in taxes due, a loss of anticipated tax benefits or other adverse effects, it may negatively impact Ginkgo’s business, operating results or financial condition. The price of our Class A Common Stock could decline to the extent the combined company’s financial results are materially affected by any of these events. For example, Zymergen incurred cash-based severance costs of approximately $12.1 million and stock-based compensation costs of approximately $4.9 million related to the reductions in force it announced beginning in Q4 2022 through Q2 2023. We expect that Zymergen will continue to incur cash-based severance and stock-based compensation costs through 2023.

Ginkgo’s future results will suffer if it does not effectively manage its expanded operations and geographic footprint following the Zymergen Acquisition.

The size and scope of operations of the business of the combined companies has increased beyond the size and scope of operations of either Ginkgo’s or Zymergen’s businesses prior to the acquisition. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to manage our expanded business, which has posed substantial challenges for our management related to the management and monitoring of new operations and locations and associated increased costs and complexity. There can be no assurances that we will be successful in managing such expanded business or increased costs or that we will realize the expected synergies and other benefits currently anticipated from the Zymergen Acquisition.

Risks Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic

We may be subject to tort liability if the COVID-19 tests we utilize in our testing programs provide inaccurate results.

The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (the “PREP Act”) provides immunity for manufacturers, distributors, program planners, qualified persons, and their officials, agents, and employees from certain claims under state or federal law for a “loss” arising out of the administration or use of a “covered countermeasure” in the United States. Distributors are certain persons or entities engaged in the distribution of drugs, biologics, or devices. Program planners include persons who supervise or administer a program with respect to the administration, distribution, provision, or use of a Covered Countermeasure (as defined in the PREP Act). Covered Countermeasures include security countermeasures and “qualified pandemic or epidemic products,” including products intended to diagnose or treat pandemic or epidemic disease, such as COVID-19 diagnostic tests, as well as treatments intended to address conditions caused by such products. Covered Countermeasures must also be approved, cleared, or authorized for emergency use, or otherwise authorized for investigational use, by the FDA in order to be considered Covered Countermeasures under the PREP Act.

For these immunities to apply, the Secretary of HHS must issue a declaration in cases of public health emergency or “credible risk” of a future public health emergency. On March 10, 2020, the Secretary of HHS issued a declaration under the PREP Act and has issued

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subsequent amendments thereto to provide liability immunity for activities related to certain countermeasures against the COVID-19 pandemic.

We act as the authorized distributor of certain third-party COVID-19 tests and collection kits that have received an EUA and supervise testing programs for our COVID-19 testing customers. There can be no assurance that our test distribution and program planning activities regarding these programs would be covered under the provisions of the PREP Act. Also, there can be no assurance that the U.S. Congress will not act in the future to reduce coverage under the PREP Act or to repeal it altogether.

Furthermore, some of the third-party tests used as part of our pooled testing program are not covered by an EUA and, at this time, we do not believe that such testing services, administration, or program planning related to our pooled testing program will qualify for PREP Act immunity. If product liability lawsuits are brought against us in connection with allegations of harm connected to our COVID-19 testing services, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit our testing services. The PREP Act is a complex law with limited judicial precedent, and thus even for the third-party COVID-19 tests and collection kits used in our testing services that are subject to EUAs, we may have to expend significant time and legal resources to obtain dismissal of a lawsuit on the basis of PREP Act immunity.

If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our COVID-19 testing services caused injuries and if we are not entitled to immunity under the PREP Act, or the U.S. Congress limits or eliminates coverage under the PREP Act, or if the liability protections under the PREP Act are not adequate to cover all claims, we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in decreased demand for our services, injury to our reputation, costs to defend litigation, loss of revenue, and substantial money awards to customers.

Risks Related to the Synthetic Biology Industry

Rapidly changing technology and emerging competition in the synthetic biology industry could make the platform, programs, and products we and our customers are developing obsolete or non-competitive unless we continue to develop our platform and pursue new market opportunities.

The synthetic biology industry is still emerging and is characterized by rapid and significant technological changes, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, and evolving industry demands and standards. Our future success will depend on our ability to sign and initiate new programs that address the evolving needs of our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis, to advance existing programs and to pursue new market opportunities that develop as a result of technological and scientific advances. Additionally, our customers may face significant competition or other risks which may adversely impact our business and results of operations.

There are a number of companies in the broader synthetic biology industry, and our future success will depend on our ability to maintain a competitive position with respect to technological advances. Technological developments, including emerging artificial intelligence (“AI”) technologies, may result in our platform becoming obsolete. Our ability to compete successfully will depend on our ability to develop proprietary technologies that enable our customers to develop products using our platform in a manner that is either less expensive, faster, superior or otherwise differentiated from what a competitor’s technologies and products might enable. If we are unable to continue to successfully advance our platform or the services it provides at scale, or if our customers are unable to commercialize the products or processes made or improved upon by using our platform, our business and results of operations will be adversely impacted.

Due to the significant lead time involved in launching a new program or developing a new product or process using our platform, our customers are required to make a number of assumptions and estimates regarding the commercial feasibility of a new product, including assumptions and estimates regarding the size of an emerging product category and demand for those end-products and processes which will use our technology, the ability to scale-up manufacturing processes to produce a product on a commercial scale, the ability to penetrate that emerging product category, customer adoption of a downstream product, the existence or non-existence of products being simultaneously developed by competitors, potential market penetration and obsolescence, planned or unplanned. As a result, it is possible that we may commence a new program with a customer who wishes to develop a product or process that has been displaced by the time of launch, addresses a market that no longer exists or is smaller than previously thought, that end-consumers do not like or otherwise is not competitive at the time of launch, in each case, after the incurrence of significant opportunity costs on our part to develop such product. The ultimate success of the products developed by our customers using our services may be dependent on the success of other markets in which we or our customers do not operate in or have knowledge or expertise or which, in each case, may not reach the size anticipated by us or our customers or may be replaced by another emerging product category or eliminated entirely.

The market, including customers and potential investors, may be skeptical of our ability to deliver on programs because they are based on a relatively novel and complex technology.

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The market, including customers and potential investors, may be skeptical of the viability and benefits of bioengineered products as well as our enabling abilities, including our platform and programs, because they are based on a relatively novel approach and the adoption of complex technology and because we are still demonstrating to the market the value of our platform. There can be no assurance that our platform and programs will be understood, approved, or accepted by customers, regulators and potential investors or that we will be able to sell our services profitably at competitive prices and with features sufficient to establish demand.

In addition, in order for novel products from our programs to be successfully commercialized, support from the entire relevant supply chain is needed. Relationships with all parts of the supply chain are important in order to gain visibility into market trends and feature and specification requirements and in order to ensure customers are able to successfully manufacture their products, obtain regulatory approval and gain access to key distribution channels. If we are unable to convince these potential customers, their suppliers, or the consumers who purchase products containing or made or developed using engineered cells and/or biomanufacturing processes, of the utility and value of such products or that such products are superior to the products they currently use, we will not be successful in entering these markets and our business and results of operations will be adversely affected. If potential investors are skeptical of the success of our platform or cell programs, our ability to raise capital and the value of our common stock may be adversely affected.

Ethical, legal and social concerns about GMOs and Genetically Modified Materials and their resulting products could limit or prevent the use of products or processes using our technologies, limit public acceptance of such products or processes and limit our revenues.

Our technologies and the technologies of our customers involve the use of genetically modified cells, organisms and biomaterials, including, without limitation, GMOs, GMMs, Genetically Modified Materials and their respective products. The use, production and marketing of Genetically Modified Materials are subject to laws and regulations in many countries, some of which are new and some of which are still evolving. In the United States, the FDA, the EPA and the USDA are the primary agencies that regulate the use of GMOs, GMMs and potential products derived from GMOs or GMMs. If regulatory approval of the Genetically Modified Materials or resulting products is not secured, our business operations, financial condition and our ability to grow as a business could be adversely affected. We expect to encounter regulations regarding Genetically Modified Materials in most, if not all, of the countries in which our customers may seek to establish production capabilities or sell their products and the scope and nature of these regulations will likely be different from country to country. Governmental authorities could, for safety, social or other purposes, impose limits on, or implement regulation of, the use, production or marketing of Genetically Modified Materials. If our customers cannot meet the applicable requirements in other countries in which they intend to produce or sell their products, or if it takes longer than anticipated to obtain such approvals, our business could be adversely affected.

In addition, public perception regarding the safety and environmental hazards of, and ethical concerns over, Genetically Modified Materials or the processes used to create them, including gene editing or gene regulating technologies, could influence public acceptance of our and our customers’ technologies, products, and processes. For instance, certain advocacy groups engage in efforts that include regulatory legal challenges and labeling campaigns for genetically modified products, as well as application of pressure to consumer retail outlets seeking a commitment not to carry genetically modified foods. These groups in the past have pressured retail food outlets and grocery store chains to publicly state that they will not carry genetically modified foods and have pressured food brands to publicly state that they will not use ingredients produced by genetically modified microbes. In addition, certain labeling-related initiatives have heightened consumer awareness of GMOs, which may make consumers less likely to purchase products containing GMO ingredients, and could have a negative impact on the commercial success of our customers’ products and programs. These concerns could result in increased expenses, regulatory scrutiny, delays or other impediments to our programs. The subject of Genetically Modified Materials has received negative publicity, which has aroused public debate. This adverse publicity has led to, and could continue to lead to, greater regulation and trade restrictions on imports of Genetically Modified Materials or their resulting products. In addition, with the acquisitions of Dutch DNA Biotech B.V., FGen, and Altar, we are expanding into the European Union market, which has increased government regulation and scrutiny over genetically modified products. There is a risk that products produced using our technologies could cause adverse health effects or other adverse events, which could also lead to negative publicity, regulatory action or private litigation. If we are unable to overcome the ethical, legal and social concerns relating to genetic engineering, our programs could face increased expenses, regulatory scrutiny, delays or other impediments to deliver our programs or the commercialization of resulting products and processes.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain, maintain and defend patents protecting our intellectual property, our competitive position will be harmed.

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our proprietary technologies. We protect our proprietary technologies through patents and trade secrets, both of which entail risk. If we are unable to obtain, maintain or protect intellectual property rights related to our technology, or if our intellectual property rights are inadequate, our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects may be harmed.

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Because of the volume and nature of our inventions, patent protection may not be practicable, available, or appropriate for some aspects of our proprietary technologies. While we own patents and pending patent applications in the United States and in foreign jurisdictions, these applications do not ensure the protection of our intellectual property. There may be prior art of which we are not aware. Additionally, obtaining, maintaining, defending and enforcing patents is costly, time consuming and complex, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications, or maintain and enforce any patents that may issue from such patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our technologies before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Although we enter into confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our R&D output, such as our employees, collaborators, consultants, advisors and other third parties, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection.

Further, pending applications may not be issued or may be issued with claims significantly narrower than we currently seek. Patents for which claims have been allowed may be successfully challenged and invalidated. Unless and until our pending applications issue, their protective scope is impossible to determine and, even after issuance, their protective scope may be limited.

Recent changes in patent law have made patents covering life science inventions more difficult to obtain and enforce. Further legislative changes or changes in the interpretation of existing patent law could increase the uncertainty and cost surrounding the prosecution of our owned patent applications and the maintenance, enforcement or defense of our owned patents. The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (“the Leahy-Smith Act”) included changes that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted; redefine prior art; enable third-party submission of prior art to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) during patent prosecution; and provide cost-effective avenues for competitors and other third parties to challenge the validity of patents at USPTO-administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. Thus, the Leahy-Smith Act and its continued implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Other changes in the law may further detract from the value of life science patents and facilitate challenges to our patents. In some cases, we use genetic sequence information from naturally occurring organisms and inventions created in whole or in part using AI, which may not be patentable. U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection for naturally occurring sequences and for inventions based on the observation and exploitation of natural phenomena. These decisions have weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the “Federal Circuit”) and the Supreme Court have also issued a series of rulings that create obstacles to the patenting of groups of genetic sequences that share functional characteristics, making it more difficult to obtain claims to certain genetic constructs, particularly antibodies. These changes in the law have created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents covering natural and engineered sequences. In some cases, we use AI in designing sequences. The Federal Circuit has ruled that inventions created entirely by AI are not patentable, while the USPTO has sought public comment about how it could encourage the use of AI in developing inventions. Because the law is in flux with respect to AI-assisted inventions, there is uncertainty and risk associated with patenting such inventions. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could have a further material adverse effect on our patent rights and our ability to protect, defend and enforce our patent rights in the future.

Further, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. An adverse determination in any such challenge could result in loss of exclusivity, or patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, in whole or in part. Any of these results could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology to compete directly with us. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents or patent applications is threatened, regardless of the outcome, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us. Such proceedings also may result in substantial cost and require significant time from our scientists and management, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States or may apply different rules concerning the assignment of intellectual property rights. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. We may encounter similar difficulties, particularly as we expand to work with foreign employees and contractors and expand our collaboration activities into foreign markets. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents by foreign holders and, in some cases, do not favor the enforcement of patents at all, particularly patents in the life sciences. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business and could be unsuccessful.

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Reductions in the scope or enforceability of our patent protection may adversely affect our customers’ ability to commercialize their products and may thus reduce our downstream value from royalties, equity, or commercial milestone payments.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position will be harmed.

Because patent protection may not be available or appropriate for significant aspects of the technology we are developing, our success may depend in large part on our proprietary information, including genetic and other chemical and biological data, processes, know-how, and other trade secrets developed over years of R&D, some of which are embodied in proprietary software. We rely heavily on trade secret protections, especially in cases where we believe patents or other forms of registered intellectual property protection may not be appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. The secrecy of the Company’s trade secrets must be maintained for them to retain their status and protection as trade secrets. While we strive to protect the secrecy of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, including by requiring our employees, customers, consultants, and contractors to enter into confidentiality agreements and instituting multilayered protections covering our digital environment and biomaterials, we may not be able to adequately protect our trade secrets or other proprietary information. We cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with every party that may have or has had access to our trade secrets, biomaterials or proprietary technology and processes. Further, despite these efforts, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches.

We seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our information by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems, but it is possible that these security measures could be breached. We also rely on systems provided by third parties, which may suffer security breaches or incidents. Such security breaches may be inadvertent or may come about due to intentional misconduct or other malfeasance or by human error or technical malfunctions, including those caused by hackers, employees, contractors, or vendors. It may be difficult or impossible to recover trade secrets or other confidential information once it is hacked, and hackers may operate from jurisdictions that will not cooperate with such efforts. Enforcing any claim that a third party unlawfully obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts in some jurisdictions are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets even when a hacker or thief can be identified.

Our competitors may lawfully obtain or independently develop knowledge that is equivalent to one or more of our trade secrets. Were they to do so, we would be unable to prevent them from using that independently developed knowledge. Such a competitor could claim that we had learned the trade secret from them and bring an action against us on that basis. If any of our trade secrets were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, our competitive position could be materially and adversely harmed. Moreover, a competitor could file for patent protection covering intellectual property that we have chosen to protect as a trade secret. In such a case, we might be restricted or excluded from using that intellectual property even if we had developed it before our competitor did.

Our facilities hold large collections of microbial strains, cell lines and other biomaterials. Failure to implement adequate controls and protections, failure to implement adequate disposal procedures, unauthorized visitors in the labs, or customers’ failure to adequately protect biological materials can put us and our customers at risk of losing valuable assets through negligence or theft and enabling the use of those lost materials by our competitors. While we believe that we take reasonable measures to protect the security of biomaterials owned by us or our customers, it is possible that our security controls and practices may not prevent unauthorized or other improper access to such genetic material. Any unauthorized access, acquisition, use, destruction, or release of the GMOs we engineer could result in our having exposure to significant liability under our contracts, as well as to regulatory actions, litigation, investigations, remediation obligations, damage to our reputation and brand, supplemental disclosure obligations, loss of customer, consumer, or partner confidence in the security of our platform, impairment to our business, and corresponding fees, costs, expenses, loss of revenues, and other potential liabilities.

Our customers sometimes provide organisms, genetic material and/or data to us in connection with our collaborations. In the event that we fail to protect customer materials or data or inadvertently use such materials or data for unauthorized purposes, we could be liable to our customers under trade secret laws or contractual provisions.

There could be unintended consequences to the environment generally or the health and safety of our employees or the public as a result of an unauthorized release of Genetically Modified Materials into uncontrolled environments. In addition, if a biosecurity breach or unauthorized release of genetic material were to occur within our industry, our customers and potential customers might lose trust in the security of the laboratory environments in which we produce GMOs, even if we are not directly affected. Any adverse effect resulting from such a release, by us or others, could have a material adverse effect on the public acceptance of our products and business and our financial condition. Such a release could result in enhanced regulatory activity, and we could have exposure to liability for any resulting harm.

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We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents, biomaterials and other intellectual property.

Certain of our employees, consultants and contractors were previously employed at universities or other software or biotechnology companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Additionally, some of our consultants or contractors may have ongoing relationships with universities. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants and contractors do not use the intellectual property of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these individuals or other contractors have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of another. Litigation may result from these claims.

While it is our policy to require that our employees, consultants and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property for us execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our intellectual property assignment agreements with them may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Such claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we are unsuccessful in litigating any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive business position and prospects. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such third party to use or commercialize our technology or products, which license might not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management and employees.

The life science academic and research community has abided by norms of free exchange of biomaterials, but recently, norms have begun to change so that parties may assert ownership and control over biomaterials that they permitted to be freely disseminated in the past. Thus, despite our best efforts to confirm our right to use biomaterials in our possession, we may use organisms that we believe to be free of encumbrance that are, in fact, subject to claims of title by others. In such a situation, litigation may be required to clear title, if it can be cleared at all. Similarly, we may be subject to claims that we have used biomaterials obtained from licensors or repositories for unauthorized purposes, or purposes not consistent with the licensing terms of the providing organization.

We may become involved in lawsuits or other enforcement proceedings to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and potentially unsuccessful.

Competitors and other third parties may infringe or otherwise violate our issued patents or other intellectual property. In addition, our patents may become involved in inventorship, ownership, or priority disputes. We may also become subject to claims by collaboration partners that intellectual property or biomaterials that we believe to be owned by us are actually owned by them. Any litigation concerning any of these issues would be expensive, time consuming and uncertain. There can be no assurances that we would prevail in any suit brought by us or against us by third parties, or successfully settle or otherwise resolve those claims. Significant litigation would have substantial costs, even if the eventual outcome were favorable to us, and would divert management’s attention from our business objectives.

Under certain circumstances, we may share or lose rights to intellectual property developed under U.S. federally funded research grants and contracts.

Some of our inventions, data, or other intellectual property have been or may be developed during the course of research funded by the U.S. government. The U.S. government may have the right to take title to government-funded inventions if we fail to disclose the inventions to the government in a timely manner or fail to file a patent for the intellectual property within specified time limits. Further, in consequence of our receiving government funding, the U.S. government may have certain rights to intellectual property that we use in our platform or programs pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, as amended (the “Bayh-Dole Act”). Under the Bayh-Dole Act, U.S. government rights in certain “subject inventions” developed under a government-funded program may include a non-exclusive, irrevocable worldwide license to use inventions for any governmental purpose. In some circumstances, the U.S. government may acquire unlimited rights in data we generate. In addition, the U.S. government has the right to require us, or an assignee or exclusive licensee to U.S. Government-funded inventions, to grant licenses to any of these inventions to the government or a third party if the government determines that: (i) adequate steps have not been taken to commercialize the invention; (ii) government action is necessary to meet public health or safety needs; (iii) government action is necessary to meet requirements for public use under federal regulations; or (iv) the right to use or sell such inventions is exclusively licensed to an entity within the United States and substantially manufactured outside the United States without the U.S. government’s prior approval. Additionally, we may be restricted from granting exclusive licenses for the right to use or sell such inventions unless the licensee agrees to comply with relevant Bayh-Dole Act restrictions (e.g., manufacturing substantially all of the invention in the United States) and reporting requirements. In addition, the U.S. government may acquire title in any country in which a patent application is not filed. Certain technology and inventions are also subject to transfer restrictions during the term of these agreements with the U.S. government and

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for a period thereafter. These restrictions may limit sales of products or components, transfers to foreign subsidiaries for the purpose of the relevant agreements, and transfers to certain foreign third parties. If any of our intellectual property becomes subject to any of the rights or remedies available to the U.S. government or third parties pursuant to the Bayh-Dole Act, this could impair the value of our intellectual property and could adversely affect our business.

The use of digital genetic sequence information may be subject to the Nagoya Protocol or other treaties or local legislation concerning biodiversity, which could increase our costs and adversely affect our business.

The Nagoya Protocol is a supplemental agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (“CBD”). The Nagoya Protocol is designed to provide for equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and traditional knowledge. There are other international treaties, as well as local legislation in many countries, with similar objectives. Under the Nagoya Protocol and many other treaties and laws, countries possessing genetic resources (“source countries”) are tasked with setting up procedures and institutional infrastructure for researchers to obtain prior informed consent, both from the source country and from any relevant indigenous or traditional communities, for biological research. Many have been slow to adopt workable institutions permitting the rational negotiation of benefit-sharing agreements. Many source countries are now asserting that the use of digital genetic sequence information is subject to the constraints of the Nagoya Protocol or similar national- or local-level benefit-sharing requirements. It is unclear whether this position will ultimately be adopted or what the implications of such adoption might be. It is unclear what a source country might assert if we used genetic sequences (i) extracted by a third party from a natural resource that was removed from its source country before that source country ratified the CBD or signed the Nagoya Protocol (ii) extracted by a third party and uploaded to public sequence databases after the source country ratified the CBD; (iii) in a heterologous host organism; or (iv) as a base for further engineering, so that the sequence we use no longer conforms to the natural sequence on which it was based.

We make extensive use of public and proprietary sequence databases to support our work. While we undertake efforts to identify and comply with laws and international protocols relating to the use of genetic resources, the uncertainty surrounding the use of digital sequence information and the lack of workable institutions in many source countries for the efficient negotiation of benefit-sharing agreements may limit our use or cause uncertainty in our use of certain sequences that we obtain from public access databases or natural sources. New financial obligations may arise regarding our use of sequence information. Customers that must certify their compliance with Nagoya Protocol obligations may be reluctant to do business with us unless we engage in expensive and time-consuming benefit-sharing negotiations with source countries of publicly available genetic sequences. These changes could increase our R&D costs and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results.

Third party patents may limit our freedom to operate in certain areas, which may adversely affect our business.

There may be patents that affect our freedom to operate in certain areas, and we may as a result choose to design around or license such patents from third parties. If we must spend significant time and money designing around or licensing patents held by others, our business and financial prospects may be harmed. We may be restricted from carrying out certain operations in our Foundry, or we may be limited in our ability to design new products for our customers. We may become subject to claims by third parties alleging that we are infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights.

If we are sued for infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating intellectual property rights of third parties, such litigation could be costly and time consuming and could prevent or delay us from using our platform and technologies.

Litigation arising from disputes relating to the intellectual property of third parties is expensive, time-consuming, and uncertain. There can be no assurance that we will prevail in such disputes. Parties making claims against us might be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which could block our or our customers’ ability to develop, commercialize and sell products or use our technologies, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us, including treble damages, attorney’s fees, costs and expenses if we were found to have willfully infringed. In the event of a successful claim against us, we or our customers might be required to pay damages and ongoing royalties, and obtain licenses from third parties, or be prohibited from selling certain products or using certain technologies. We may not be able to obtain these licenses on acceptable or commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, we or our customers could encounter delays in product or service introductions while we attempt to develop alternative designs or redesign existing products or technologies to avoid or resolve these claims. Our loss in any lawsuit or failure to obtain a license could prevent us from using our platform and technologies. Such a loss or failure could materially affect our business and reputation. Any litigation pertaining to these issues would have substantial costs, even if the eventual outcome were favorable to us, and would divert management’s attention from our business objectives.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, diluted, tarnished, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names,

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which we need to build name recognition among potential collaborators or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement, dilution or tarnishment claims brought by owners of other trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade names, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Any claims or lawsuits relating to infringement of, misappropriating, or otherwise violating intellectual property rights brought by or against us will be costly and time consuming and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any of the risks identified above could result in significant litigation. In addition to the specific litigation-related risks identified above, litigation of any kind carries certain inherent risks. Because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with litigation in U.S. courts, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised in the discovery process. There could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on our share price.

Further, our agreements with some of our customers, suppliers or other entities require us to defend or indemnify these parties if they become involved in infringement claims that target our products, services or technologies, or in certain other situations. If we must defend or indemnify third parties, we could incur significant costs and expenses that could adversely affect our business, operating results or financial condition.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our business.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

•
we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain intellectual property as trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property;
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others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our owned or licensed intellectual property rights;
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the patents of others may harm our business;
•
we might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the issued patents or pending patent applications that we own;
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we might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our inventions; and
•
issued patents that we hold rights to may fail to provide us with any competitive advantage, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors.

Should any of these events occur, they could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Intellectual property disputes of third parties and customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely on, certain capital equipment, machinery, consumables, reagents, software, services and intellectual property that we purchase or license from third parties for use in our operations, platform, products, services and offerings. We cannot be certain that our vendors, suppliers, and licensors are not infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others or that they have sufficient rights to the third-party technology used in our business in all jurisdictions in which we may operate. Disputes with any of these third parties over uses or terms could result in the payment of additional royalties or penalties by us, cancellation or non-renewal of the underlying license, termination of supplies or rights to use, or litigation. In the event that we cannot resolve issues of this kind, we may be required to discontinue or limit our use of the operations, platform, products, services or offerings that include or incorporate the licensed intellectual property. Any such discontinuation or limitation could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Our customers may become involved in intellectual property disputes with third parties that are related or unrelated to any products or services we have supplied or rendered to them. Such disputes could result in a customer being unable to market its products, thus

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depriving us of license, milestone, or other revenues. Such deprivation could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results.

Our use of “open-source” software could negatively affect our ability to market or provide our services and could subject us to possible litigation.

We have used “open-source” software in connection with the development and deployment of our software platform, and we expect to continue to use open-source software in the future. Open-source software is licensed by its authors or other third parties under open-source licenses, which in some instances may subject us to certain unfavorable conditions, including requirements that we offer our products that incorporate the open-source software for no cost, that we make publicly available all or part of the source code for any modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating or using the open-source software, or that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open-source license.

Companies that incorporate open-source software into their products have, from time to time, faced claims challenging the use of open-source software and compliance with open-source license terms. We could be subject to similar suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software or claiming noncompliance with open-source licensing terms. While we monitor our use of open-source software and try to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open-source agreement, we cannot guarantee that we will be successful, that all open-source software is reviewed prior to use in our platform, that our developers have not incorporated open- source software into our products that we are unaware of or that they will not do so in the future.

Furthermore, there are an increasing number of open-source software license types, almost none of which have been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, resulting in a dearth of guidance regarding the proper legal interpretation of such licenses. As a result, there is a risk that open-source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to market or provide our products and services. If we are held to have breached or failed to fully comply with all the terms and conditions of an open-source software license, we could face infringement claims or other liability, or be required to seek costly licenses from third parties to continue providing our offerings on terms that are not economically feasible, if at all, to re-engineer all or a portion of our platform, to discontinue or delay the provision of our offerings if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code. Further, in addition to risks related to license requirements, use of certain open-source software carries greater technical and legal risks than does the use of third-party commercial software. For example, open-source software is generally provided without any support or warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement or the quality of the code, including the existence of security vulnerabilities. To the extent that our platform depends upon the successful operation of open-source software, any undetected errors or defects in open-source software that we use could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our systems and injure our reputation. In addition, the public availability of such software may make it easier for others to compromise our platform. Any of the foregoing risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Personnel, IT and Physical Infrastructure

Loss of key personnel, including our founders and senior executives, and/or failure to attract, train and retain additional key personnel could delay our cell engineering programs, harm our platform development efforts, limit our biosecurity and public health offerings, and harm our ability to meet our business objectives, particularly given the substantial investment required to recruit, hire and train our employees.

Our business involves complex, global operations across a variety of markets and requires a management team and employee workforce that is knowledgeable in the many areas in which we operate. Our future success depends upon our ability to attract, train, retain and motivate highly qualified management, scientific, engineering, information technology, operations, business development and marketing personnel, among others. In addition, the market for qualified personnel is very competitive because of (a) the limited number of people available who have the necessary technical skills and understanding of our technology and products and (b) the nature of our industry which requires certain of our technical personnel to be on-site in our facilities. We compete for qualified technical personnel with other life sciences and information technology companies, as well as academic institutions and research institutions in the markets in which we operate, including: Massachusetts, USA; California, USA; The Netherlands; France; and Switzerland. In addition, as we add international operations, we will increasingly need to recruit qualified personnel outside the United States. However, doing so may also require us to comply with laws to which we are not currently subject, which could cause us to allocate or divert capital, personnel and other resources from our organization, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects and reputation. Establishing international operations and recruiting personnel has in the past been impacted by COVID-19 travel and operational restrictions. Our senior leadership team is critical to our vision, strategic direction, platform development, operations and commercial efforts. Our employees, including members of our leadership team, could leave our company with little or no prior notice and would be free to work for a competitor. We also do not maintain “key person” life insurance

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on any of our employees. The departure of one or more of our founders, senior leadership team members or other key employees could be disruptive to our business until we are able to hire qualified successors.

Our continued platform development, growth and commercial success depends, in part, on recruiting and retaining highly-trained personnel across our various target industries and markets with the necessary background and ability to develop and use our platform and to effectively identify and sell to current and new customers. New hires and employees onboarded as a result of any of our recent acquisitions may require significant training and, in most cases, take significant time before they achieve full productivity. Our failure to successfully hire and integrate these key personnel into our business could adversely affect our business. To attract top talent, we believe we will need to offer competitive compensation and benefits packages, including equity incentive programs, which may require significant investment. If we are unable to offer competitive compensation this may make it more difficult for us to attract and retain key employees. Moreover, if the perceived value of our equity awards declines, it may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key employees. If we do not maintain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience staffing constraints that adversely affect our ability to support our programs and operations.

In addition, some of our personnel are qualified foreign nationals whose ability to live and work in the U.S. is contingent upon the continued availability of appropriate visas and whose ability to work on some of our technologies may require the procurement of appropriate export licenses. Due to the competition for qualified personnel in the key markets in which we operate, we expect to continue to utilize foreign nationals to fill part of our recruiting needs. As a result, changes to United States immigration policies have restrained, and could further restrain, the flow of technical and professional talent into the United States and adversely affect our ability to hire and retain qualified personnel.

Our business and results of operations are dependent on adequate access to laboratory and office space and suitable physical infrastructure, including electrical, plumbing, HVAC and network infrastructure, to conduct our operations. Our headquarters and certain of our laboratories are located in a flood zone in Boston’s Seaport District. Other facilities are located in active earthquake and tsunami zones or in active hurricane or wildfire zones. If we are unable to access enough space or we experience failures of our physical infrastructure, including due to natural disasters affecting us or our suppliers, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our business depends on providing customers with technical services. In order to properly conduct our business, we need access to sufficient laboratory space and equipment to perform the activities necessary to advance and complete our programs. Additionally, we need to ensure that our laboratories and corporate offices remain operational at all times, which includes maintaining suitable physical infrastructure, including electrical, plumbing and HVAC, logistics and transportation systems and network infrastructure. We own certain properties in California and lease most of our laboratories and office spaces. We rely on the landlords for basic maintenance of our leased laboratories and office buildings. If one of our landlords has not maintained a leased property sufficiently, we may be forced into an early exit from the facility, which could be disruptive to our business. Furthermore, we may continue to acquire laboratories not built by us in order to sufficiently scale and expand our output capacity. If we discover that these buildings and their infrastructure assets are not in the condition we expected when they were acquired, we may be required to incur substantial additional costs to repair or upgrade the laboratories.

Problems in and around one or more of our laboratories or corporate offices, whether or not within our control, could result in service interruptions or significant infrastructure or equipment damage. These could result from numerous factors, including:

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human error;
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equipment failure;
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physical, electronic and cybersecurity breaches;
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fire, earthquake, hurricane, flood, tornado and other natural disasters;
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extreme temperatures;
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flood and/or water damage;
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fiber cuts;
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power loss;
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terrorist acts, including acts of bioterrorism;
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sabotage, vandalism and cyberattacks; and
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local epidemics or global pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Certain of our facilities are located in an active earthquake and tsunami zone, and certain of our suppliers conduct their operations in the same region or in other locations that are susceptible to natural disasters. The occurrence of a natural or other disaster, such as an earthquake, tsunami, hurricane, drought, flood, fire, wildfire or any potential effects of climate change or localized extended outages of critical utilities or transportation systems, or any critical resource shortages affecting us or our suppliers or manufacturers could cause a significant interruption in our business, damage or destroy our facilities, production equipment or inventory or those of our

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suppliers and cause us to incur significant costs or result in limitations on the availability of our raw materials, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have timeline obligations to certain customers with respect to their programs. As a result, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our laboratories could result in difficulty maintaining program timelines for these customers and potential claims related to such failures. Because the services we provide in our laboratories are critical to many of our customers’ businesses, service interruptions or significant equipment damage in our laboratories could also result in lost revenue or other indirect or consequential damages to our customers. We cannot guarantee that a court would enforce any contractual limitations on our liability in the event that one of our customers brings a lawsuit against us as a result of a problem at one of our laboratories and we may decide to reach settlements with affected customers irrespective of any such contractual limitations. In addition, any loss of service, equipment damage or inability to meet our service obligations could reduce the confidence of our customers and could consequently impair our ability to obtain and retain customers, which would adversely affect both our ability to generate revenues and our operating results.

Furthermore, we are dependent upon internet service providers, telecommunications carriers and other website operators, some of which have experienced significant system failures and electrical outages in the past.

Our customers may, in the future, experience difficulties due to system failures unrelated to our systems and offerings. If, for any reason, these providers fail to provide the required services, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.

Risks Related to Financial Reporting

We rely on our customers, joint venturers, equity investees and other third parties to deliver timely and accurate information in order to accurately report our financial results in the time frame and manner required by law.

We need to receive timely, accurate, and complete information from a number of third parties in order to accurately report our financial results on a timely basis. If the information that we receive is not accurate or complete, or if a third party differs from us in its interpretation of accounting rules, our consolidated financial statements may be materially incorrect and may require restatement, or we may otherwise be required to correct our prior financial reporting. Although we have audit rights with third parties, performing such an audit could be expensive and time consuming and may not be adequate to reveal any discrepancies in a time frame consistent with our reporting requirements. We have had, and in the future may have, difficulty completing accurate and timely financial disclosures, which could have an adverse effect on our business. For example, we amended our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K to include significant investee financial statements in connection with one of our equity method investments.

We use estimates in determining the fair value of certain assets and liabilities. If our estimates prove to be incorrect, we may be required to write down the value of these assets or write up the value of these liabilities, which could adversely affect our financial position.

Our ability to measure and report our financial position and operating results is influenced by the need to estimate the fair value of an asset or liability. Fair value is estimated based on a hierarchy that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. We estimate the impact or outcome of future events on the basis of information available at the time of the financial statements. An accounting estimate is considered critical if it requires that management make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made. If actual results differ from management’s judgments and assumptions, then they may have an adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We have incurred net losses since our inception and we may never achieve or sustain profitability. Generally, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, net operating losses incurred will carry forward. However, net operating loss carryforwards generated prior to January 1, 2018 are subject to expiration for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As of December 31, 2022, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $1,838.0 million, of which $139.2 million begin to expire in 2029 and $1,698.8 million can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2022, we had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $734.1 million, of which $661.9 million begin to expire in 2030 and $72.2 million can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2022, we had foreign net operating losses of approximately $1.4 million, of which $0.5 million will begin to expire in 2030 and $0.9 million can be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2022, we had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of

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approximately $30.3 million which begin to expire in 2029. As of December 31, 2022, we also had state research and development and investment tax credit carryforwards of approximately $55.7 million which begin to expire in 2030.

Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change by value in its equity ownership by certain stockholders over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-ownership change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-ownership change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post- ownership change income or taxes may be limited. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit the use of our state net operating loss carryforwards and other state tax attributes. We have not performed an analysis to determine whether our past issuances of stock and other changes in our stock ownership may have resulted in one or more ownership changes. If it is determined that we have in the past experienced an ownership change, or if we undergo one or more ownership changes as a result of future transactions in our stock, which may be outside our control, then our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be materially limited. As a result, even if we earn taxable income, we may be unable to use a material portion of our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes, which could adversely affect our future cash flows. There is also a risk that regulatory changes, such as suspensions on the use of net operating losses or other unforeseen reasons, may result in our existing net operating loss carryforwards expiring or otherwise becoming unavailable to offset future taxable income. For these reasons, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes even if we attain profitability.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future. A failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, may result in failure to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

SEC and New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) rules and regulations require, among other things, that we establish and periodically evaluate procedures with respect to our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, we are required to document and test our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 so that our management can certify as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Likewise, our independent registered public accounting firm is required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

As disclosed in Part II—Item 9A, “Controls and Procedures”, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 13, 2023 (“Item 9A”), in connection with the audit of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, we concluded that there were two material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting during the periods presented: (1) we did not have effective management review controls to address the risks of material misstatement of various significant accounts, and we relied on external resources and specialists and did not maintain a sufficient complement of internal personnel with appropriate knowledge, experience and/or training commensurate with our technical accounting and financial reporting requirements in order to provide sufficient review and oversight over the level of precision, evidence and/or timeliness of management review controls; and (2) we did not have effective controls over the existence, completeness, and accuracy of data used in our controls and failed to maintain adequate information technology general controls over various key systems. The material weaknesses identified in Item 9A did not result in any material misstatement of our financial statements for any period presented.

Our remediation efforts with respect to our identified material weaknesses may be inadequate, and we may in the future discover other areas of our internal controls that require remediation.

We cannot provide assurances that there will not be additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future. Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition, or results of operations. Any material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of shares of our common stock to decline, and result in sanctions or investigations by NYSE, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or to implement or maintain other effective control systems could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.

Adverse developments affecting the financial services industry could adversely affect our business operations, financial condition and results of operations.

Actual or rumored events involving reduced or limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, the closures of SVB and Signature Bank in March 2023 and First Republic Bank in May 2023 have created bank-specific and broader financial institution liquidity risk and concerns. Although the U.S. government has taken measures to strengthen public confidence in the banking system and protect depositors, such steps may be insufficient to resolve the volatility in the financial markets and reduce the risk of additional bank failures. Future

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adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages, impair the ability of companies to access working capital needs, and create additional market and economic uncertainty.

We regularly maintain cash balances at third-party financial institutions, including SVB, in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance limit. Immediately following SVB's receivership, we temporarily lost access to our cash and cash equivalents at SVB. While we regained access to all funds held at SVB, any similar failure of a depository institution to return our deposits, or if a depository institution is subject to other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets, could further impact access to our invested cash or cash equivalents and could adversely impact our operating liquidity and financial performance.

In addition, widespread investor concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems could result in less favorable commercial financing terms, including higher interest rates or costs and tighter financial and operating covenants, or systemic limitations on access to credit and liquidity sources, thereby making it more difficult for us to acquire financing on acceptable terms or at all. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and liquidity resources could, among other risks, adversely impact our ability to meet our operating expenses, financial obligations or fulfill our other obligations, or result in breaches of our financial and/or contractual obligations. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on our liquidity and our current and/or projected business operations and financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Litigation

Failure to comply with federal, state, local and international laws and regulations could adversely affect our business and our financial condition.

A variety of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations govern certain aspects of our business. For example, we maintain a registration from the DEA for the research of certain controlled substances and permits from the Boston Public Health Commission to conduct work with recombinant DNA. Some of our programs or products made or developed using our engineered cells and/or biomanufacturing processes are subject to regulations, including those promulgated by the FDA, DEA, EPA or USDA. Products utilized in our COVID-19 testing services are subject to regulations promulgated by the FDA, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and certain state governments. In addition, we are subject to laws relating to, among other things, anti-bribery, insider trading, sourcing of biological materials and data privacy. The legal and regulatory requirements that apply to our business may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another or may conflict with other rules or our practices. As a result, our practices may not comply, or may not comply in the future with all such laws, regulations, requirements and obligations. Any failure, or perceived failure, by us to comply with any federal, state, local or international laws, regulations, industry self-regulatory principles, industry standards or codes of conduct, regulatory guidance, orders to which we may be subject or other legal obligations could adversely affect our reputation, brand and business, and may result in claims, proceedings or actions against us by governmental entities or others or other liabilities or require us to change our operations. We may also be contractually required to indemnify and hold harmless third parties from the costs or consequences of non-compliance with any laws, regulations or other legal obligations.

We may also become subject to increasing regulation in the future as we expand our business. As we continue to expand our operations and offerings domestically and globally, we will have to expend significant management and financial resources to maintain compliant practices in those locations. Non-compliance could lead to litigation, which would require substantial management and financial resources.

We may incur significant costs complying with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, and failure to comply with these laws and regulations could expose us to significant liabilities.

We use hazardous chemical and biological materials in our business and are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations governing, among other matters, the use, generation, manufacture, transportation, storage, handling, disposal of, and human exposure to these materials, including regulation by governmental regulatory agencies, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the EPA. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, capital and operating expenditures and other costs in the ordinary course of our business in complying with these laws and regulations.

Although we have implemented safety procedures for storing, handling and disposing of these materials and waste products in an effort to comply with these laws and regulations, we cannot be sure that our safety measures will be compliant or capable of eliminating the risk of injury or contamination from the generation, manufacturing, use, storage, transportation, handling, disposal of and human exposure to hazardous materials and/or flammable chemicals. Failure to comply with environmental, health and safety laws could subject us to liability and resulting damages. There can be no assurance that violations of environmental, health and safety laws will not occur as a result of human error, accident, equipment failure, contamination, intentional misconduct or other causes.

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Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and the failure to comply with past, present or future laws could result in the imposition of fines, regulatory oversight costs, third party property damage, product liability and personal injury claims, investigation and remediation costs, the suspension of production or a cessation of operations, and our liability may exceed our total assets. Liability under environmental laws can be imposed for the full amount of damages without regard to comparative fault for the investigation and cleanup of contamination and impacts to human health and for damages to natural resources. Contamination at properties we may own and operate and at properties to which we send hazardous materials, may result in liability for us under environmental laws and regulations.

Our business and operations may be affected by other new environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, which may require us to change our operations, or result in greater compliance costs and increasing risks and penalties associated with violations, which could impair our research, development or production efforts and harm our business.

If we fail to comply with healthcare and other governmental regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our business activities may be subject to regulation and enforcement by the FDA, U.S. Department of Justice, HHS, Office of Inspector General, and other federal and state governmental authorities. Although our offerings are not currently billed to any third-party payor, including any commercial payor or government healthcare program, we may, in the future, submit claims for our services to third-party payors, including government healthcare programs. If we submit claims to third-party payors, such activity will expand the scope of federal and state healthcare laws applicable to us.

Federal and state healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to conduct business include, without limitation:

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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or paying any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order, or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of, any item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;
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the federal physician self-referral prohibition, commonly known as the Stark Law, which prohibits a physician, in the absence of an applicable exception, from making a referral for certain designated health services covered by the Medicare or Medicaid program, including clinical laboratory services, if the physician or an immediate family member of the physician has a financial relationship with the entity providing the designated health services. The Stark Law also prohibits the entity furnishing the designated health services from billing, presenting or causing to be presented a claim for the designated health services furnished pursuant to the prohibited referral;
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the federal civil false claims laws, including without limitation the federal False Claims Act (which can be enforced through “qui tam,” or whistleblower actions, by private citizens on behalf of the federal government), and civil monetary penalties laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false or fraudulent claims for payment of government funds, or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to an obligation to pay money to the government or knowingly and improperly avoiding, decreasing or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or Stark Law constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act;
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the EKRA, which created a new federal crime for knowingly and willfully: (1) soliciting or receiving any remuneration in return for referring a patient to a recovery home, clinical treatment facility, or laboratory; or (2) paying or offering any remuneration to induce such a referral or in exchange for an individual using the services of a recovery home, clinical treatment facility, or laboratory. Unlike the Anti-Kickback Statute, EKRA is not limited to services reimbursable under a government health care program, but instead extends to all services reimbursed by “health care benefit programs”;
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the healthcare fraud statutes under HIPAA, which impose criminal and civil liability for, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement, in connection with the delivery of, or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services by a healthcare benefit program, which includes both government and privately funded benefits programs. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;
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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”) enacted as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, and its implementing regulations, and as amended again by the Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, Enforcement and Breach Notification Rules Under HITECH and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act; Other Modifications to the HIPAA Rules, commonly referred to as the Final HIPAA Omnibus Rule, published in January 2013, which imposes certain obligations, including mandatory contractual terms, on covered entities subject to HIPAA (i.e., health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain

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healthcare providers), as well as their business associates that perform certain services for or on their behalf involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information, to safeguard the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information from any unauthorized use or disclosure;
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the FDCA which imposes civil and criminal liability for engaging in any of a number of Prohibited acts, including distributing drugs, devices and foods that are adulterated or misbranded. To charge a criminal misdemeanor violation of the FDCA, no intent need be shown;
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federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate platform activities and activities that potentially harm consumers; and
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state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback, self-referral, and fee-splitting, and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers and self-pay patients.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exemptions, exceptions, and safe harbors, it is possible that some of our activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. We may face claims and proceedings by private parties, and claims, investigations and other proceedings by governmental authorities, relating to allegations that our business practices do not comply with current or future laws or regulations involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations, and it is possible that courts or governmental authorities may conclude that we or any of our partners have not complied with them, or that we may find it necessary or appropriate to settle any such claims or other proceedings. Any action brought against us for violation of these or other laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. If our operations are found to be in violation of any federal or state laws described above or any other current or future fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to claims and proceedings by private parties, investigations and other proceedings by governmental authorities, as well as penalties, including significant criminal, civil and administrative penalties, damages and fines, disgorgement, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of noncompliance with these laws or regulations, imprisonment for individuals and exclusion from participation in government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, as well as contractual damages and reputational harm. We could also be required to curtail or cease our operations. In addition, if any customers, healthcare professionals we engage, laboratory partners or other entities with whom we do business are found not to be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to the same criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs. Any of the foregoing could seriously harm our business and financial results.

We may become subject to the comprehensive laws and rules governing billing and payment, noncompliance with which could result in non-payment or recoupment of overpayments for our services or other sanctions.

We may, in the future, submit claims for our COVID-19 testing services to third-party payors. Payors typically have differing and complex billing and documentation requirements. If we fail to comply with these payor-specific requirements, we may not be paid for our services or payment may be substantially delayed or reduced. Numerous state and federal laws would also apply to our claims for payment, including but not limited to (i) “coordination of benefits” rules that dictate which payor must be billed first when a patient has coverage from multiple payors, (ii) requirements that overpayments be refunded within a specified period of time, (iii) “reassignment” rules governing the ability to bill and collect professional fees on behalf of other providers, (iv) requirements that electronic claims for payment be submitted using certain standardized transaction codes and formats, and (v) laws requiring all health and financial information of patients to be maintained in a manner that complies with stringent security and privacy standards.

Audits, inquiries and investigations from government agencies and health network partners can occur from time to time in the ordinary course of our business, and could result in costs to us and a diversion of management’s time and attention. New regulations and heightened enforcement activity also could negatively affect our cost of doing business and our risk of becoming the subject of an audit or investigation. If we bill for our service in the future, our failure to comply with rules related to billing or adverse findings from audits by government and private payors could result in, among other penalties, non-payment for services rendered or recoupments or refunds of amounts previously paid for such services. We cannot predict whether any future audits, inquiries or investigations, or the public disclosure of such matters, likely would negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the trading price of our securities. See also “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Governmental Regulation and Litigation—If we fail to comply with healthcare and other governmental regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.”

We and our laboratory partners are subject to a variety of laboratory testing standards, compliance with which is an expensive and time-consuming process, and any failure to comply could result in substantial penalties and disruptions to our business.

We and the third-party laboratories that we partner with are subject to the CLIA. CLIA is a federal law that regulates clinical laboratories that perform testing on specimens derived from humans for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. CLIA requires certain clinical laboratories to be certified by the federal government and mandates

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compliance with various operational, personnel, facilities administration, quality and proficiency testing requirements depending on the level of complexity for which the laboratory is certified. CLIA certification is also a prerequisite to be eligible to bill state and federal healthcare programs, as well as many private third-party payors, for laboratory testing services. Our partner laboratories hold CLIA certifications for high complexity testing, which mandate compliance with various operational, personnel, facilities administration, quality and proficiency testing requirements depending on the level of complexity for which the laboratory is certified. Sanctions for failure to comply with CLIA requirements may include suspension, revocation, or limitation of a laboratory’s CLIA certificate, as well as the imposition of significant fines or criminal penalties. Any sanction imposed under CLIA, its implementing regulations, or state or foreign laws or regulations governing licensure, or our partner laboratories’ failure to renew a CLIA certificate, a state or foreign license, or accreditation, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

In addition, our partner laboratories and our laboratories holding CLIA Certificates of Waiver are subject to state laws and regulations governing laboratory licensure. Some states have enacted state licensure laws that are more stringent than CLIA. In certain markets such as California, New York, and Pennsylvania, we or our partner laboratories may also need to obtain and maintain additional licensure from such states. It is uncertain that our partner laboratories will be granted such licensure and, in such cases, we cannot offer testing to patients located in those states, which could limit our ability to offer testing on a wide scale.

It is possible that additional states may enact laboratory licensure requirements in the future, which could further limit our ability to expand our services.

We rely on third-party laboratories in the conduct of our biosecurity and public health business offerings. If any of our partners cease working with us, or face supply chain disruptions or other difficulties, our business could be harmed.

The testing industry is subject to complex and costly regulation and if government regulations are interpreted or enforced in a manner adverse to us, we may be subject to enforcement actions, penalties, exclusion, and other material limitations on our operations.

We have offered COVID-19 testing services by partnering with third-party laboratories, diagnostic test manufacturers and manufacturers of collection kits, which are subject to extensive and frequently changing federal, state and local laws and regulations governing various aspects of our business, including significant governmental certification and licensing regulations. New laws, regulations and judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations and decisions, may also limit our potential revenues, and we may need to revise our R&D or commercialization programs. The costs of defending claims associated with violations, as well as any sanctions imposed, could significantly adversely affect our financial performance.

We are required to comply with federal and state genetic testing and privacy laws. We have measures in place to collect clinical data and genetic and other biological samples, and disclose test results, from subjects who have provided appropriate informed consents. However, informed consents could be challenged in the future, and those informed consents could prove invalid, unlawful or otherwise inadequate for our purposes. Any legal challenges could consume our management and financial resources.

Current regulations governing the testing services we offer are shifting and in some cases unclear. In addition, our laboratory partners may be unsuccessful in validating, or obtaining or maintaining authorizations for, the tests we rely on to provide our COVID-19 testing services. If any third-party manufacturers or laboratories offering tests that we use in our testing services are deemed by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to have violated applicable law or if the tests or test components are marketed, processed or distributed in violation of applicable law, we may be subject to enforcement action or litigation, or we may be required to find alternative tests to support our testing services, which could increase our costs.

In addition, we are required to comply with applicable FDA regulations with respect to our distribution of certain COVID-19 diagnostic test kits and collection kits, including, for certain kits, compliance with applicable terms and conditions of an EUA. Such conditions may include requirements related to collection of information on the performance of the product, reporting of adverse events, recordkeeping requirements, and labeling and promotional activities. To the extent that we market or promote third-party tests or test kits outside of the uses authorized for these products or in a false or misleading manner, the tests or collection kits could be considered misbranded or adulterated and distributing them in interstate commerce could violate the FDCA. Violations of applicable FDA requirements could result in enforcement actions, such as warning or “untitled” letters, revocation of EUAs, seizures, injunctions, civil penalties and criminal prosecutions and fines, and violation of the FTC Act could result in injunctions and other associated remedies, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Most states also have similar regulatory and enforcement authority for laboratory testing and distribution of related collection kits. For example, many state laws require us to hold a specific form of license to distribute COVID-19 diagnostic test kits and collection kits into such states. These requirements vary from one state to another and frequently change. Complying with state laws and regulations may subject us to similar risks and delays as those we could experience under federal regulation.

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Our surveillance testing efforts do not collect identifying individual data and do not return a diagnostic result, but some surveillance methods, such as double collection, require samples from individuals. Regulatory authorities could take issue with our characterization of such testing as surveillance and/or impose additional requirements or restrictions.

Advertising for any of the tests or collection kits we distribute or the testing services we offer is also subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), under the Federal Trade Commission Act (“FTC Act”). The FTC may take enforcement action for advertising claims that are not adequately substantiated or that are false or misleading.

We are subject to federal and state laws and regulations governing the protection, use, and disclosure of health information and other types of personal information, and our failure to comply with those laws and regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm.

Numerous state and federal laws, regulations, standards and other legal obligations, including consumer protection laws and regulations, which govern the collection, dissemination, use, access to, confidentiality, security and processing of personal information, including health-related information, could apply to our operations or the operations of our partners. For example, HIPAA imposes privacy, security and breach notification obligations on certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses, known as covered entities, as well as their business associates that perform certain services that involve creating, receiving, maintaining or transmitting individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of such covered entities, and their covered subcontractors. HIPAA requires covered entities and business associates to develop and maintain policies with respect to the protection of, use and disclosure of protected health information (“PHI”), including the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information, and certain notification requirements in the event of a breach of unsecured PHI. If in the future we engage in certain types of standard electronic transactions involving payors, including billing the Medicare or Medicaid programs or commercial health plans, we will be subject to HIPAA as a “covered entity.” We are currently subject to HIPAA as a “business associate” because we perform certain services involving the use or disclosure of PHI on behalf of covered entity customers with respect to our COVID-19 testing service offerings. Implementation of the infrastructure necessary to meet HIPAA standards requires substantial investment. Being subject to HIPAA as a covered entity or business associate exposes us to significant fines and penalties, including criminal fines and penalties.

Additionally, under HIPAA, covered entities must report breaches of unsecured PHI to affected individuals without unreasonable delay, not to exceed 60 days following discovery of the breach by a covered entity or its agents. Notification also must be made to the HHS Office for Civil Rights and, in certain circumstances involving large breaches, to the media.

Business associates must report breaches of unsecured PHI to covered entities within 60 days of discovery of the breach by the business associate or its agents. A non-permitted use or disclosure of PHI is presumed to be a breach under HIPAA unless the Covered Entity or Business Associate establishes that there is a low probability the information has been compromised consistent with requirements enumerated in HIPAA.

Entities that are found to be in violation of HIPAA as the result of a breach of unsecured PHI, a complaint about privacy practices or an audit by HHS, may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations if required to enter into a resolution agreement and corrective action plan with HHS to settle allegations of HIPAA non-compliance. HIPAA also authorizes state attorneys general to file suit on behalf of their residents. Courts may award damages, costs and attorneys’ fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action allowing individuals to sue us in civil court for violations of HIPAA, its standards have been used as the basis for duty of care in state civil suits such as those for negligence or recklessness in the misuse or breach of PHI.

Even when HIPAA or a state law does not apply, according to the FTC, violating consumers’ privacy rights or failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may constitute unfair and/or deceptive acts or practices in violation of Section 5(a) of the FTC Act. The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities.

Several states have enacted privacy laws governing the use and disclosure of health information, such as the California Confidentiality of Medical Information Act; these laws are not preempted by HIPAA to the extent they are more stringent than HIPAA. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our partners. Further, in recent years, there have been a number of well-publicized data breaches involving the improper dissemination of personal information of individuals both within and outside of the healthcare industry. Laws in all 50 states require businesses to provide notice to individuals whose personally identifiable information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. The laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is costly. States are also constantly amending existing laws, and creating new data privacy and security laws, requiring attention to frequently changing regulatory requirements. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”) went into effect on January

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1, 2020. The CCPA creates new transparency requirements and grants California residents several new rights with respect to their personal information. Failure to comply with the CCPA may result in, among other things, significant civil penalties and injunctive relief, or potential statutory or actual damages. On November 3, 2020, California voters passed a ballot initiative for the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which significantly expands the CCPA. The CPRA imposes additional data protection obligations on covered businesses, including additional consumer rights processes, limitations on data uses, new audit requirements for higher risk data, and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data. It also creates a new California data protection agency authorized to issue substantive regulations and could result in increased privacy and information security enforcement. Additional compliance investment and potential business process changes may be required to remain compliant with similar laws that have been proposed or passed in other states, including the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act, which took effect on January 1, 2023.

As our operations and business grow, we may become subject to or affected by new or additional data protection laws and regulations and face increased scrutiny or attention from regulatory authorities. For example, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which went into effect in May 2018, imposes strict requirements for processing the personal data of individuals within the European Economic Area. Companies that must comply with the GDPR face increased compliance obligations and risk, including more robust regulatory enforcement of data protection requirements and potential fines for noncompliance of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater. Among other requirements, the GDPR regulates transfers of personal data subject to the GDPR to third countries that have not been found to provide adequate protection to such personal data, including the United States, and the efficacy and longevity of current transfer mechanisms between the EU and the United States remains uncertain. For example, in 2016, the EU and United States agreed to a transfer framework for data transferred from the EU to the United States, called the Privacy Shield, but the Privacy Shield was invalidated in July 2020 by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Further, from January 1, 2021, companies have to comply with the GDPR and also the United Kingdom GDPR (the “UK GDPR”), which, together with the amended UK Data Protection Act 2018, retains the GDPR in UK national law. The UK GDPR mirrors the fines under the GDPR, i.e., fines up to the greater of €20 million (£17.5 million) or 4% of global turnover. The relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union in relation to certain aspects of data protection law remains unclear, and it is unclear how United Kingdom data protection laws and regulations will develop in the medium to longer term. On June 28, 2021, the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision in favor of the United Kingdom, enabling data transfers from EU member states to the United Kingdom without additional safeguards. However, the United Kingdom adequacy decision will automatically expire in June 2025 unless the European Commission renews or extends that decision and remains under review by the Commission during this period. These changes may lead to additional costs and increase our overall risk exposure.

Although we work to comply with applicable laws, regulations and standards, contractual obligations and other legal obligations, these requirements are evolving and may be modified, interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another, and may conflict with one another or other legal obligations with which Ginkgo must comply. Recently, there has been an increase in public awareness of privacy issues in the wake of revelations about the data-collection activities of various government agencies and in the number of private privacy-related lawsuits filed against companies. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our employees, representatives, contractors, consultants, collaborators, or other third parties to comply with such requirements or adequately address privacy and security concerns, even if unfounded, could result in additional cost and liability to us, damage our reputation, and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our employees, agents, contractors, research partners, consultants or vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, agents, contractors, research partners, consultants or vendors may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity or misconduct. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that causes us to breach our contracts and/or violates applicable laws and regulations, including but not limited to laws:

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applicable to the provision of health care services;
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governing the storage and handling of controlled substances;
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requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to the FDA, USDA, and other government agencies;
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specifying vendor qualification standards and recordkeeping requirements;
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international, federal and state fraud and abuse laws and regulations;
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protecting the privacy and security of personally identifiable information and requiring breach notification;
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relating to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, and anti-money laundering; and
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requiring the true, complete and accurate reporting of services, financial information, or data.

Specifically, the health care industry and government contractors are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, and other business arrangements. Additionally, activities that involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of research or creating fraudulent data could result in breach

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of contract, regulatory sanctions, and serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this kind of activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations, other actions, or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal health care programs, debarment under 21 U.S.C. § 335a or a comparable foreign law, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished potential profits and future earnings, and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Distribution and use of screening and/or diagnostic tests marketed under an EUA from the FDA are subject to certain limitations, and the continued availability of such authorizations is subject to government discretion.

Screening and/or diagnostic tests used in the testing programs and services of our affiliated company Concentric by Ginkgo are subject to EUAs granted by the FDA to the manufacturers or laboratories marketing such tests. Each EUA requires compliance with certain conditions, including specific workflow requirements, and imposes other limitations on the test’s marketing, distribution, and use. The FDA has signaled that, while there will be a grace period for EUA holders to transition their devices, not all of the EUA products we distribute may apply for or be approved by the FDA and may need to withdraw from the market. Sourcing and finding products that transition from EUA to FDA cleared status may increase our costs of sourcing these products and may impact our profitability.

We have pursued in the past and may pursue additional U.S. Government contracting and subcontracting opportunities in the future and as a U.S. Government prime contractor and subcontractor, we are subject to a number of procurement rules and regulations.

We have entered into agreements with governmental entities and contractors in the past to serve as a U.S. government prime contractor or subcontractor and may do so again in the future. U.S. government procurement contractors and subcontractors must comply with specific procurement regulations and other requirements. These requirements, although customary in U.S. government contracts, could impact our performance and compliance costs, including by limiting or delaying our ability to share information with business partners, customers and investors. The U.S. government has in the past and may in the future demand contract terms that are less favorable than standard arrangements with private sector customers and may have statutory, contractual, or other legal rights to terminate contracts with us for convenience or for other reasons. Generally, U.S. government contracts contain provisions permitting unilateral termination or modification, in whole or in part, at the government’s convenience. Under general principles of government contracting law, if the government terminates a contract for convenience, the government contractor may recover only its incurred or committed costs, settlement expenses and profit on work completed prior to the termination. If the government terminates a contract for default, the government contractor is entitled to recover costs incurred and associated profits on accepted items only and may be liable for excess costs incurred by the government in procuring undelivered items from another source. Any termination for default may also adversely affect our ability to contract with other government customers and agencies, as well as our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, changes in U.S. government budgetary priorities could lead to changes in the procurement environment, affecting availability of U.S. government contracting, subcontracting or funding opportunities, which could lead to modification, reduction or termination of our U.S. government contracts or subcontracts. If and to the extent such changes occur, they could impact our results and potential growth opportunities.

Furthermore, our U.S. government contracts grant the government the right to use technologies developed by us under the government contract or the right to share data related to our technologies, for or on behalf of the government. Under our government contracts, we may not be able to limit third parties, including our competitors, from accessing certain of these technology or data rights, including intellectual property, in providing products and services to the government.

In addition, failure by us, our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, agents, intermediaries, other customers or other third parties to comply with these regulations and requirements could result in reductions of the value of contracts, contract modifications or termination, claims for damages, refund obligations, the assessment of civil or criminal penalties and fines, loss of rights in our intellectual property and temporary suspension or permanent debarment from government contracting, all of which could negatively impact our results of operations and financial condition. Any such damages, penalties, disruptions or limitations in our ability to do business with the public sector could result in reduced sales of our products, reputational damage, penalties and other sanctions, any of which could harm our business, reputation and results of operations.

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We are engaged in certain research activities involving controlled substances, including cannabinoids and other chemical intermediates, the making, use, sale, importation, exportation, and distribution of which may be subject to significant regulation by the DEA, FDA, and other regulatory agencies.

We are engaged in certain research activities involving the development of microbes designed to generate cannabinoids, their precursors and other chemical intermediaries, some of which may be regulated as controlled substances in the United States. Controlled substances are subject to state, federal, and foreign laws and regulations regarding their manufacture, use, sale, importation, exportation, and distribution. Among other laws, controlled substances are regulated under the federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970 and implementing regulations of the DEA. The DEA regulates controlled substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances. Schedule I substances by definition have no established medicinal use and may generally not be marketed or sold in the United States. Schedule I substances are subject to the most stringent controls and Schedule V the least controls of the five schedules, based on their relative risk of abuse.

Cannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds found in the cannabis plant. The cannabis plant and its derivatives are highly regulated by the DEA and the USDA. Specifically, marihuana, which is defined as all parts of the plant Cannabis sativa L., whether growing or not, the seeds thereof, the resin extracted therefrom, and every compound, manufacture, salt, derivative, mixture, or preparation, is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance. However, the term does not include “hemp,” which means the cannabis plant and any part of that plant, including the seeds and all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) concentration of not more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis. Thus, depending on the THC concentration of the product, the product may or may not be regulated as a controlled substance. The DEA has historically regulated synthetic cannabinoids similarly to naturally-derived cannabinoids. Consequently, even though our cannabinoids that could be produced from microbes may not be derived from the cannabis plant, the DEA may consider them to be controlled substances subject to stringent regulatory controls.

Regulations associated with controlled substances govern manufacturing, labeling, packaging, testing, dispensing, production and procurement quotas, recordkeeping, reporting, handling, shipment and disposal. These regulations include required security measures, such as background checks on employees and physical control of inventory and increase the personnel needs and the expense associated with development and commercialization of products or product candidates including controlled substances. Regulators conduct periodic inspections of entities involved in handling, manufacturing, or otherwise distributing controlled substances, and have broad enforcement authorities. If we are found to be non-compliant with applicable controlled substance registrations and related requirements, we may need to modify its business activities and/or stop handling or producing the products regulated as controlled substances, and could be subject to enforcement action, significant fines or penalties, and/or adverse publicity, among other consequences.

Various states also independently regulate controlled substances. Though state-controlled substances laws often mirror federal law, because the states are separate jurisdictions, they may separately schedule substances, as well. The failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could lead to enforcement actions and sanctions from the states in addition to those from the DEA or otherwise arising under federal law.

Changes in government regulations may materially and adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

The markets where we provide our services are heavily influenced by foreign, federal, state and local government regulations and policies. The U.S. or foreign governments may take administrative, legislative, or regulatory action that could materially interfere with our customer’s ability to sell products derived from engineered cells in certain countries and/or to certain customers. The uncertainty regarding future standards and policies may also affect our ability to develop our programs or to license engineered cells to customers and to initiate new programs with our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in U.S. trade policy more generally could trigger retaliatory actions by affected countries, which could impose restrictions on our ability to do business in or with affected countries or prohibit, reduce or discourage purchases of our services by foreign customers, leading to increased program costs, increased costs of developing or manufacturing our customers’ products and higher prices for their products in foreign markets. Changes in, and responses to, U.S. trade policy could reduce the competitiveness of our services or our customers’ products, cause our services to be less in demand and our sales to decline and adversely impact our ability to compete, which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to certain U.S. and foreign anti-corruption, anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. We can face serious consequences for violations.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and possibly other anti-corruption, anti-bribery and

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anti-money laundering laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we do business, both domestic and abroad. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years. The FCPA and other anti-corruption laws generally prohibit companies, their employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries from corruptly promising, authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, anything of value to government officials, political parties, or candidates for public office for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business or securing an improper business advantage. The UK Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws also prohibit commercial bribery not involving government officials, and requesting or accepting bribes; and anti-money laundering laws prohibit engaging in certain transactions involving criminally-derived property or the proceeds of criminal activity.

We and our third-party business partners, representatives and agents may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or -affiliated universities or other entities (for example, to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations and other regulatory approvals), which increases our risks under the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws. We also engage contractors, consultants and other third parties from time to time to conduct business development activities abroad. We may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees or third parties even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We have increased and, in the future, expect our non-U.S. activities to increase over time, which may also increase our exposure under these laws.

The FCPA also requires that we keep accurate books and records and maintain a system of adequate internal controls. While we have controls to address compliance with such laws and will continue to review and enhance our compliance program, we cannot assure you that our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries will always comply with our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.

Any allegations or violation of the FCPA or other applicable anti-bribery, anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws may result in whistleblower complaints, sanctions, settlements, investigations, prosecution, enforcement actions, substantial criminal fines and civil penalties, disgorgement of profits, imprisonment, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, loss of export privileges, suspension or debarment from U.S. government contracts, adverse media coverage, reputational harm and other consequences, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Responding to an investigation or action can also result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.

Significant disruptions to our and our service providers’ information technology systems or data security incidents could result in significant financial, legal, regulatory, business and reputational harm to us.

We are increasingly dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure, including services licensed, leased or purchased from third parties such as cloud computing infrastructure and operating systems, to operate its business. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store, process and transmit large amounts of sensitive information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, personal information and other confidential information. It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality, integrity and availability of such sensitive information. We have also outsourced elements of our operations (including elements of its information technology infrastructure) to third parties, and as a result, we manage a number of third-party vendors who may have access to our networks or our confidential information. While we take measures to safeguard and protect this information, threats to network and data security are increasingly diverse and sophisticated. We may also face increased cybersecurity risks due to our reliance on internet technology and the number of our employees working remotely, which may create additional opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities. Despite our efforts, training and processes to prevent security breaches and incidents, our information technology systems, servers, and those of third parties that we use in our operations are vulnerable to cybersecurity risks, including cyberattacks such as viruses and worms, phishing attacks and other forms of social engineering, denial-of-service attacks, ransomware attacks, physical or electronic break-ins, third-party or employee theft or misuse, and other negligent actions, errors or malfeasance by employees or other third parties, and similar disruptions from unauthorized tampering with its servers and computer systems or those of third parties that we use in its operations, which could lead to interruptions, delays, loss or corruption of critical data, unauthorized access to or acquisition of health-related and other personal information. In addition, we may be the target of email scams and other social engineering attacks that attempt to acquire personal information or company assets or access to our systems. Despite our efforts to create security barriers to such threats, we may not be able to entirely mitigate these risks. Our third-party service providers face similar risks. Any cyberattack that attempts to obtain our data or assets, including data that we maintain on behalf of its customers, disrupt its service, or otherwise access its systems, or those of third parties we use, or any other security breach or incident, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results, be expensive to remedy, and damage our reputation. We and our third-party service providers may face difficulties or delays in identifying or otherwise responding to any attacks or actual or potential security breaches or security incidents. We may incur significant costs and operational consequences of investigating, remediating, eliminating and putting in place additional tools and devices designed to prevent actual or perceived security breaches and other security incidents, including in response to any actual or perceived incident we may suffer, and substantial costs to comply with any notification or other legal obligations resulting from any

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security breaches or other security incidents. In addition, any such breaches or incidents, or the perception that they have occurred, may result in negative publicity, and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Although we maintain insurance coverage that may cover certain liabilities in connection with security breaches and other security incidents, we cannot be certain our insurance coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred, that insurance will continue to be available to us on commercially reasonable terms (if at all) or that any insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim.

Governmental trade controls, including export and import controls, sanctions, customs requirements and related regimes, could subject us to liability or loss of contracting privileges or limit our ability to compete in certain markets.

Our programs and technologies are subject to U.S. and non-U.S. export controls. Export authorizations may be required for biotechnology products, technologies, or services to be exported outside of the United States, to a foreign person, or outside of a foreign jurisdiction. Our current or future programs or technologies are, and may in the future, be subject to the Export Administration Regulations (“EAR”). If a program, technology, or service meets certain criteria for control under the EAR, then that engineered cell, production process, resulting product, technology, or service would be exportable outside the United States or to a foreign person or from one foreign jurisdiction to another foreign jurisdiction only if we obtain the applicable export license or other applicable authorization including qualifying for a license exception, if required. Compliance with the U.S. and foreign export laws and regulations and other applicable regulatory requirements regarding the sales, shipment and use of our engineering cells, bioprocesses and other technology may affect our ability to work with foreign partners, affect the speed at which we can introduce new products into non-U.S. markets, or limit our ability to sell programs or services or license technologies into some countries.

Additionally, certain materials that we use in our programs are subject to U.S. import controls. We currently have, and may in the course of business need to procure, certain import authorizations, for example, related to plant pests, chemicals, biological agents and other controlled materials, including from the USDA, EPA and CDC. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the import of such materials may limit our access to materials critical to our development activities or affect the speed at which we can advance new programs.

Our activities are also subject to the economic sanctions laws and regulations of the United States and other jurisdictions. Such controls prohibit certain transactions, potentially including financial transactions and the transfer of products, technologies and services, to sanctioned countries, governments and persons, without a license or other appropriate authorization. U.S. sanctions policy changes could affect our or our customers’ ability to interact, directly and indirectly, with targeted companies or companies in sanctioned countries.

While we take precautions to comply with U.S. and non-U.S. export control, import control and economic sanctions laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that such precautions will prevent violations of such laws, including transfers to unauthorized persons or destinations, and including inadvertent violations as a result of a misclassification of a product, technology or service under export control laws. Violations could result in our business being subject to government investigations, denial of export or import privileges, significant fines or penalties, denial of government contracts and reputational harm. Any limitation on our ability to export our engineered cells, production processes, resulting products, technology, or services, or import materials critical to our programs would likely adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Changes in U.S. and foreign tax laws could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial condition.

We are subject to income and non-income based taxes in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. Changes in tax laws, regulations and policies, or their interpretation and application, in the jurisdictions where we are subject to tax, could have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, results of operations or financial condition. The U.S. Congress frequently debates changes to U.S. corporate income tax laws and the Group of Twenty (G20), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Commission (EC) and individual taxing jurisdictions have published proposals covering various international tax-related issues, including country-by-country reporting, permanent establishment rules, transfer pricing and tax treaties. It is possible that any future tax legislation which may be enacted could materially impact our effective tax rate and cash tax liability as well as tax credits and incentives.

We may become subject to lawsuits or indemnity claims in the ordinary course of business, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

From time to time, we may in the ordinary course of business be named as a defendant in lawsuits, indemnity claims and other legal proceedings. These actions may seek, among other things, compensation for alleged product liability, personal injury, employment discrimination, breach of contract, property damage and other losses or injunctive or declaratory relief.

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The marketing, sale and use of our services engineered cells, production processes and resulting products could lead to the filing of product liability claims were someone to allege that our services, engineered cells, production processes or resulting products failed to perform as designed or intended or caused injury or other harms. A product liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time-consuming for us to defend.

Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

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decreased demand for programs and resulting products;
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loss of revenue;
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substantial monetary payments;
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significant time and costs to defend related litigation;
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the inability to commercialize any products from our programs; and
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injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention.

In the event that such actions, claims or proceedings are ultimately resolved unfavorably to us at amounts exceeding our accrued liability, or at material amounts, the outcome could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, payments of significant amounts, even if reserved, could adversely affect our liquidity position. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance may not fully protect us from the financial impact of defending against product liability claims. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future. Additionally, any product liability lawsuit could cause current collaborators to terminate existing agreements or potential collaborators to seek other companies, any of which could impact our business and results of operations.

Zymergen was a party to a mitigation agreement with the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”).

When we acquired Zymergen, Zymergen was subject to a preexisting agreement with CFIUS relating to an investor in Zymergen (who, following the Zymergen Acquisition, became a Ginkgo shareholder). This agreement required Zymergen to adhere to certain information and technology protection requirements. In May 2023, the parties agreed to terminate the agreement. Prior to the termination, Zymergen had incurred incremental additional costs in implementing and complying with the agreement and ensuring compliance to avoid any penalties, injunctive action, additional mitigation conditions or other restrictions.

Risks Related to our Common Stock, Organizational Structure and Governance

We are not, and do not intend to become, regulated as an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, and if we were deemed an “investment company” under the Investment Company Act, applicable restrictions could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

An entity generally will be deemed to be an “investment company” for purposes of the Investment Company Act if:

•
it is an “orthodox” investment company because it is or holds itself out as being engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities; or
•
it is an inadvertent investment company because, absent an applicable exemption, (i) it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis, or (ii) it owns or proposes to acquire investment securities having a value exceeding 45% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) and/or more than 45% of its income is derived from investment securities on a consolidated basis with its wholly owned subsidiaries.

We believe that we are engaged primarily in the business of providing cell engineering services to customers from across a variety of industries and not in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. We hold ourselves out as a synthetic biology company and do not propose to engage primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting or trading in securities. Accordingly, we do not believe that we are an “orthodox” investment company as defined in Section 3(a)(1)(A) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”) and described in the first bullet point above. Furthermore, we believe that less than 40% of our total assets (exclusive of U.S. government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis will be composed of assets that could be considered investment securities. Accordingly, we do not believe that we are an inadvertent investment company by virtue of the 40% tests in Section 3(a)(1)(C) of the Investment Company Act as described in the second bullet point above. In addition, we believe that we are not an investment company under Section 3(b)(1) of the Investment Company Act because we are primarily engaged in a non-investment company business.

The Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder contain detailed parameters for the organization and operation of investment companies. Among other things, the Investment Company Act and the rules thereunder limit or prohibit transactions with affiliates,

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impose limitations on the issuance of debt and equity securities, generally prohibit the issuance of options and impose certain governance requirements. We intend to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act or otherwise conduct our business in a manner that does not subject us to the registration and other requirements of the Investment Company Act. In order to ensure that we are not deemed to be an investment company, we may be limited in the assets that we may continue to own and, further, may need to dispose of or acquire certain assets at such times or on such terms as may be less favorable to us than in the absence of such requirement. If anything were to happen which would cause us to be deemed to be an investment company under the Investment Company Act (such as significant changes in the value of our programs or a change in circumstance that results in a reclassification of our interests in our programs for purposes of the Investment Company Act), the requirements imposed by the Investment Company Act could make it impractical for us to continue our business as currently conducted, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we were to become inadvertently subject to the Investment Company Act, any violation of the Investment Company Act could subject us to material adverse consequences, including potentially significant regulatory penalties and the possibility that certain of our contracts could be deemed unenforceable.

Only our employees and directors are entitled to hold shares of Class B common stock (including shares of Class B common stock granted or otherwise issued to our employees and directors in the future), which shares have ten votes per share. This limits or precludes other stockholders’ ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of certain amendments to our organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.

Shares of our Class B common stock have ten votes per share, whereas shares of our Class A common stock have one vote per share and shares of our Class C common stock have no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation (the “Charter”) or required by applicable law). As of June 30, 2023, our directors and executive officers hold in the aggregate approximately 46.7% of the total voting power of our outstanding capital stock, and our directors, founders and executive officers hold in the aggregate approximately 64.7% of the total voting power of our outstanding capital stock. Accordingly, holders of shares of Class B common stock are able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of amendments to our organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. This concentrated voting power limits or precludes other stockholders’ ability to influence the outcome of these matters. Holders of Class B common stock may have interests that differ from holders of Class A common stock and may vote in a way with which holders of Class A common stock disagree and which may be adverse to the interests of holders of Class A common stock. This concentrated voting power is likely to have the effect of limiting the likelihood of an unsolicited merger proposal, unsolicited tender offer or proxy contest for the removal of directors. As a result, our governance structure and Charter may have the effect of depriving our stockholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices and make it more difficult to replace our directors and management. Furthermore, this concentrated voting power could discourage a potential investor from acquiring Class A common stock due to the limited voting power of such stock relative to Class B common stock, which could also adversely affect the trading price of Class A common stock.

Our multi-class stock structure is intended to preserve our existing founder-led governance structure, to promote employee retention and engagement, to facilitate continued innovation and the risk-taking that it requires, to permit us to continue to prioritize our long-term goals rather than short-term results, to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and its policies, and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened acquisition of the company, all of which we believe are essential to the long-term success of our company and to long-term stockholder value. We expect to maintain this concentrated voting power among our founders and employees for the foreseeable future, including by issuing additional shares of Class B common stock to our employees pursuant to our equity compensation plans and allowing our employees and directors to exchange shares of Class A common stock for shares of Class B common stock.

Future transfers of shares of Class B common stock to persons other than Ginkgo directors and employees, or trusts or legal entities through which the right to vote the shares of Class B common stock held thereby is exercised exclusively by one or more of Ginkgo’s directors or employees (any such director, employee, trust or legal entity, an “Eligible Holder”), or the holder of shares of Class B common stock ceasing to be an Eligible Holder, will generally result in those shares converting to shares of Class A common stock on a one-to-one basis, subject to certain exceptions and unless a majority of the independent directors of our board of directors determine that such transfer or event will not result in such automatic conversion. Each share of Class B common stock is also convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock over time will have the effect of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B common stock who retain their shares of Class B common stock in the long term. As a result, the relative voting power of holders of Class A common stock is expected to remain limited for a significant period of time, and it is possible that one or more of the persons or entities holding Class B common stock could gain significant voting control as other holders of Class B common stock sell or otherwise convert their shares into Class A common stock. In addition, the conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock would dilute

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holders of Class A common stock in terms of voting power within the Class A common stock. Because holders of Class C common stock have no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in the Charter or required by applicable law), the holders of Class B common stock may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval for a longer period of time than would be the case if we issued Class A common stock rather than Class C common stock in such transactions.

Our share price may change significantly over time, and you may not be able to resell our common stock at or above the price you paid or at all, and you could lose all or part of your investment as a result.

The trading price of our Class A common stock has been in the past and is likely to continue to be volatile. Such volatility may be, in part, attributable to:

•
future sales of our common stock or other securities by us or our existing stockholders, or the perception of such future sales;
•
results of operations of the company or our competitors that vary from the expectations of securities analysts and investors;
•
changes in expectations as to our future financial performance and growth, including assessments of our business, prospects, financial estimates and investment recommendations by securities analysts, investors and short sellers;
•
additions or departures of key management personnel or members of our board of directors;
•
announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, new products, acquisitions, joint marketing relationships, joint ventures, other strategic relationships or capital commitments;
•
announcements relating to actual or potential civil and non-civil litigation, as well as governmental or regulatory investigations or inquiries;
•
guidance that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;
•
changes in the perception of our offerings or the synthetic biology industry more general including changes in regulatory conditions;
•
the development and sustainability of an active trading market for our common stock;
•
changes in accounting principles;
•
changes in general economic or market conditions or trends in our industry or markets;
•
other events or factors, including those resulting from natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics, war (including Russia’s invasion of Ukraine), acts of terrorism or responses to these events.

These factors among others may materially adversely affect the market price of our Class A common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our common stock are low.

In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, by us or our stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our securities to decline.

The sale of our securities in the public market, including by entities to which we have issued shares in connection with transactions, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of our securities. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

There are up to approximately 206 million shares of common stock that may be earned if the trading price is greater than or equal to certain earnout price thresholds ranging from $12.50 to $20.00 for any point in a trading day during 20 trading days in a 30 consecutive trading day period, of which approximately 51.5 million shares were earned as of June 30, 2023. The vast majority of the shares that are part of the earnout will not be subject to lock-up once the earnout conditions are met.

In connection with the SRNG Business Combination, in September 2021, Jason Kelly, Reshma Shetty, Austin Che and Bartholomew Canton were granted restricted stock units, which vested, along with certain related earnout shares that achieved the $12.50 price threshold, on October 1, 2022. Certain of such shares have been sold into the market (including to cover the income tax obligations associated with their vesting and distribution or otherwise, a process that was completed in the quarter ended March 31, 2023), and such sales and any future sales could harm the prevailing market price of our securities.

We have also issued shares of our common stock in connection with certain of our acquisitions, which issuances dilute our existing shareholders. In addition, the shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans will become

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eligible for sale in the public market once those shares are issued, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements and, in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale applicable to affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable. Our compensation committee of our board of directors may determine the exact number of shares to be reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans at its discretion. We have filed, and expect to file in the future, one or more registration statements on Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register shares of Class A common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Class A common stock issued pursuant to our equity incentive plans. Any such Form S-8 registration statements automatically become effective upon filing. Accordingly, shares registered under such registration statements will be available for sale in the open market.

Short sellers may engage in manipulative activity intended to drive down the market price of our Class A common stock, which could also result in related regulatory and governmental scrutiny, among other effects.

Short selling is the practice of selling securities that the seller does not own but rather has borrowed or intends to borrow from a third party with the intention of later buying lower priced identical securities to return to the lender. Accordingly, it is in the interest of a short seller of our Class A common stock for the price to decline. At any time, short sellers may publish, or arrange for the publication of, opinions or characterizations that are intended to create negative market momentum. Issuers, like us, whose securities have historically had limited trading history or volumes and/or have been susceptible to relatively high volatility levels can be vulnerable to such short seller attacks. Short selling reports can cause increased volatility in an issuer’s stock price, and result in regulatory and governmental inquiries. On October 6, 2021, such a report was published about us. Shortly after, we received a preliminary and informal inquiry from the U.S. Department of Justice related to this report. Any related inquiry or formal investigation from a governmental organization or other regulatory body, including any inquiry from the SEC, is not within the control of the Company. Although we have received confirmation from the SEC that it concluded its inquiry into Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. begun in October 2021 or soon after with no recommendation of enforcement action, any inquiry or formal investigation by any governmental organization or regulatory body could result in a material diversion of our management’s time and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our Charter authorizes a large number of shares of Class B common stock for issuance in the future. The future issuance of shares of Class B common stock may have the effect of further concentrating voting power with our employees and other Class B stockholders, and could have an adverse effect on the trading price of Class A common stock.

Under our Charter, we are authorized to issue 4,500.0 million shares of Class B common stock, which are entitled to ten votes per share. We currently intend to issue additional shares of Class B common stock in the future to existing and newly hired employees pursuant to our equity compensation plans. Our authorized but unissued shares of Class B common stock are available for issuance to Eligible Holders with the approval of our board of directors without stockholder approval, except as may be required by the Listing Rules of the NYSE. In addition, our authorized but unissued shares of Class B common stock are available for issuance to persons other than Eligible Holders only with the approval of a majority of our directors elected by the holders of Class B common stock, voting separately as a class. If we issue additional shares of Class B common stock in the future, holders of shares of Class A common stock, which are entitled to one vote per share, will experience disproportionate voting power dilution relative to economic dilution, and the holders of Class B common stock may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval for a longer period of time than would be the case if we issued shares of Class A common stock.

See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure and Governance—Only our employees and directors are entitled to hold shares of Class B common stock (including shares of Class B common stock granted or otherwise issued to our employees and directors in the future), which shares have ten votes per share. This limits or precludes other stockholders’ ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to stockholders for approval, including the election of directors, the approval of certain employee compensation plans, the adoption of amendments to our organizational documents and the approval of any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.”

Under our Charter, we are authorized to issue 800.0 million shares of Class C common stock, which have no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in the Charter or required by applicable law). Outstanding Class C common stock may have the effect of extending voting power in Class B common stock, and may discourage potential acquisitions of our business and could have an adverse effect on the trading price of Class A common stock.

Under our Charter, we are authorized to issue 800.0 million shares of Class C common stock, which have no voting rights (except as required by law). Class C common stock may be used for a variety of corporate purposes, including financings, acquisitions and investments. Our authorized but unissued shares of Class C common stock are available for issuance with the approval of our board of directors without stockholder approval, except as may be required by the Listing Rules of the NYSE. Because the Class C common stock carries no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in the Charter or required by applicable law), is not convertible into any other capital stock, and is not listed for trading on an exchange or registered for sale with the SEC, shares of Class C common stock may be less liquid and less attractive to any future recipients of these shares than shares of Class A common stock, although we may seek to list the Class C common stock for trading and register shares of Class C common stock for sale in the future. In addition,

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because our Class C common stock has no voting rights (except as otherwise expressly provided in the Charter or required by applicable law), the holders of Class B common stock may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval for a longer period of time than would be the case if we issued Class A common stock rather than Class C common stock in such transactions. In addition, further issuances of Class C common stock would have a dilutive effect on the economic interests of Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Any such issuance could also cause the trading price of Class A common stock to decline.

We cannot predict the effect the multi-class structure of our common stock may have on the trading price of our Class A common stock.

The holding of low-voting stock, such as Class A common stock, may not be permitted by the investment policies of certain institutional investors or may be less attractive to the portfolio managers of certain institutional investors. In addition, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with multiple-class share structures in certain of their indices. Because of our multi-class stock structure, our Class A common stock will likely continue to be excluded from certain indices, and we cannot assure you that other stock indices will not take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indices, exclusion from stock indices would likely preclude investment by many of these funds in our Class A common stock and could make shares of our Class A common stock less attractive to other investors. As a result, the trading price of shares of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected.

Our focus on the long-term best interests of our company and our consideration of all of our stakeholders, including our stockholders, workforce, customers, suppliers, academic researchers, governments, communities and other stakeholders that we may identify from time to time, may conflict with short-term or medium-term financial interests and business performance, which may adversely impact the value of our common stock.

We believe that focusing on the long-term best interests of our company and our consideration of all of our stakeholders, including our stockholders, workforce, customers, suppliers, academic researchers, governments, communities and other stakeholders we may identify from time to time, is essential to the long-term success of our company and to long-term stockholder value. Therefore, we have made decisions, and may in the future make decisions, that we believe are in the long-term best interests of our company and our stockholders, even if such decisions may negatively impact the short- or medium-term performance of our business, results of operations, and financial condition or the short- or medium-term performance of our Class A common stock. Our commitment to pursuing long-term value for the company and its stockholders, potentially at the expense of short- or medium-term performance, may materially adversely affect the trading price of our Class A common stock, including by making owning our Class A common stock less appealing to investors who are focused on returns over a shorter time horizon. Our decisions and actions in pursuit of long-term success and long-term stockholder value, which may include our multi-class stock structure, making investments in R&D and our employees, and investing in and introducing new products and services, may not result in the long-term benefits that we expect, in which case our business, results of operations and financial condition, as well as the trading price of our Class A common stock, could be materially adversely affected.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

On April 3, 2023, we issued a total of 2,819,843 shares of our Class A common stock to StrideBio, valued at approximately $3.6 million, as consideration in connection with the acquisition of certain in-process research and development assets from StrideBio, in a private placement transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

On May 9, 2023, we issued a total of 2,023,470 shares of our Class A common stock to the sellers of FGen, valued at approximately $2.5 million, as settlement for employee retention payments, in a private placement transaction exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

None.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Ite m 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.1 |  | Certificate of Incorporation of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 20, 2021).
3.2 |  | Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 20, 2021).
3.3 |  | Bylaws of Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 20, 2021).
31.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Filed herewith.

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SIG NATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc.
Date: August 9, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ Jason Kelly
|  |  | Name: Jason Kelly
|  |  | Title: Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Date: August 9, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ Mark Dmytruk
|  |  | Name: Mark Dmytruk
|  |  | Title: Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: August 9, 2023 |  | By: | /s/ Steven P. Coen
|  |  | Name: Steven P. Coen
|  |  | Title: Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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